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SAST 415 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

From whom did Babar learn his military tactics?

A

Uzbeks

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2
Q

Why did the Rajputs get artillery technology late?

A

Because they were men on horseback unable to discern proper use of mobile guns, often lost touch with artillery.

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3
Q

When did Babar attach the Bajaur Fort?

A

1519

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4
Q

What year did Babar battle with the Sultan of Delhi?

A

Seven years after he besieged Bajaur - 1526.

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5
Q

Why did Babar put artillery on barges in the Ganges?

A

When he moved further to east in order to combine forces with governor of Bengal against Afghan rebels in Bihar.

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6
Q

Why was Humayun lucky in gaining the throne?

A

Powerful minister had sponsored another prince and Humayan returned just in time to stake claim as his father’s favourite son.

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7
Q

What happened to Humayun in 1556?

A

He died after falling down steps of his library at Purana Qila in Delhi.

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8
Q

What administrative innovation is Humayun known for?

A

Used four elements as categories of classification: fire for army, water for the department of irrigation, earth for agriculture and revenue, and air for religion and science.

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9
Q

According to your readings, why was King Akbar eager to discuss new ideas?

A

He could not read.

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10
Q

Why did your author say that India entered a new age under the Mughals?

A

Unification of India under the Great Mughals.

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11
Q

What challenge did Akbar face in 1557?

A

A Hindu usurper, Hemu, who called himself Vikramaditya almost succeeded in putting end to Mughal rule

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12
Q

Which of the following made Akbar popular with Hindus?

A

He abolished the jizya (poll tax imposed by Islamic subjects on all non-Islamic subjects)

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13
Q

How old was Akbar when he conquered Bengal?

A

34

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14
Q

Who promised Akbar Samarkand for his help?

A

Shah of Persia

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15
Q

What was one reason that the lords of fiefs did not report income to the central administration?

A

Officers had to recover own salary as well as expenses for troops and military establishment from income derived from fiefs.

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16
Q

How did Akbar do away with his annual tax rate calculations?

A

Took data from the decade to determine average demand

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17
Q

What did the adoption of a hierarchical classification system of officers do?

A

Provides degree of rationality for practice of moving officers from one fief to another

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18
Q

Why did Akbar not what to be seen as similar to a Hindu king?

A

Did not want to be upholder of eternal law; wanted to be lawgiver in own right

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19
Q

What is one reason that orthodox Muslims resisted Akbar’s ideas?

A

Muslim thought juxtaposes the omnipotence of Allah with complete subjection of man under divine will - incompatible with Akbar’s new ideas

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20
Q

What term did your reading use to describe the Mughal transfer of power from one generation to the next?

A

Dynastic Darwinism.

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21
Q

How did Shah Jahan receive his name?

A

Conquered sultanate of Ahmadnagar on the Deccan.

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22
Q

When did Shah Jahan ascend the throne?

A

1627

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23
Q

Who built the famous Red Fort in Delhi?

A

Shah Jahan

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24
Q

Why did Aurangzeb give up the Mughal ambition of reclaiming Samarkand?

A

He lost Kandahar to the Persians who snatched it while he was on campaign in distant cities.

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25
Q

When was Vijayanagar lose the battle of Talikota?

A

1565

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26
Q

What administrative structural change occurred during Aurangzeb rule?

A

Tried to integrate ruling class of southern conquered states into his imperial elite

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27
Q

When was Surat sacked by Shivaji?

A

1664

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28
Q

What was Aurangzeb’s son –Akbar’s dream?

A

Wanted to depose Aurengzeb with help of Rajputs and Marathas and restore tolerant policy of namesake.

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29
Q

What were vassals, chieftains, headmen, and petty kings called in the Mughal system?

A

Landlords - zamindars.

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30
Q

What were two of the points of cohesion in revolts against the Mughals?

A

Revenue demand became oppressive and zamindars revolted. Ties of kinship like those between the Jats, religious solidarity like those binding the Sikhs, or a quasi-national feeling like that of the Marathas all served as common bonds to lend cohesion to rebellious spirit.

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31
Q

According to your readings, Baji Rao attack on Delhi demonstrated what?

A

Power.

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32
Q

What was one reason the Mughals did not build a navy?

A

Relies on collection of land revenue over control of trade.

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33
Q

What became the largest source of income for the Portuguese crown?

A

Pepper

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34
Q

How much did the Portuguese king spend on his Naval trade with India each year?

A

50,000 cruzados

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35
Q

What was one tool the Portuguese used to control the Indian Ocean trade?

A

Projected Mediterranean practices - fortified outposts served as customs stations. Ransacked and attacked Asian merchants if they did not have letters of protection.

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36
Q

What was one way the Portuguese king raised money associated with the Indian trade?

A

Bought pepper at cheap fixed rate in India and sold it at high fixed price in Europe

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37
Q

Why did the Portuguese Indian pepper trade collapse?

A

Other ships from Mediterranean brought for cheaper.

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38
Q

How did the Indian rulers with port cities hope to deal with the Portuguese monopsonistic practices?

A

Appearance of European competitors - could be played off against Portuguese.

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39
Q

What is one way the Dutch introduced new Indian commodities into the European market?

A

Huge merchant marine engaged in Baltic Sea Trade

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40
Q

Which was established first?

A

East India Company founded in London 1600, in Dutch 1602. Portuguese came before either of them.

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41
Q

What Indian commodity was the Dutch most interested in?

A

Textiles

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42
Q

What became a new source for the Dutch ships in the Indian Ocean?

A

Court of Sultan of Golcanda

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43
Q

English entrepreneurs (“interlopers”) were involved in what aspect of Indian trade?

A

Intra-Asian trade

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44
Q

The British East India Co. practice of leasing ships produced which effect?

A

Specialization and division of labour made it much more flexible and efficient.

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45
Q

Why did the British begin to build up the village of Calcutta?

A

Not as important so nobody would guess

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46
Q

How did the French East India Company raise investment money?

A

Dignitaries of France contributed money

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47
Q

The French viceroy De la Haye, hoped to cooperate with the British to oust the Dutch from India. What was the outcome of his attempt to do so?

A

Suffered defeat

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48
Q

Why did the French East India Company almost go bankrupt in the early eighteenth century?

A

Interruption of trade due to European wars

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49
Q

What helped pave the way for BEI Co. rule in Bengal?

A

Granted free trade and free coinage

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50
Q

With the decline of the Mughals, large Indian traders were subject to confiscations and even imprisonment. Why were the Europeans not subject to the same treatment?

A

Armed ships and fortified factories

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51
Q

What was one of the first outcomes of increased trade with Bengal for the British?

A

Increase in money sent to Bengal because great Mughal could not get share of revenue from Bengal easily. Later the British extracted the silver they had put in Bengal

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52
Q

What was the fear of Alivardi Khan’s successor?

A

The the British East India Company would grow into a state within a state and now it would take over the state itself.

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53
Q

Who was the first to assert his independence from the Mughal emperor?

A

Nawab of Awadh

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54
Q

Which event lead to European military intervention in India?

A

British vs French wars in India

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55
Q

Who first trained Indian troops in European military tactics?

A

Joseph Francois Dupliex

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56
Q

What was one factor that made Robert Clive and his British forces victors at Plassey?

A

One of his young officers scores sudden success with field artillery. Then Mir Jaffar changed sides as well.

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57
Q

How did Robert Clive get offered the administration in Bengal?

A

Great Mughal thought he could restore some of his authority in Bengal by entrusting British with civil administration of that province so as to curb the influence of the new nawab who would be left with military command only

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58
Q

When did the dream of Inde française die?

A

1760

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59
Q

After the Maratha Afghan war of 1761, the nawab of Oudh was the beneficiary. But who really ended up benefiting?

A

British

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60
Q

Why was Madhav Rao’s attention turned away from concerns over the British?

A

Had to turn attention to challenger in Southern India - Haider Ali of Mysore

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61
Q

Who was the architect of the British Empire in India?

A

Warren Hastings

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62
Q

What was one advantage the British got from the Peace treaty of Salbei?

A

Protect British in west so they have free hand in the south

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63
Q

According to your readings, what was the main outcome of Mahadaji’s death?

A

Nobody left in India who could aspire to a position of supremacy

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64
Q

When did British rule in S. India begin?

A

1792

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65
Q

What did the battle of Waterloo and the battle for Seringapatam in 1799 have in common?

A

Arthur Wellesley performed a “dress rehearsal” for Waterloo at head of Nizam’s forces

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66
Q

According to your readings, what was a major factor that lead to the British success in India?

A

Trading company

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67
Q

What fate did Warren Hastings suffer that Lord Cornwallis did not?

A

Warren had to suffer consequences of centralized command in India by those who do not support British politics

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68
Q

Which groups made up the Committee of Secrecy in London?

A

Three members of Board of Control and three directors of company

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69
Q

What year did the BEI Co. political mandate end?

A

1784

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70
Q

What was one of the reforms proposed to government revenue brought by Philip Francis?

A

Land revenue should be settled permanently and property on which revenue assessed should be heritable and freely alienable

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71
Q

What was one judicial innovation Hastings instituted in India?

A

Eighteen new courts and tried to reform rules of civil procedure and appeal to higher court

72
Q

What did Sir William Jones accomplish when in India?

A

Translated and codified Indian legal tradition

73
Q

What was appalling to British jurist in the India legal system?

A

Mutilation of thieves and other drastic penalties

74
Q

How did zamindars become true landlords?

A

Lord Cornwallis’s order of permanent settlement of land revenue

75
Q

Why did Lord Wellesley establish Fort William College?

A

Wanted young servants of company to be subject to instruction in Indian languages so that they may be competent rulers without need of interpreters

76
Q

What was a difference between the British collection of land revenue and the previous system?

A

Mughal treasury used to the idea that budget depended on rains and other vagaries of men and nature. British revenue officers held that if revenue correctly assessed it could also be collected without any deficit

77
Q

What was the debate between the Anglicists and the Orientalists about?

A

English education for Indians vs. cultivation of oriental languages.

78
Q

Raja Ram Mohan Roy founded the Brahmo Samaj religious sect. Why did he go to London?

A

Emissary of the great Mughal

79
Q

What was the college in Bombay named?

A

Elphinstone College

80
Q

In the early period of Company rule, which school did you have to attend if you wanted to be part of the Indian civil service?

A

Haileybury College in England

81
Q

Besides solders, what one major group involved in “The Mutiny” according to your readings?

A

Disgruntled landlords and peasants, some disinherited princes.

82
Q

Where did “The Mutiny” begin?

A

Delhi

83
Q

What was one indication of the personal interest the Queen had in her new Imperial holding?

A

Took Hindi lessons, incited Indologist to lecture royal court

84
Q

At the highest level India was ruled with British interest in mind. How was this balanced at the lower levels in the early days of Crown rule?

A

Decisions about India were made in England by select specialists

85
Q

What was one reason that the English did not respect the Babus?

A

“Un-Indian”

86
Q

What was the percentage of Muslims in the United Provinces?

A

17%

87
Q

What was the extant of land called the Bombay Presidency?

A

Western India from Sindh to Kanara

88
Q

What was one difference between Sikh rule and British rule in the Punjab?

A

Sikhs collected revenue in land, took share of 2/5 of the produce. British wanted revenue in cash and introduced assessment based on long term rather than sharing risks of each harvest with peasantry

89
Q

What was the Railroad system designed to do in India?

A

Rapid troop movement

90
Q

When did the Indian National Congress met for the first time?

A

1885

91
Q

Several “new religious movements” began in India at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries teaching “All Religions are Equal”. Why were these seen as suspicious by Muslims?

A

Seen as subtle threat to Islamic identity

92
Q

What was Mahatma Gandhi’s first job after completing his education in London?

A

Tried to practice law

93
Q

Who was most responsible for the division of British India into two nations?

A

M. A. Jinnah

94
Q

Which of the following happened when Nehru began talking about collectivizing the agricultural sector?

A

Substantial increase of agricultural production due to extension of cultivated area

95
Q

What did Nehru’s grain price policy do?

A

Collapsed due to drought in mid-60s

96
Q

Why did Communist China accuse India of still being Imperialists?

A

Clinging to imperialist heritage with regard to Himalayan boundary

97
Q

Why did Indian solders finally leave Sri Lanka in 1987?

A

Rajiv Gandhi defeat in elections made easier for lndia to withdraw from Sri Lanka as the new government wasn’t committed to the accord

98
Q

Who is the head of the Indian Air force?

A

President of India

99
Q

What rare production did the Mughals achieve?

A

Rare sequence of competent rulers

100
Q

Why did Baber leave Samarkand?

A

Uzbeks forced him out

101
Q

Which below lists the Three Gunpowder Empires of Asia?

A

Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal

102
Q

When was Baber victorious in India?

A

1526

103
Q

What was striking innovative about Baber’s army?

A

Artillery weapons with strategy of cavalry warfare

104
Q

Who was Baber’s ancestor?

A

Timur

105
Q

Who deprived Humayun of his empire?

A

Afghan Sher Shah

106
Q

How old was Akbar when his father died?

A

13

107
Q

How did Hemu attempt to usurp Akbar’s thrown end?

A

Battle

108
Q

Whom did Akbar marry?

A

Daughter of Rajput maharaja of Amber

109
Q

Which year did Akbar conquer Bengal?

A

1576

110
Q

Why didn’t Akbar retake the Mughal’s home land?

A

Didn’t want to risk Indian empire

111
Q

Which river was the western boundary of Akbar’s realm?

A

Helmand river

112
Q

Why was Kandahar lost by Akbar’s successors?

A

Indulging in excursion to northwest

113
Q

What was the southern boundary of Akbar’s realm?

A

Gujarat

114
Q

Akbar compared himself with the Suleiman Kanumiin what way?

A

Lawgiver

115
Q

Akbar’s rule was administered by which?

A

Military elite

116
Q

Why was a stable currency necessary for the Mughals?

A

Intensity of central rule directly dependent on accurate assessment of revenue and on its cash transfer to centre

117
Q

What was one major problem with Akbar’s revenue collection?

A

Regional variations

118
Q

After reforming the fiefs and military ranks bureaucrats managed things. What major role did Akbar perform?

A

Interfered only in case of major appointments and transfers

119
Q

What is one reason Akbar’s automatic administration system broke down?

A

Stream of silver changed price level, conquest of new territories and the absorption of elites into imperial ranking system

120
Q

How does your author describe the tax burden on the Indian population under Akbar?

A

Tolerable

121
Q

Akbar’s put forth new ideas of kingship. How did his subject receive these?

A

Criticized by Muslim, understood by Hindu

122
Q

What is one reason that the orthodox Muslims resisted Akbar’s religious ideas?

A

Akbar’s emphasis on greeting “allahu akbar” coupled with decree by which he reserved himself finals decisions in matter of faith

123
Q

Which religious doctrine lasted long past Akbar?

A

Idea of divine grace which was bestowed on Mughal dynasty and constituted it’s charisma

124
Q

What effect did the Mughal dynastic Darwinism have on the empire?

A

Stabilized it

125
Q

What changes did Nur Jahan bring to the Mughal court?

A

Introduced Persian culture and Persian entourage

126
Q

How did Aurangzeb come to the throne of the Mughals?

A

Imprisoned father

127
Q

In which years did Aurangzeb rule?

A

1658-1707

128
Q

What was a major problem in Aurangzeb’s expansion of the elite ranking system?

A

Created a top-heavy system

129
Q

What is one reason Shivaji was successful against the powerful Mughal army?

A

Master in guerrilla tactics and swift cavalry warfare, built a series of fortified strongholds on the mountains of the western Deccan

130
Q

Shivaji claimed to fight for Hindus against the Muslims. When did he hold the coronation of a Hindu king ceremony?

A

1674

131
Q

Who was the last Mughal ruler?

A

Bahadur Shah Zafar

132
Q

When did Baji Rao hold the high office of minister?

A

1720-1740

133
Q

What did Baji Rao’s lightening capture of Delhi prove?

A

Marathas, though able to destroy Mughal empire, are unable to hold it on their own

134
Q

Baji Rao’s general Gaekwar became the Maharaja of which area?

A

Baroda

135
Q

When was Delhi sacked by Nadir Shah?

A

1739

136
Q

How were the Mughals different than the Egyptian rules regarding Portuguese sea power?

A

Mughals stayed on land; Egyptians dispatched several fleets to break Portuguese stranglehold

137
Q

What did the Mughals hope to obtain from the foreign trade?

A

Precious metals

138
Q

The Mughal rulers liked foreign trade but which part of India’s elite did not?

A

Small local rulers along the coast who were interested in trade themselves

139
Q

What was the outcome of the naval battle in 1508?

A

Combined Gujarati and Egyptian forces won over the Egyptians

140
Q

What two important events in Europe happened in 1499?

A

War between Turkey and Venice; return of first Portuguese fleet from India

141
Q

In what year did the Portuguese king’s administration of the pepper trade go bankrupt?

A

1560

142
Q

Why did Indian merchants ship goods on Dutch ships?

A

Lots of room, and high investment

143
Q

What business were the British country traders in?

A

Textile

144
Q

What year did the British block the Mughal trade with S.E. Asia?

A

1686

145
Q

Why were the French reluctant to invest in the French East India Company?

A

Not personal, for government

146
Q

One of the innovations that Murshid Quli Khan brought about was which of the following?

A

Efficient system of administration cash revenue

147
Q

The great web of Indian trade under the Mughals fell apart because of what reason?

A

Decay of political stability

148
Q

What is one reason that increases in British silver in Bengal did not create inflation?

A

Transferred funds to Bengal. Increasing cash base of land revenue tied down money in countryside

149
Q

Why did the British build factories in the interior of Bengal?

A

Agents of company established direct contact with weavers and so influenced process of production

150
Q

With the decline of the Mughal Empire, who was the second to declare its independence?

A

Bengal

151
Q

What innovation did the French introduce that decimated the Indian cavalry?

A

Infantry

152
Q

When did Robert Clive capture Arcot?

A

1751

153
Q

The famous battle in 1761 at Panipat was won by whom?

A

Babar

154
Q

When did Haider Ali usurp the Mysore throne?

A

1761

155
Q

Which event in 1771 allowed the British to dominate the decade in India?

A

Warren Hastings became governor of Bengal

156
Q

What was the outcome of the 1779 battle between Raghunath and Nana Phadnavis?

A

Raghhunaths army with forces of governor of Bombay were defeated by Marathas

157
Q

As the general administrator of the Mughal Empire, Mahadaji needed money. Why?

A

Had to maintain large army to control turbulent regions of northern India

158
Q

Who laid the ground work for British revenue settlement in South India?

A

Tipu

159
Q

What did the British accomplish by making friends with the rulers of Gwalior, Indore, and Baroda?

A

Isolated Baj Roa 2

160
Q

Why was Maharaja Ranjit Singh successful when the Tipu Sultan was not?

A

Avoided confrontation with British

161
Q

What changed for the Governor General of India with the Regulating Act of 1784?

A

Gave autocratic powers

162
Q

What was on reason that the educated Indian elite did not participate in the Mutiny of 1857?

A

Fear of chaos or restoration of old order

163
Q

Composed of British civil servants and Indian notables, what was one outcome of the Imperial Legislative Council?

A

Convenient alibi for executive to pass any law thought needed for its purposes

164
Q

Why did Lord Irwin hold a Round Table Conference in London?

A

Pact with Gandhi

165
Q

Indian Muslims took sides with the British against the nationalists. Why did they switch sides during WWI?

A

Didn’t like British fighting Turkish caliph

166
Q

Why did the British finally make a statement about its war aims for India during WW II?

A

Congress participation in provincial government came to abrupt end

167
Q

In which year was the “Pakistan Resolution” put forward by the Muslim League?

A

1933

168
Q

Why was Indira Gandhi first selected by the Congress Party to be the successor to Lal BahdurShastri?

A

Forestall Morarji Desai

169
Q

How did Rajiv Gandhi become prime minister?

A

Mom wanted to be succeeded by son

170
Q

Why was the Indian army humiliated in 1962?

A

Defeat in border war with Pakistan

171
Q

India had early on declared its general opposition to Nuclear weapons. Why did it not sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1968?

A

China blasted atomic bomb

172
Q

Where is India’s air force Central Command located?

A

Allahabad

173
Q

Where is India’s Southern Naval Command located?

A

Kochi

174
Q

How much of India’s GDP was spent on education in the year 2001-2002?

A

4.3%

175
Q

What percentage of schools do not have electricity in India?

A

60%

176
Q

When did India launch its first satellite?

A

1975

177
Q

How many space missions did India launch by 2012?

A

100

SAST 415 (2 decks)

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