Midterm Flashcards
What was Hofstede’s contribution?
Cultural taxonomy
In which categories does Hofstede describe nations?
Collectivism-individualism, pragmatism, long-term orientation, uncertainty avoidance, feminity-masculanity
What is enculturation?
Learning one’s own culture
What is acculturation?
Adaption to new culture
What did Samovar & Porter said about perception?
That it is dependent on the symbols individual’s culture uses.
What is IC?
Interaction between people whose perceptions and culture are distinct enough to change the meaning of an event.
What is inference?
Deduction. It is a key skill that can also lead to making wrong assumptions.
What are values?
Set of system rules that guide the culture. They are prioritised (there is a hierarchy.)
What are the different contexts of communication?
Physical, physiological, psychological, social, temporal.
Which factors can affect IC?
Human f: beliefs and values. mass media. Quality of IContact. Language barriers. Inference. Stereotyping, prejudice, ethnocentrism, perception.
What are the long-standing features of culture?
It is organised (hierarchy of priorities), has distinct and common patterns (uniqueness), established on a set of beliefs and values, interconnected and interrelated, influenced by a wide range of factors, dynamic and changing, symbols, it is a stabilising mechanism for the society.
What is a surface culture?
Objective culture - tangible 10%
What is a deep culture
Subjective - intangible 90%
What is a stereotype?
It is a generalisation of characteristics of a social group.
What is a prejudice?
Negative attitude toward a social group.
What is ethnocentrism?
Judging other cultures from the perspective of mine.
What is our perception based on?
Experience.
What is the difference between cultural contact “within” and “between” society?
Within-society is powered by multiculturalism - immigration
Between-society is powered by globalisation of business, education etc. - students
Who is a sojourner?
Someone who is a temporary resident and who returns home after completion of his objectives. Between-society
Name the three phases of culture shock.
Honemoon, what am i doing here?!, where is happy hour? :D
Define Korean business culture according to Hofstede.
Low individualism, high pragmatism, high long term orientation, high uncertainty avoidance
How does Confucianism affect Korean business culture?
Hierarchy (rights and duties toward employees)
Harmony
Collectivism (company = family….Chaebols)
What did Gumpers, Jupp and Roberts study?
“Crosstalk”. English v. Asians and Afro-Carribean. Tension coming from: different assumptions, different structure of information, different way of speaking
What did G., J. And R. say id the problem that makes a communication between a native speaker and non native speaker difficult?
Lack of knowledge about the culture of the other one and lack of knowledge how difficult it is to speak foreign language by the native speaker.
Who came with the term ‘cultural irritation’ and what does it mean?
Gumpers, Jupp and Roberts. It is a visible irritation one (native speaker) shows when someone from a different culture speaks.
Name few push factors.
Wars, poverty, ethnic conflicts, natural disasters
Name few pull factors.
Quality education, job opportunities, peace, prosperity
Define high-context culture.
Homogeneous, understaning. Collectivistic. Indirect style of speech - most is known from the context
Define low-context culture.
Diverse, disagreement -> written contracts. Something has to become explicit -> direct style of speach. Individualistic
What is the ABC of intercultural encounters?
Affective components - stress, emotions
Behavioural c. - culturally defined rules, etiquette
Cognitive c. - social identification, perception, stereotyping…
What is a social categorization?
Identifying other as members of my either in- or out-groups.
What are social systems defined by?
Inputs - what starts the process
Throughputs - what influences it
Outputs - outcomes of intercultural contact
What does the individualism factor defines
Balance between freedom of person v. Restrictions in order to achieve a common objectives.
Relationships of individual toward groups
What was Hall’s contribution to the study of IC?
High- and Low-context cultural taxonomy
