Last quiz Flashcards
Poa Pratensis L.
Kentucky Bluegrass
Kentucky Bluegrass is?
- Perennial, short, sod cool season grass
- apomixic (has clones)
- High LAI near soil surface
Kentucky Bluegrass bud orientation?
Rolled
Does Kentucky Bluegrass have an auricle?
No
What are the tip of the leaves of Kentucky Bluegrass shaped like?
A boat keel
Kentucky Bluegrass needs _____ soils
Fertile
Kentucky Bluegrass needs _____ moisture
Sufficient
Kentucky Bluegrass has ____ root system
Shallow
Kentucky Bluegrass tolerates what better than most cool-season grasses?
Flooding
Kentucky Bluegrass is _____ winter-hardy
Very
Embryo production without the need for fertilization (asexual reproduction)
Apomixis
_______ varieties of Kentucky Bluegrass produce less growth
Turf
Traditional Kentucky Bluegrass for KY?
- Common
- Kenblue
- Ginger
What kind of establishment is recommended for Kentucky Bluegrass?
Fall
Kentucky Bluegrass requires higher soil fertility especially in?
P and lime
Forage nutritive value is determined by ______ and ______
Maturity, Forage type
Why at the same stage of maturity does Kentucky Bluegrass have higher nutritive value than other cool-season grasses?
- More leaf material
- Finer stems
Is Kentucky Bluegrass better for individual or overall animal production?
Individual (total production/acre is lower due to lower yields)
Kentucky Bluegrass is tolerant to____ and _____ grazing
Close, Frequent
Dactylis glomerata L.
Orchardgrass (cocksfoot)
Orchardgrass is a?
-Perennial, erect, tall growing bunchgrass
Clump of tillers from axillary buds on crown
Bunch
Orchardgrass bud orientation?
folded (flat tiller bases)
Does Orchardgrass have an auricle?
No
Orchardgrass has _____ winter hardiness
Moderate
Orchardgrass has _____tolerance of dry soil
Moderate
Orchardgrass has ______ tolerance of flooding
Moderate
Orchardgrass is most tolerant to?
Shade
Early maturing varieties of Orchardgrass have?
Higher yields and faster regrowth
Later maturing varieties of Orchardgrass have?
At a given growth stage a higher leaf content and higher nutritive value
Orchardgrass is _____ responsive to N fertilizer
Very
Orchardgrass is more tolerant to ____PH and P soils than Kentucky Bluegrass
Lower
A ______stubble height is needed for Orchardgrass and _____grazing is recommended
Higher, Rotational
Orchardgrass produces more regrowth as hay than?
Timothy
Orchardgrass is ______in terms of yield and nutritive value
Intermediate
In Orchardgrass individual animal production is?
High
In Orchardgrass total production per acre is?
Moderate
In Orchardgrass ________declines very rapidly with maturity
Nutritive value
Orchardgrass is compatible with _____ and ______
Alfalfa, Red Clover
Orchardgrass has _______ establishment
Rapid
Orchardgrass has ____ regrowth in hay systems
Good
Orchardgrass is _____ productive during summer conditions
More
Orchardgrass may compete heavily with ______
Legumes
Phleum pratense L.
Timothy
Timothy is?
- Perennial, erect tall bunchgrass
- mostly used for hay has
Timothy’s bud orientation?
Rolled
Does Timothy have an auricle?
No
What does Timothy have that other plants do not to identify them?
Haplocorms (bowl)
Timothy is one of the ____ winter hardy forages?
Most
Timothy has _____ tolerance to high temperatures
Very poor
Timothy has _____tolerance to flooding
Poor
Timothy has an______soil fertility need
Intermediate (better yields with no N)
Timothy matures _____ than other cool-season grasses
Later
High winter hardiness=
Low fall production
Low winter hardiness=
High fall production
Timothy establishes ____, but may have slow ______ development
Rapidly, Seedling
What planting is recommended for Timothy?
Fall
Timothy requires no _____ for reproductive tillers
Vernalization
Timothy has ____ tolerance to lower pH and P
Moderate
________ application can increase tiller production
Fall N
Timothy is compatible with most _____
Legumes
Timothy produces high quality hay if harvested in _____to_______stage
Late boot, Early reproductive
Timothy produces _______ regrowth
Very little
Timothy has a ____ root system
Shallow
Timothy’s carbohydrate reserves are?
Small
Timothy is easily weakened by _____and ______
Grazing, Frequent defoliations
Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.)
Tall Fescue
Tall Fescue is?
- Perennial, erect, tall bunch or sod grass
- short rhizomes
Tall Fescue’s bud orientation?
Rolled
Does Tall Fescue have an auricle?
Yes, claw-like
What does Tall Fescue have to identify it different from other grasses?
Prominent veins on leaf blade
Tall Fescue is tolerant to ____ and ____ environments
Cool, Hot
Tall Fescue is tolerant to_____drained soils and flooding
Poorly
Tall Fescue is more tolerant to ____than other cool-season grasses
Drought
Tall Fescue is very tolerant to _____soil fertility
Poor
Tall Fescue has quicker _____and ______development than other cool-season grasses
Germination, Seedling
Tall Fescue still needs ____ fertilization for optimal production
Adequate
Tall Fescue may be ____ competitive against legumes
Very
Tall Fescue needs to ________grazing until well-established
Minimize
Tall Fescue is tolerant to _____ defoliation
Frequent
Tall Fescue produces _____ and _____ hay
High quality, High yielding
Tall Fescue has ____ quantities of regrowth
Large
The deferment of grazing in late summer and fall to allow enough accumulation of forage to provide grazing during the winter months
Stockpiling
Tall Fescue maintains more of ____and____ during the winter months than other cool-season grasses
Yield, Nutritive value
Tall Fescue has a ______ nutritive value to most other erect cool-season grasses
Similar
Tall Fescue has _____ individual animal performance, and ____ carrying capacities
Low, High
Tall Fescue has mutualistic symbiosis with fungal ______
Endophyte
The fungal endophyte produces?
Ergot alkaloids
Cynodon dactylon
Bermuda Grass
Bermuda Grass is?
- Perennial, sod-forming, warm-season
- has stolons
Bermuda Grass maintains _______LAI near soil surface
High
Bermuda Grass is ______adapted to low soil pH and extremes in soil moisture
Very well
Bermuda Grass has a ____ root system
Deep
Bermuda Grass requires ______ level of soil fertility
moderate-high
Bermuda Grass has ______ tolerance to cold
Very little
Bermuda Grass produces ____ quantities of hay
Large
May tolerate _____ and _____ defoliation
Close, Frequent
______ stocking rates are favored to maintain high nutritive value
High
Bermuda Grass is similar to ______ or ________
Orchardgrass, Tall Fescue
Bermuda Grass has _____ individual performance except in horses
High
Bermuda Grass has ____ carrying capacities
High
Bermuda Grass that has already been established is _____tolerant to weeds
Very
Bermuda Grass can be established in what two ways?
- Seeds
- Sprigs
Bermuda Grass may accumulate _____ during drought
Nitrates
Requires ___ levels of fertilization to maintain persistence and productivity
High
Sorghum bicolor L Moench
Sorghum (cane)
Sorghum is?
-an annual
Types of Sorghum?
- Grain
- Forage
- Sweet
- Sudangrass
- Johnsongrass
Sorghum is _____ tolerant to high temperatures and drought
Very
Sorghum is ______ to frost because of?
Susceptible, prussic acid
Sorghum is more tolerant to _____ and ____ fertility soils
Acidic, Low
Brown mid-rib Sorghum has?
Lower lignin and higher digestibility, but lower yields
Photoperiod sensitive varieties of Sorghum?
Are adapted to equator day lengths and will not flower when moved to temperate regions
Sorghum has ___ ______ germination and establishment
Very rapid
In Sorghum _____ increase risk of nitrate and prussic acid poisoning
N fertilizers
Sorghum as silage should be harvested when ______ is present but still green
Grain
Sorghum as hay should be harvested at ______
Boot stage
Sorghum needs ____ stocking density since it grows so fast
High
Medicago sativa L.
Alfalfa
“Queen of the forages”
Alfalfa
Alfalfa is?
-Tall, erect
Alfalfa’s leaves have ______ on upper _____ of their leaves
Serrations, 1/3
Alfalfa has a very _____ and _____ tap root system
Deep, extensive
Alfalfa has a very ___ fertility requirement
High
Compared to other plants Alfalfa has a very high ___ requirement
K
Because of _____________ Alfalfa has variable cold tolerance
Fall dormancy ratings
Depending on Alfalfa’s ___________ they may be susceptible to diseases and pests
Pest resistance ratings
Ratings to indicate the relative differences in the amount of fall growth
Fall dormancy ratings
Fall growt is an indicator of ______
Winter-hardiness
% of alfalfa susceptible to diseases and pests
Resistance rating
Diseases to worry about in Alfalfa?
- PRR
- BW
- FW
- An
- APH
Insects to worry about for Alfalfa?
- Potato leaf hopper
- Alfalfa weevil
Alfalfa needs what kind of soils?
Deep, well drained, fertile
Best time to establish Alfalfa?
Spring to reduce Sclerotinia
Best seeding method for Alfalfa?
Prepared seedbed with cultipacker
Mature Alfalfa does what to younger Alfalfa?
Produces toxin to inhibit root growth in the young ones; Autotoxicity
Risk of Alfalfa auto toxicity depends on?
- Age of previous stand
- amount of Alfalfa present
- disease resistance
- irrigation the soil receives
- soil types in field
- tillage type
- time interval of reseeding
Alfalfa needs lime with ____ neutralizing value
High
A ___ rate of N may help with establishment of Alfalfa
Low
Alfalfa should be harvested based on _______ not ______
Growth stage, Calendar date
Alfalfa that is more tolerant to grazing has what?
More crown buds and more prostrate growth habit
