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Midterm Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Uses numbers

A

Quantitative data

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1
Q

A prediction

A

Inference

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2
Q

Uses words

A

Qualitative data

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3
Q

What changes as a result of the change in the independent variable

A

Dependent variable

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4
Q

Changed by the experiment in the design of the experiment

A

Independent variable

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5
Q

What can the independent variable be called

A

Manipulated variable

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6
Q

What can the dependent variable be called?

A

Responding variable

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7
Q

Variables that you think may change the outcome of the experiment, since they are not being studied however they need to be kept constant in each trial

A

Controlled variables

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8
Q

A set of organisms or samples that do not receive the treatment ( the independent variable) that is being tested. Used for comparison to see if independent variable cause a change

A

Control group

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9
Q

Scientifically testable prediction

A

Hypothesis

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10
Q

The independent variable will not affect the dependent variable

A

Null hypothesis

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11
Q

The independent variable will affect the dependent variable

A

Alternate hypothesis

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12
Q

Used for holding, or mixing solutions, good for carrying solutions from the supply table to your lab station

A

Beaker

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13
Q

Measuring 5 ml of water

A

Graduated cylinder

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14
Q

Mixing solutions

A

Erlenmayer flask

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15
Q

Categories for independent variable

A

Bar graph

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16
Q

When the independent variable is continuous and quantitative

A

Line graph

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17
Q

When finding correlations

A

Scatter plot

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18
Q

Pie graph

A

Percentages

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19
Q

What is the difference between a null and alternate hypothesis?

A

Null will not affect the dependent variable and alternate will affect the dependent variable

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20
Q

The variety of life across the biosphere

A

Biodiversity

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21
Q

Where is biodiversity the greatest?

A

Warmer areas such as the equator

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22
Q

A group of organisms that can interbreed and have fertile offspring

A

Species

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23
Q

Get energy from the sunlight

A

Autotrophs

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24
Q

Eating or absorbing food

A

Heterotrophs

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25
Q

Chemical reactions that build up or breakdown molecules

A

Metabolism

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26
Q

To store energy in cells or release energy to power cells

A

Purpose of metabolism

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27
Q

What is a unicellular life

A

One cell carries out all life functions

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28
Q

Organism is made of many cells which are specialized for their function

A

Multicellular life

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29
Q

Group of the same species that lives in one area

A

Population

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30
Q

A group of different species that live together in one area

A

Community

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31
Q

Includes all of the organisms as well as the climate, soil, water, rocks and other non living things in a given area

A

Ecosystem

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32
Q

A major regional or global community of organisms. Usually characterized by the climate conditions and plant communities that thrive there

A

Biome

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33
Q

Nonliving things in an ecosystem, soil,temperature, sunlight

A

Abiotic factors

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34
Q

Diagram that shows feeding relationships shows flow of energy in a community

A

Food web

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35
Q

Energy and mass can’t be created or destroyed only converted

A

1st law of energy

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36
Q

With each conversion some useable energy is lost

A

2nd law of energy

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37
Q

Feeding levels

A

Trophic levels

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38
Q

Get energy from sun, plants, algae, aka autotrophs

A

Producers

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39
Q

Gets energy from eating producers, butterflies, field mice, deer, caterpillars, aka heterotrophs, herbivore

A

Primary consumers

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40
Q

Eat primary consumers, carnivores

A

Secondary consumers

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41
Q

Give an example of an organism that is on more then one Trophic level

A

Shrimp, seagull

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42
Q

What are some abiotic factors?

A

Soil, water, clouds, air, temperature, humidity

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43
Q

Example of a heterotroph

A

Bear

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44
Q

Give an example of an autotroph

A

Tree

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45
Q

List 3 examples of Trophic levels

A

Producers, tertiary primary consumers, secondary consumers

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46
Q

Species in danger of extinction in the future or soon

A

Endangered species

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47
Q

A species that has a large impact on a food web, beavers can be these

A

Keystone species

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48
Q

The effects of a toxin increases as it moves up the food chain. Each level of the food chain much eat more due to energy loss. Toxins accumulate if they remain in body tissues

A

Biomagnification

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49
Q

Primary consumer

A

Herbivore

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50
Q

Secondary consumer

A

Carnivore

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51
Q

Smallest unit of matter, builds from 3 particles protons

A

Atom

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52
Q

In the center (nucleus) of an atom, weighs one atomic mass , has positive charge

A

Proton

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53
Q

Orbits an atoms nucleus, has no measurable mass, negative charge, organized in energy levels, stays with the atom due to the positive charge of protons

A

Electrons

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54
Q

Located in the nucleus, mass- 1 atomic mass unit, no charge, neutral

A

Neutron

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55
Q

Number of protons in a nucleus, helps determine # of electrons

A

Atomic number

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56
Q

Number if protons plus number of neutrons, the total mass of a particular element

A

Atomic mass

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57
Q

What parts of an atom determine mass?

A

Protons and neutrons

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58
Q

What parts of an atoms have a charge

A

Protons and electrons

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59
Q

What part of an atom has potential energy?

A

Electrons

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60
Q

Energy levels of electrons can be diagrammed with the ______. Can help predict how reactive a molecule is

A

Bohr model of an atom

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61
Q

Each level will hold a specific number of electrons

A

Energy levels

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62
Q

What is the first energy level?

A

Closest to the nucleus, holds up to 2 electrons

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63
Q

What is the second energy level?

A

Holds up to 8 electrons

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64
Q

What Is the third energy level?

A

Also holds 8 electrons

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65
Q

The center of an atom

A

Nucleus

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66
Q

The ability to survive and reproduce

A

Fitness

67
Q

What can natural selection increase?

A

The fitness of a population

68
Q

Good for holding small reactions

A

Test tube

69
Q

Made up of only one type if atom. A particular type of atom

A

Element

70
Q

A substance made of atoms of different elements bonded together in a certain ratio

A

Compound

71
Q

An attraction between a slightly positive and negative atom

A

Hydrogen bond

72
Q

The attraction among molecules of a substance

A

Cohesion

73
Q

Attraction among molecules of different substances

A

Adhesion

74
Q

Hydrogen bonds give water an abnormally high specific heat regulates temps inviting things

A

High specific heat

75
Q

A substance that dissolves in a solvent

A

Solute

76
Q

A substance that is present in the greater amount and that dissolves another substance

A

Solvent

77
Q

These rarely dissolve. Ex. Fats and oils. Don’t have a charge at all neutral

A

Nonpolar substances

78
Q

Is a compound that releases a proton- a hydrogen ion- when it dissolves in water.

A

Acid

79
Q

Compounds that remove H+ ions from a solution

A

Base

80
Q

A mixture of substances that is the same thought it is a homologous mixture

A

Solution

81
Q

Break down decaying material and return the nutrients to the soil

A

Decomposers

82
Q

Any living thing

A

Organism

83
Q

The organic molecule that carries inherited information and instructions for traits

A

DNA

84
Q

A section of DNA that codes for a specific trait, many of these in one molecule

A

Gene

85
Q

The genes present in all of the individuals in a population

A

Gene pool

86
Q

Allows a population to adapt to change

A

Diverse gene pool

87
Q

A characteristic which allows an organism to survive in a specific environment

A

Adaptation

88
Q

When there is a change in a gene pool

A

Evolution

89
Q

Causes a population that is better adapted to it’s environment

A

Natural selection

90
Q

When organisms move to a new population

A

Gene flow

91
Q

Occurs when members of different populations can no longer mate

A

Reproductive isolation

92
Q

The rise of two or more species from one existing species

A

Speciation

93
Q

Isolation causes by differences in courtship or mating behaviors

A

Behavioral isolation( barrier)

94
Q

Involves physical barriers that divide a population into 2 or more groups. Rivers, mountains, dried lake beds

A

Geographic isolation

95
Q

Exists when timing prevents reproduction between populations

A

Temporal isolation

96
Q

Structures that perform a similar function

A

Analogous structure

97
Q

Features that are similar in structure but appear in different organisms

A

Homologous structures

98
Q

Remnants of organs or structures that had a function in an early ancestor

A

Vestigial structure

99
Q

Example of a vestigial structure

A

Appendix, wisdom teeth

100
Q

What is the smallest unit of life?

A

Cell

101
Q

What is the difference between a prokaryotic and a eukaryotic cell?

A

Prokaryotes are always together and eukaryotes have different compartments

102
Q

What types of cells are animal cells

A

Eukaryotic

103
Q

Chromosomes wind up, Nucleus dissolves, what is this and what else happens?

A

Propose, fibers form and attach to chromosomes at the centromeres to control the movement of the chromosomes

104
Q

What does interphase consist of?

A

G1, Synthesis, G2

105
Q

The fibers move the chromosomes around until they are lined up at the center of the cell

A

Metaphase(line up)

106
Q

The chromosomes pull apart, one copy of each chromosome(chromatid) goes to each end of the cell

A

Anaphase

107
Q

The cytoplasm pinches in half making 2 new cells

A

Cytokinesis

108
Q

Cytokinesis occurs, new nuclear membranes form around the chromosomes, the fibers disassemble, cells tweeter the G1 phase

A

Telophase(divide)

109
Q

The cell will make a copy of it’s nuclear DNA

A

Synthesis

110
Q

Cells will continue to carry out their normal function

A

Gap 2

111
Q

What is mitosis made up of?

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

112
Q

The ends of DNA molecules form structures

A

Telomere

113
Q

What are held together in centromeres

A

Sister chromatids

114
Q

The loose combination of DNA and proteins

A

Chromatin

115
Q

What happens in G1

A

A cell carries out it’s normal functions

116
Q

One long continuous thread of DNA the consists of numerous genes along

A

Chromosome

117
Q

What do checkpoints do

A

Makes sure that a damaged cell does not divide

118
Q

Make up most of our body tissue and organs. They are what type of cell?

A

Somatic cells(body cells) diploid

119
Q

Our body cells are what?

A

Diploid cells

120
Q

Choose the mate based on some characteristic

A

No random mating

121
Q

A big idea supported by a lot of evidence

A

Theory

122
Q

One chain of consumers

A

Food chain

123
Q

Something that eats heterotrophs

A

Consumer

124
Q

One half of a replicated chromosome

A

Chromatid

125
Q

Signals from other cells that tell a cell to divide

A

Growth factors

126
Q

Rush factors. Can be genetic or environmental. Uncontrolled cell division

A

Cancer

127
Q

Only represents the valence electrons

A

Lewis dot structure

128
Q

Go in to a chemical reaction

A

Reactants

129
Q

The outcome of a reaction

A

Product

130
Q

0-7 is acidic and 7-14 is basic

A

pH scale

131
Q

Easily dissolved and has a charge

A

Polar

132
Q

Outer most electrons in the outer most energy level

A

Valence electrons

133
Q

Break and make bonds between atoms

A

Chemical reactions

134
Q

Removes a chromosomal segment

A

Deletion

135
Q

Repeats a segment

A

Duplication

136
Q

Reverses a segment within a chromosome

A

Inversion

137
Q

Moves a segment from one chromosome to another

A

Translocation

138
Q

Any mutation that affects a big part of the chromosome

A

Chromosomal mutation

139
Q

Chromosomes pair up and pull apart

A

Meiosis 1

140
Q

Chromosomes don’t come apart correctly

A

Nondisjunction

141
Q

They have all of there chromosomes

A

Diploid cells

142
Q

Sex cells have half of all the chromosome pairs

A

Haploid cells

143
Q

Picture of chromosomes, can be used to find out the gender of a person and also to diagnose some genetic disorders

A

Karyotype

144
Q

Sex cells

A

Gametes

145
Q

Carry the same genes but might be different forms of the genes

A

Homologous chromosomes

146
Q

Can occur when homologous chromosomes swap pieces

A

Crossing over

147
Q

Chromosomes can be assorted in many ways

A

Independent assortment

148
Q

The 2 things that are sources of genetic diversity

A

Crossing over and independent assortment

149
Q

You need two of these to be a female

A

X chromosome

150
Q

You need this to be a male

A

X and Y chromosome

151
Q

Organisms in which Taxons are closely related

A

Genus

152
Q

Name 3 domains used to classify life

A

Bacteria, archea, eukarya

153
Q

The science of naming and classifying organisms

A

Taxonomy

154
Q

System for naming and classifying organisms

A

Carolus Linnaeus

155
Q

A group of organisms in a classification system

A

Taxons

156
Q

What are the levels of classification

A 
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Order
Family
Genus
Species
157
Q

Tool used to identify organisms

A

Dichotomous key

158
Q

Broadest category of classification

A

Domain

159
Q

Some event causes a population to get small, causing a lower gene diversity

A

Bottle neck effect

160
Q

Growth that occurs when a population has all availed resources

A

Exponential growth

161
Q

The size of a population that an environment can support

A

Carrying capacity

162
Q

Both species benefit

A

Mutualism

163
Q

One species nourishes itself but the other is harmed

A

Parasitism

164
Q

One species obtains good or shelter from the other species. Does not harm or help the other species

A

Commensalism

165
Q

Living things in an ecosystem, food chains, organisms, populations, etc

A

Biotic factors

166
Q

Chromatids pull apart and become gametes

A

Meiosis 2

Biology (5 decks)

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