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SAST 415 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

0
Q
  1. Who founded the sultanate of Delhi?
A

Qutb-ud-din Aibak

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1
Q
  1. The sultanate of Delhi was founded in which year?
A

1206

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2
Q
  1. The first Islamic state in India was in which of the following?
A

Sind

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3
Q
  1. According to Sulayman, who were the four mightiest rulers in the world?
A

Rashtrakutas, the caliph, the emperor of China, and the emperor or “Rum”

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4
Q
  1. When did Mahmud of Ghazni begin his campaigns that won him Kanauj?
A

Year 1000

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5
Q
  1. In addition to Kanauj, Mahmud of Ghazni also conquered which realm?
A

Saurashtra of Gujarat

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6
Q
  1. How many Hindus died trying to protect the Somnath temple?
A

50,000

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7
Q
  1. Mahmud of Ghazni can be compared to Attila. Why?
A

He was greatly honoured by the caliph; however, to the Indians he came to signify the very embodiment of wanton destruction and fanaticism.

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8
Q
  1. Why was N. W. India so susceptible to invasion around 1000 CE?
A

Contest between the powers of northern, eastern, and central India had weakened all.

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9
Q
  1. Why were the Hindus no match for the Muslim from Central Asia?
A

a

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10
Q
  1. What happened in Afghanistan in 1151?
A

Ghazni was destroyed, rulers of Ghur in western Afghanistan emerged as new leaders.

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11
Q
  1. What was the differences between Muhammad of Ghur and Mahmud of Ghazni regarding India?
A

He was determined to rule India, not just plunder it.

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12
Q
  1. In which year did Muhammad of Ghur defeat the Prithviraj Chauhan of Delhi?
A

1192

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13
Q
  1. In which year did Varanasi fall to the Muslim invaders?
A

1193

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14
Q
  1. Which dynasty ruled at Kanauj in the late 12th century?
A

a

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15
Q
  1. Whom did Muhammad install as his Vice-general in Delhi?
A

Qutb-ud-din

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16
Q
  1. Which of the following did Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji do?
A

Conquered eastern India.

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17
Q
  1. In what year did King Lakshmana Sena of Bengal face defeat?
A

1202

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18
Q
  1. Which area of India prevented Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji advance.
A

Assam

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19
Q
  1. Where did Muhammad of Ghur die?
A

Near the Indus.

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20
Q
  1. In what year was Iltutmish consecrated Sultan?
A

1229

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21
Q
  1. Which group did Iltutmish have to defeat to conquer Bengal and Bihar?
A

Followers of Bakhtiyar Khalji

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22
Q
  1. When did Chingis Khan arrive at the Indus River?
A

1221

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23
Q
  1. What marked the time period of the 300 years following the establishment of the Sultan of Delhi?
A

Seven cities, which grew up one after the another in the large area now covered by Delhi, symbolize a certain continuity in Indian history.

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24
Q
  1. Why was the second ruler of in Dellhi sultan’s chair deposed?
A

“She had all the admirable qualities befitting a ruler. But what use were these qualities to her as fate had denied her the favour of being born a man?”

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25
Q
  1. What was one of the first acts of the Sultan Balban?
A

Crushed rebellious Rajputs, and then murdered all other members of the “forty”

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26
Q
  1. When did Sultan Balban die?
A

1286

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27
Q
  1. What years did the Khalji dynasty hold the Sultan of Delhi’s thrown?
A

1920-1320

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28
Q
  1. In what years did Ala-ud-din take the Ranthambor and Chitor forts?
A

1301 and 1303

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29
Q
  1. What year did Sultan of Delhi conquer Gujarat?
A

1298

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30
Q
  1. In 1309 Ala-ud-din began his campaign against S. India. What was his first target?
A

Warangal, capital of Kakatiyas

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31
Q
  1. After conquering the Kakatiya king what was the next realm Malik Kafur took?
A

Delhi

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32
Q
  1. How many camels carried treasure back to Delhi after the defeat of the Kakatiya king?
A

1000

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33
Q
  1. Which famous Hindu temple city did Malik Kafur loot?
A

Srirangam

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34
Q
  1. Which Mongol leader was defeated by Ala-ud-din?
A

Qutlugh Khvaja

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35
Q
  1. How large was the Mongol army that besieged Delhi in about 1303?
A

120,000

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36
Q
  1. What were the sources of revenue for Ala0ud-din?
A

Taxes, land revenue, tribute of subjected kings

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37
Q
  1. Which group of Hindus often became Muslims?
A

Low castes of artistans

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38
Q
  1. Ala-ud-din faced considerable resistance to imposing his will on Hindus. What was his first act to gain this control?
A

Confiscated land property from courtiers and officers

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39
Q
  1. What was one way Ala-ud-din used to make sure his will was being followed?
A

He had spies, military enforcement, encouraged people to tattle

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40
Q
  1. In order to afford as many solders as possible for his army Ala-ud-din did what?
A

Lowered men’s pay

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41
Q
  1. One of the ways that Ala-ud-din guaranteed that the capital would have enough grains was to do which of the following?
A

Made large storages of grain, and all trade and transport or grain controlled by government.

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42
Q
  1. Which text demonstrates that some of Ala-ud-din’s reforms were in keeping with Indian ideas?
A

Chronicle of Kashmir - Rajatarangini

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43
Q
  1. What positive statement can be said about Ala-ud-din’s oppression?
A

He was impartial, oppressed Muslims too

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44
Q
  1. How did merchants get around Ala-ud-din’s price controls?
A

Used smaller weights and measures.

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45
Q
  1. What happened to the three successors following Ala-ud-din?
A

None of them died a natural death.

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46
Q
  1. Who was named the sultan in 1320?
A

Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq

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47
Q
  1. How did the Muhammad Tughluq come to the throne of Delhi?
A

Reception hall collapsed and buried his father

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48
Q
  1. How many years did Muhammad Tughluq rule?
A

27 years

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49
Q
  1. How did Muhammad Tughluq ruin Delhi?
A

Built new capital at Daulatabad

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50
Q
  1. What strategic mistake did Muhammad Tughluq make in dealing with the S. Indian kingdoms?
A

Lost control over north and was unable to consolidate hold on south.

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51
Q
  1. Muhammad Tughluq built and new capital at Daulatabad. What was one of the first outcomes of this move?
A

Suffering of the people forced to move.

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52
Q
  1. Who became the first Sultan of Ma’bar?
A

Governor of Madurai

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53
Q
  1. Which economic policy of Muhammad Tughluq was despised by the people?
A

Use of cash

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54
Q
  1. With mounting displeasure among his subjects Muhammad Tughluq attempted to divert the populace attention in what manner?
A

Announced two great campaigns against Persia and Central Asia.

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55
Q
  1. Who was the last important sultan of Delhi according to your readings?
A

Firoz Shah

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56
Q
  1. What was the outcome of the campaigns by the Sultan of Delhi in 1353-4 and 1359?
A

Unsuccessful, exception of victory in Orissa.

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57
Q
  1. What area of India was the target of the Sultan of Delhi’s campaign in 1359?
A

Bengal

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58
Q
  1. When the Sultan of Delhi died in 1388 what happened with the provincial governors?
A

Attained the de facto status of independent rulers.

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59
Q
  1. Who shattered the Delhi sultanate in 1398?
A

Timur

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60
Q
  1. What happened in the sacking of Delhi in 1398?
A

Three days of murder and plunder, Hindu population exterminated

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61
Q
  1. What year was the Delhi sultanate reestablished?
A

1414

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62
Q
  1. Where was the place of origin of the Lodis clan?
A

Afghan

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63
Q
  1. What year did Bahlul Khan become the Sultan of Delhi?
A

1451

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64
Q
  1. What areas were subjected by Sikander Lodi?
A

Gwalior and Bihar

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65
Q
  1. Where was Sikander capital built?
A

Agra

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66
Q
  1. What was the Sultanate base of power?
A

An alien military elite bound together by Islam and certain tribal affinities

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67
Q
  1. Why did the Sultanate rule fail?
A

Because they relocated the capital and introduced a new currency

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68
Q
  1. Why did Ala-ud-din cancel the system of fiefs?
A

To reduce the danger of powerful subjects rebelling

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69
Q
  1. How did Akbar effect a higher level of administrative penetration during his reign?
A

Offered many opportunities of advancement to Indians.

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70
Q
  1. The three most important kingdoms independent of the Delhi Sultanate are, Bahmani Sultanate, Vijayanagar Empires and which of the following?
A

Orissa

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71
Q
  1. Who was Zafar Khan most formidable enemy?
A

Rajas of Vijayanagar

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72
Q
  1. How many people were killed in Muhammad Shah campaigns?
A

Half a million

73
Q
  1. When did Zafar Khan conquer Daulatabad?
74
Q
  1. When did Muhammad Shah live?
75
Q
  1. Where was the new capital of the Bahmani sultanate built in the 1500’s?
76
Q
  1. What did Anastasy Nikitin’s travel account testify to?
A

Contrast between wealth of nobility and poverty of rural population.

77
Q
  1. When did Mahmud Gawan serve as Prime Minister to the Sultan?
78
Q
  1. What was the relationship between the Bahmani sultan and the Barid Shahis in the first part of the 16th cnetury?
A

Bahmani sultans used by Barid Shahis to put pressure on other usurpers of Bahmani rule.

79
Q
  1. Which state lost Goa to the Portuguese?
80
Q
  1. When was Goa taken by the Portuguese?
81
Q
  1. When did Vijayanagar suffer a crucial defeat?
82
Q
  1. Which of the following are the Sultans of Bengal, Bijapur, and Kashmir know for?
A

Contributed to development of Indias regional cultures.

83
Q
  1. What was the extent of the realm of the Gajapatis?
A

East coast from mouth of Ganges to mouth of Godaveri

84
Q
  1. The existence of the realms of Vijayanagar and Gajapatis testify to which of the following?
A

Uncontested preservation of Hindu institutions and customs in east and south India.

85
Q
  1. How far north did Anantavarman Chodaganga’s realm extend?
86
Q
  1. Who built the Jagannath temple at Puri?
A

Anantavarman

87
Q
  1. According to an inscription who caused the rulers of Bengal’s women to cry so much it turned the Ganges black from their makeup?
88
Q
  1. Who defeated the Orissan King Rai Gajpat?
A

Firoz Shah

89
Q
  1. What does Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi say about the Jagannath temple?
A

Set out of for it destruction as its the most famous.

90
Q
  1. When was the Suryavamsha dynasty founded?
91
Q
  1. How far south did Kapilendra’s realm extend?
A

Mouth of the Kaveri

92
Q
  1. Which three enemies did Prataparudra face?
A

In north - Hussain Shah
In south - Krishnadeva Raya
Sultanate of Golconda

93
Q
  1. Who restored the Jagannath temple after is was sacked?
A

Ramachandra

94
Q
  1. Why did Akbar form an association with Ramachandra?
A

Needed loyal Hindu ally against sultanate of Golconda

95
Q
  1. King Chodaganga was a Shaivite so why did he foster the cult of the Vishnu-Jagannath?
A

Gain support of people

96
Q
  1. How tall is the Jagannath temple?
A

Same height as the royal temple of Cholas at Thanjavur

97
Q
  1. According to the records of the Jaggannath Temple priest who appointed Kapilendra?
98
Q
  1. What effect di d the Gajapatis claim of being representatives of Vishnu on earth have on their Muslim neighbors?
A

Equated any resistance with treason against Jagganath

99
Q
  1. Who controlled the hinterland of Orissa during the Gajapatis rule?
A

Kapilendra

100
Q
  1. Which new administrative feature was introduced by the Gajapati?
A

Rise of military officers as local magnates.

101
Q
  1. During the Gajapati rule of Orissa what demonstrates that the government could quickly adapt to changes?
102
Q
  1. When was the Vijayanagar Empire founded?
103
Q
  1. The two most important brothers who founded the Vijayanagar Empire are Harihara and which of the following?
104
Q
  1. What is the name of the god that the Vijayanagar rulers identified with?
A

Virupaksha

105
Q
  1. One theory is the founders of the Vijayanagar Empire were from Tamil Nadu, the other theory is that they come from which place?
106
Q
  1. The monastery of Sringeri was founded in the 9th century by whom?
107
Q
  1. What is the Hindu monk Vidyaranya remembered for?
108
Q
  1. Following Vidyaranya’s labors who emerged as guardians of the Hindu faith?
A

Shankarcharyas

109
Q
  1. Who did Bukka I defeat in 1370?
A

Sultan of Madurai

110
Q
  1. When did Harihara II rule?
111
Q
  1. Who ruled Vijayanagar from 1406-1424?
A

Devaraya I

112
Q
  1. How long did the struggle for supremacy between the Vijayanagar and the Gujapati last?
A

About a century.

113
Q
  1. What Narasimha famous for towards the end of the 1400?
114
Q
  1. What happened to Narasimha’s son?
115
Q
  1. When did Krishnadeva Raya rule?
116
Q
  1. How was peace achieved between the Gajapati and Vijayanagar Empire?
A

Gajapatis gave daughter in marriage to Krishnadeva

117
Q
  1. When did Achyutadeva Raya rule?
118
Q
  1. Who ruled the Vijayanagar empire from 1543-1545?
119
Q
  1. What was one commodity the Vijayanagar Empire received from trade with the Portuguese?
A

War horses

120
Q
  1. What two issues emerged when Vajayanagar started accepting Muslim solders?
A

Gave sultans access to all information they wanted about Vijayanagar; may have helped Vijayanagar keep in touch with affairs at court of sultans.

121
Q
  1. What was the deciding factor in the final battle between the Sultans and Vijayanagar?
122
Q
  1. When did the Gajapatis fall from power?
123
Q
  1. What was the general system of organization in the Vijayanagar Empire according to some historians?
A

Military feudalism

124
Q
  1. Stein argues that in part the Vijayanagar empire strength consisted of which of the following?
A

Ability of rulers to turn local dignitaries into imperial officers and to impose on many districts Telugu nayakas from above.

125
Q
  1. Which of the following was Vijayanagar military effectiveness based upon?
A

A large army, use of firearms, establishment of swift cavalry units in which Vijayanagar was greatly helped by Muslim and European mercenaries and the trade with Portuguese.

126
Q
  1. What unique role did the Vijayanagar Empire give to Telugu brahmans?
A

Commanders of fortresses (durga dandanyaka)

127
Q
  1. Who conquered India for the Mughals?
128
Q
  1. What helped the first Mughal sultan become victorious in India?
129
Q
  1. Why was Baber a military genius?
130
Q
  1. Why did the first Mughal emperor levy new special taxes?
131
Q
  1. How did the first Mughal emperor treat the Indian people?
A

As subjects, not prey.

132
Q
  1. Why did Mughal princes often fight to inherit the throne?
A

All royal princes equally entitled to inherit power.

133
Q
  1. Where was Akbar born?
134
Q
  1. In what year did Humayun retake India?
135
Q
  1. What happened when Akbar fought Hemu?
A

Hemu was hit by an arrow and fell, then Akbar was urged by his general to cut off his head.

136
Q
  1. One way Akbar became liked by his subjects is that he had a Hindu wife. What was another way?
A

Did not force religion, abolished jizya (poll tax) imposed by Islamic rulers on non-Islamic subjects.

137
Q
  1. What was the dream of all Mughal according to your reading?
A

Recovery of Samarkand and restoration of Mughal rule in homeland whence Uzebeks ousted Barber.

138
Q
  1. How did Akbar’s successors lose Kandahar to the Persians?
A

Excursion to the northwest

139
Q
  1. Who were the “Bureaucrats” under Akbar?
A

“Civil servants” working for imperial officers.

140
Q
  1. What was one factor that worked against Akbar using Sher Shah’s land revenue system?
141
Q
  1. How did Akbar determine the taxes owed?
A

Instead of annual decision, he took information from the past decade and fixed an average demand.

142
Q
  1. After Akbar’s time what is one reason his revenue system became dysfunctional?
143
Q
  1. How did Akbar differ from a Hindu king with regard to laws?
A

Did not want to be only an upholder of eternal law, wanted to be a lawgiver on his own right.

144
Q
  1. Which branch of Islam was akin to Akbar’s thinking?
A

Mysticism of the Sufis

145
Q
  1. What did Nur Jahan accomplish?
A

Introduced Persian culture and Persian entourage at the Mughal court.

146
Q
  1. When did Shah Jahan ascend the throne?
147
Q
  1. Why did Aurangzeb focus his attentions on S. India?
A

Found himself unable to conquer the north.

148
Q
  1. What happened when Aurangzeb incorporated the Southern elite into his system?
A

Top-heavy system, more officers at higher ranks.

149
Q
  1. Why did Aurangzeb move the capital to Aurangabad?
A

Large distances made governance of over expanded empire more difficult.

150
Q
  1. When did Shivaji sack Surat?
151
Q
  1. How did Shivaji justify his fight against Aurangzeb?
A

Fighting on behalf of Hindus against Muslim rule.

152
Q
  1. Who conquered Golconda in the 17th century?
153
Q
  1. Auranzeb experience many revolts. Who usually led these revolts?
154
Q
  1. How did Emperor Muazzam unwittingly foreshorten the fall of the Muchals?
A

Installed Shivajis grandson Shahu as Raja of Satava, however, could not quell resistance to Mughal rule.

155
Q
  1. Why did Nadir Shah so easily sack Delhi?
A

Vezir led campaign against Baji Rao, and north India was left unprotected.

156
Q
  1. What was fated for Nazam-ul-Mulk?
A

He yielded his territory.

157
Q
  1. Why were the Mughals not concerned with the Portuguese becoming the dominant sea power?
158
Q
  1. Which Indian spice made the Portuguese king wealthy in 1518?
159
Q
  1. When did the Dutch enter the Indian Ocean trade?
160
Q
  1. What was the difference between the reasons for setting up the Dutch East India co. and the British East India Co. ?
A

Dutch - to prevent ruinous competition.

British - lack of venture capital for this risky overseas trade.

161
Q
  1. How many French ships showed the first time in Indian waters?
162
Q
  1. Why did the British first send artisans into the interior of Bengal?
A

To train their Indian counterparts in the art of producing for European market.

163
Q
  1. Who first adapted European new military tactics to the Indian situation?
A

Joseph Francois Dupleix

164
Q
  1. What is the traditional date of Zoroaster?
A

6th century BCE

165
Q
  1. When did Muhammad the founder of Islam live?
A

6th century CE

166
Q
  1. Who were the first Muslim peoples to attach Indian lands?
A

8th century Arabs

167
Q
  1. In 1192 Delhi was made the capital by which conqueror?
A

Muhammad Ghori

168
Q
  1. What was the name of the only woman Sultan of Delhi?
A

Razia Sultana

169
Q
  1. Which dynasty ruled in India from 1290-1320?
170
Q
  1. Who was the first Mughal ruler in India?
171
Q
  1. Who built the Taj Mahal?
A

Shah Jahan

172
Q
  1. Who was the last Mughal emperor?
A

Bahadur Shah II

173
Q
  1. Which Rajput dynasty is the longest dynasty in the world?
A

Kotoch dynasty

174
Q
  1. What building houses the Sikh political power center?
A

Akal Takht

175
Q
  1. Who Was Pero da Covilhan?
A

First Portuguese in India.

176
Q
  1. Why was saltpeter important in the India trade?
A

It is gunpowder, helped establish military power in India.

177
Q
  1. What was the most important city for the French in India?
A

Pondicherry

178
Q
  1. What English nobleman was an original shareholder in the British East India Co.?
A

Sir George Clifford

179
Q
  1. Who fought in the Battle of Swally?
A

England vs. Portugal

SAST 415 (2 decks)

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