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Plant Science > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Used for feed, environmental conservation, renewable energy, aesthetics, and by products

A

Forages

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2
Q

Aboveground portion of plant

A

Shoot

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3
Q

Below ground portion of plant that absorbs nutrients

A

Root

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4
Q

Individual shoots of grasses

A

Tillers

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5
Q

Basal portion of plant shoots (stem bases)

A

Crown

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6
Q

Aboveground portion where new tillers/shoots come from

A

Stolon

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7
Q

Below ground stem where new tillers/shoots come from

A

Rhizome

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8
Q

Emergence of seedling

A

Germination stage

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9
Q

Stage of growth primarily with leaf tissue

A

Vegetative stage

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10
Q

Bloom of floral buds

A

Reproductive stage

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11
Q

Formation of mature seed

A

Seed development stage

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12
Q

H20 into seed, temporary root formed, form coleoptile, grows into plumule, seminal root system

A

Germination of grasses

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13
Q

Hypocotyl underground

A

Hypogeal germination

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14
Q

Hypocotyl aboveground

A

Epigeal germination

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15
Q

Deeper roots without a tap root

A

Festucoid development

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16
Q

Tap root closer to the surface

A

Panicoid development

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17
Q

Cells shorten vertically and pulls plant into soil

A

Contractile growth (legumes)

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18
Q

Grass with 3-5 phytomers?

A

Cool season

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19
Q

Grass with 3-9 phytomers?

A

Warm season

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20
Q

Signals the transition to vegetative to reproductive tillers

  • cold period
  • longer warmer day
A

Vernalization

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21
Q

Light process that takes CO2 into carbs

Solar–>Chemical

A

Photosynthesis

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22
Q

Conversion of carbs into CO2 and energy

Chemical–>Biological

A

Respiration

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23
Q

Reaction responsible for turning solar energy into NADH and ATP?

A

Light

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24
Q

Reaction that fixates CO2 and used ATP and NADH from light reaction?

A

Calvin (Dark)

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25
Q

Capture the solar energy

A

Thylakoid membranes

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26
Q

Where the conversion of solar to chemical energy happens?

A

Stroma

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27
Q

Calvin Cycle 3 steps?

A
  • Carboxylation (RUBISCO binds CO2)
  • Reduction(3-PG gots to 2GAP)
  • Regeneration(GAP makes more RUBISCO) (or goes to make glucose)
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28
Q

Cool season photosynthesis

A

C3

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29
Q

Warm season photosynthesis with CO2 pump

A

C4

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30
Q

CO2 goes into mesophyl cells, where dark reaction happens to make sucrose, sucrose transported to phloem

A

C3 photosynthesis

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31
Q

Photosynthesis with less mesophyl cells and less choloroplast, and bigger bundle sheath cells?

A

C4

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32
Q

CO2 into mesophyl cells, CO2 makes PEP which makes malate, malate goes to bundle sheath cells, malate makes CO2 and pyruvate, pyruvate makes more malate and the cycle continues, once high CO2 concentration dark reaction creates sucrose, sucrose goes to phloem

A

C4 photosynthesis

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33
Q

Enzyme that can fix both CO2 and O2?

A

RUBISCO

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34
Q

Photorespiration

A

One GAP is produced instead of 2 so plant has to choose glucose or RUBISCO generation

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35
Q

Carbohydrates from photosynthesis are transported as_______through_______tissue of the plant

A

sucrose, vascular

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36
Q

Vascular tissue with bi-directional movement of sucrose and organic nutrients

A

Phloem

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37
Q

Vascular tissue with upward movement of water and minerals

A

Xylem

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38
Q

Sucrose moves in the_____from____to_____

A

phloem, source, sink

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39
Q

Tissues that produce or store nutrients in excess of what they need

A

Source

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40
Q

Tissues not capable of producing nutrients to meet their own needs

A

Sink

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41
Q

Water moves through the plant via?

A

Transpiration

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42
Q

Transpiration steps?

A
  • water enters through roots
  • water moves through Xylem
  • water evaporates from leaves
  • evaporation pulls more water up through the plant
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43
Q

What plants store carbohydrates for survival when photosynthesis is inhibited or reduced?

A

Perennial Plant

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44
Q

Plant that lives for more than 2 years?

A

Perennial

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45
Q

Plant that goes dormant over the cold months and takes 2 years to go through its life cycle

A

Biennial

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46
Q

Carbohydrate reserves for cool season grasses?

A

Stem bases and stolons/rhizomes

47
Q

Carbohydrate reserves for warm season grasses?

A

Stem bases and stolons/rhizomes

48
Q

Carbohydrate reserves for legumes?

A

As starch (roots) stolons/rhizomes

49
Q

When do carb reserves decline?

A

Early spring when they reestablish leaves after the winter

50
Q

When does photosynthetic rate begin to exceed energy requirement?

A

Around the time of stem elongation

51
Q

When are carb reserves at their max?

A

At maturity

52
Q

Photosynthetic rate is proportional to amping of________that is able to absorb light

A

Leaf tissue

53
Q

Index of photosynthetic tissue relative to ground area

A

Leaf Area Index (LAI)

54
Q

Higher leaf area index= what?

A

Higher photosynthetic rate therefore faster replenishment of carb reserves

55
Q

Maximum LAI means what?

A

That there is no more yield once upper leaves shade the lower ones killing them and therefore lower carb reserves trying to maintain the dying tissue

56
Q

Carb converted to 2 molecules of pyruvate

A

Glycolysis

57
Q

Pyruvate converted to CO2 and energy

A

Citric Acid (Kreb’s) Cycle

58
Q

NADH and FADH2 transfer their energy to the e- transport chain to produce energy

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

59
Q

Warm temperature effects on forage?

A
  • increase rate of respiration and transpiration
  • stomata closes (limiting CO2 intake)
  • limited C3 photosynthesis
60
Q
  • Irrigation (impractical)
  • incorporation of cool-season legumes(large tap root)
  • incorporation of warm season forage(lower quality but more productive)
  • reduce grazing pressure on cool season grasses (maintain more leaf area)
  • decrease the number of harvests (limits growth)
A

Forage Management for higher temperatures

61
Q

Cold temperature effects on forage?

A
  • Respiration decreases
  • photosynthesis unchanged
  • positive net energy (accumulation of carbs)
  • loss of fluidity and structure
  • anaerobic fermentation
  • reduced phloem transport
  • frost heaving
  • ice crystals
62
Q

Cold tolerance varies___and___a forage species

A

across, within

63
Q

Plant conditions itself to persist under cold temperatures

A

Hardening

64
Q

Hardening process?

A
  • reduction of free water to prevent ice
  • accumulation of solutes (aa’s, sucrose, K)
  • increase of FAs to increase fluidity
  • increase membrane protein production for stability
65
Q
  • Choose adapted species
  • maintain proper cutting/grazing management in Fall (don’t cut till after frost to maintain carb reserves)
  • Maintain higher stubble height (insulation)
  • Apply low rates of N and high rates of K fertilizer
  • Drainage
A

Forage Management for lower temperatures

66
Q

Plant ADJUSTS itself to adapt to dry conditions (closure of stomata, leaf curling)

A

Drought tolerance

67
Q

Inherent characteristic of the plant to survive during dry conditions (large root system, C4)

A

Drought avoidance

68
Q

Total amount of energy received by the leaf (shade vs full sunlight)

A

Irradiance

69
Q

Specific wavelengths of light that is received (far red vs UV)

A

Light quality

70
Q

Total amount of time leave receives light

A

Photoperiod

71
Q

Plant proteins that regulate growth and development through the absorption of light

A

Phytochrome

72
Q

Ratio of Pr and Pfr tells the plant when to?

A
  • germinate
  • initiate crown and buds
  • develop new tillers/shoots
  • initiate flowering
  • increase stem elongation
73
Q

Three types of photoperiods?

A
  • Short day (warm season)
  • Long day (cool season)
  • Day neutral (annuals)
74
Q

How to establish productive forage?

A
  • meet soil needs
  • choose right species
  • seeding methods
  • place seed at correct depth
  • control weeds and existing forages
75
Q

Environmental factors required for germination

A
  • adequate soil moisture
  • warm temperature
  • oxygen
  • Sometimes a light requirement
76
Q

Seed treatments?

A
  • Scarification (seed coats damaged)
  • Stratification (exposing seeds)
  • Inoculation (application of Rhizobia)
77
Q

Recommended seeding rates based on a_______amount of______ requires to establish a desired level of forage production

A

theoretical, pure live seed (PLS)

78
Q

Seeding rate needs to be corrected for?

A
  • Seed quality
  • Type of seeding
  • Seed size
  • Soil type
79
Q

Requires tillage to remove existing vegetation

A

Prepared seedbed

80
Q

Species planted directly into seedbed without preparation

A

Direct Seeding

81
Q

Cool seasons are planted during?

A

Fall or spring

82
Q

Warm seasons are planted during?

A

Spring

83
Q

Establishment through harvesting and planting actively growing vegetation

A

Sprigging

84
Q

Any species that is growing where it isn’t wanted

A

Weed

85
Q

Most weeds are?

A

Perennials

86
Q

Why to control weeds?

A
  • lower in nutritive value
  • restrict grazing
  • potentially poisonous
  • aesthetics
87
Q

Types of weed control?

A
  • biological (natural predators)
  • chemical (herbicides)
  • cultural (proper management)
  • integrated (multiple)
88
Q

Companion crop

A

-small grain to inter seed to reduce erosion, fight of weeds, and be an additional income

89
Q

How to pick the right companion crop?

A

Make sure it doesn’t outgrow it’s companion and shade it out, but also make sure it’s shading out the weeds

90
Q

Capacity of soil to provide nutrients

A

Soil fertility

91
Q

Lime mechanism?

A

Cation displaces H+ and Al+3 to neutralize acidity

92
Q

Percentage of P in P2O5?

A

44%

93
Q

Percentage of K in K2O?

A

83%

94
Q

Things found in cell contents?

A
  • nonstructural carbs (starch)
  • protein
  • lipids
  • minerals
95
Q

Composed of structural carbs and lignin

A

Cell wall

96
Q

Cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin

A

Structural carbs

97
Q

Cell contents and pectin

A

NDS (neutral detergent solubles)

98
Q
  • Hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, silica

- cell wall content of forage

A

NDF (neutral detergent fiber)

99
Q

Cellulose, lignin, silica

A

ADF (acid detergent fiber)

100
Q

Measure of apparent digestibility by estimating fecal DM

A

In vivo digestible dry matter

101
Q

Measure of true digestibility by measuring NDF after digestion

A

In vitro digestible dry matter

102
Q

Estimate of digestible energy in forage

A

TDN (total digestible nutrients

103
Q

____have a higher proportion of parenchyma cells

A

Leaves

104
Q

______have a higher proportion of sclerenchyma cells

A

Stems

105
Q

Plant cells metabolically active with hardly any secondary cell walls

A

Parenchyma

106
Q

Plant cells that lack cell contents and contain thick secondary cell walls

A

Sclerenchyma

107
Q

Estimate of the nutrient concentration of a forage

A

Forage nutritive value

108
Q

Estimate of the forages ability to support the animals performance

A

Forage quality

109
Q

Factors that regulate intake?

A
  • distention of gut wall
  • rate of passage
  • hormonal control
  • herd behavior
  • palatability
110
Q

Higher NDF indicates higher_________

A

Cell wall contents

111
Q

_____of digestion is often more important than_______of digestion in determining intake

A

Rate, extent

112
Q

Hay process?

A
  • Mowing
  • Drying
  • Baling
  • Storage
  • Feeding
113
Q

Goal of the drying process?

A

To obtain <20% that reduces plant and microbial activity as FAST as possible

Plant Science (2 decks)

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