Midterm 3 Flashcards
What is sexual orientation?
The gender/sex identities that a person is attracted to (erotically and emotionally)
What factors make up sexual orientation?
Sexual behavior (who they are have sex with), sexual identity (group they belong to), and motivation (desire and love)
Heterosexual
attracted to only persons of a particular other sex
Asexual
having a lack of desire for sex or sex partners
Gay
a man who is only attracted to men
Lesbian
a woman who is only attracted to women
Bisexual
Being attracted to both men and women
Polysexual
being attracted to people of many different sexes and/or gender identities
Pansexual
being attracted to people of all sexes and gender identities
What is the Kinsey measure of sexual orientation?
a graph with heterosexual and homosexual on opposite ends
based on reports of activities, attractions, fantasies, and sometimes physiological responses to stimuli
What is the Klein Sexual Orientation Grid
Past, present, and ideal ratings
Asked emotional, social life, and lifestyle questions
Which measure of sexual orientation is more accepted?
Klein grid, it allows for more options, temporal changes and includes self-idenitification
asexual people are more likely to be:
Single, women, gender diverse identities
Does genetics play a role in sexual orientation?
Yes
What is the biobehavioral model by Lisa Diamond?
Love and sex are functionally different systems
Love system is not gender specific
Culture says we should love who we have sex with
What is sexual fluidity?
Changing your sexual orientation
When did conversion therapy become illegal in Manitoba? Canada?
2015, January 2022
What is the Sexual Configuration Theory?
Partnered sexualities can be broken down into 3 parts:
Gender/sex
Partner number
Other sexual parameters
How is sexual activity linked to well being?
Positive sexual activity is linked to psychological and physiological health
How do women self report number of sexual partners?
underreport
What are problems with self-reporting sexual behavior?
worried about social desirability, awareness, and people might not be keeping track
Why are women less likely to engage in casual sex?
Don’t think it will be good and will be stigmatized for it
How is gender and sexual orientation linked to casual sex?
No differences between lesbians and gay men
Bisexual women are more likely to accept a woman’s offer than a mans
When a man is proposing, bisexual man is more likely to accept than a woman
When a woman is offering, both likely to accept
What is the pleasure/orgasm gap?
Heterosexual and bisexual women are less likely to orgasm than lesbian women
What are Conley and Klein’s findings in their 2022 study about the orgasm gap?
Fewer orgasms -> enjoy sex less -> desire sex less
More orgasms -> enjoy sex more -> desire sex more
Not gender difference, quality of sex differences
Sexual violence
Stigma
Culture of heterosexuality
Why do heterosexual women typically have a lower quality of sex than the men they are having sex with? (Klein and Conley)
Anatomy ease of access, consequences (pregnancy and pain), orgasm 34% of the time compared to men’s 70%
How COVID changed sexual behaviors?
people are having less sex and masturbating less
How is loneliness linked to well being?
Lonely = bad
What is a social network?
the extended circle of people with whom individuals regularly interacts
Close friends, family, friends, colleagues, affiliates, acquaintances
Do different genders look for different qualities in their friends?
No, both want dependable, trustworthy, and similar and shared activities
How do male and female friendships differ?
Women friendships tend to have greater intimacy, while men focus on shared activities
What is heterosexism?
ideology that denies, denigrates, and stigmatizes “non-heterosexual” ways of being
What is an example of heterosexism?
opposite sex friendships are questioned about sex while same sex friendships are not
What % of men like their female friends? vice versa?
55% of men, 30% of women
Who is most likely to stay friends after a break up?
Lesbians and gay men
What predicts whether exes will be friends?
liking your ex
Sharing a chosen family in certain relationships
What are most people looking for in a romantic partner?
Mutual attraction/love
Dependable
Emotionally stable/mature
According to evolutionary theory what do men look for in a woman?
Fertile (attractive and young)
According to evolutionary theory what do women look for in a man?
resources to help raise and protect their offspring
What were Buss’ findings when studying mate preferences in 1990?
Males preferred “good looks” and “good housekeeper/cook” more than women did
Females preferred “good financial prospects” more than men
What were Eagly and Wood’s findings when studying mate preferences in 1999, from a sociocultural perspective?
the greater the gender equality in a country, the smaller the difference in mate preferences
Social roles and social power also play a role
What were Eastwood and Finkel’s findings when studying mate preferences in 2008?
Although men and women reported preferences similar to “traditional” gender differences, men and women were equally influenced by a dates’ characteristics (physical characteristics and personality)
What is unpaid labour?
Unpaid, underappreciated but necessary for functioning
How many hours of unpaid labor do women do a day? Men?
3.9 hours, 2.4 hours
How can a high amount of unpaid labor affect mental health
Less leisure time, leisure time predicts mental health
How do same sex couples differ from heterosexual couples when it comes to unpaid labor?
There is more equal division of labor. Take turns, skills based and personal preference assignments
What is the Time Availability Hypothesis?
Couples divide household labor based on how much time each partner has available
Women are more likely to work part time than men
What is the Relative Income Hypothesis?
Couples divide household labor based on how much each partner earns outside of the home
How are the time availability hypothesis and relative income hypothesis disproved?
When women are working full time, and husband is unemployed, she does more unpaid labor.
She makes more money and has less time than husband
How do gender roles influence who does unpaid labor?
Girls are taught cleaning is part of their gender role, if not clean, they get blamed for it. A cost to not doing the activity
What is Gender Deviance Neutralization?
When women are the breadwinners, women do more housework to assert feminine identity and to reaffirm husband’s masculine identity
Men may do less housework to affirm their masculinity by resisting household unpaid labor
What is the Gender Role Ideology Hypothesis?
Gender role beliefs of each member of a couple influence how they divide unpaid labor
What are the consequences of unequal unpaid labor?
Children are watching and learning
Working women who contribute more than spouses experience greater stress and depression, lower relationship satisfaction, lower sexual desire for partner
Men experience relationship dissolution and poorer child-father bonds
Of those over 15, what % of men participate in the labor force? Women?
69%, 60%
How has COVID affected women in the work force?
Dropped 55% and has not recovered as quickly for women as for men
Why has COVID affected women more than men in the work force?
Industries hit hard are full of women
Women tend to be given household responsibilities, especially childcare. Mothers voluntarily left workplace because had no childcare
What is the gender wage gap?
the difference in earning between men and women. Women earn 71% of what men earn in a year. 89 cents per $1
What is Canada ranked for economic participation and job opportunities for women?
43rd / 146 countries
Why has Canada dropped in the ranking for economic participation and job opportunities for women?
Used to rank 30th, could be because other countries are moving faster towards equality
How many years will it take for us to reach equality?
267 years ~
Why is there a gender wage gap?
Women choose careers that pay less (occupational segregation)
Women prioritize flexibility over salary to care for family/children
Sex discrimination
What explains the gap in Canada (stats can data)?
63% is unexplained by the predictors
the predictors were: industry, hours worked
What jobs are women more likely to be employed in?
Healthcare (82% female) and education (70%)
What jobs are men more likely to be employed in?
Construction (88%) and Resources (81%)
What does Jacquelynne Eccles Expectancy-Value Model tell us?
Social influences and skills (innate and learned) influence and individual’s expectations for success and the subjective value placed on success which in turn influence achievement-related choices
What is occupational feminization?
A traditionally male dominated field shifts to mostly female in the field
Salaries decrease
What is occupational masculinization?
a traditionally female dominated field shifts to mostly men in the field
Salaries increase
not very common
Do women prioritize flexibility more than men in a career?
no, equal. They were less likely to report seeking flexibility though, scared of looking less masculine or thought they would not get flexibility based on career
What is gender discrimination?
unjust treatment based solely on one’s sex, sexual orientation, or gender identity
How does gender stereotypes and sexism influences affect the work force?
who gets hired, who gets promoted, how much people get paid
What is the tightrope bias?
employed women are viewed as less likeable if they are assertive but less competent if they are warm
