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Dysphagia > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Phases/Stages of Swallowing

A

Anticipation, Oral Prep, Oral (1 second), Pharyngeal (1 second), Esophageal (8-20 seconds)

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2
Q

Salivary Glands

A

Parotid, Submandibular & Sublingual; other small, unnamed in palatal and pharynx

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3
Q

Types of Swallowers (typical)

A

Tippers (form bolus in front of mouth) & Dippers (form bolus in back of mouth)

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4
Q

Parotid Gland

A

Innervated by CN IX; serous secretions; located in front of ear

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5
Q

Submandibular Gland

A

Innervated by CN VII; serous & mucoidal secretions; located under jaw bone

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6
Q

Sublingual Gland

A

Innervated by CN VII; mucoidal secretions; located under tongue

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7
Q

Muscles of the oral prep phase processes are innervated by cranial nerves

A

CN VII, CN XII, CN V

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8
Q

Classifications of swallowing disorders

A

Oropharyngeal (*SLP) or Esophageal

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9
Q

Factors influencing length of oral prep phase

A

what you’re eating, the environment, degree you’re savoring (taste), texture, sometimes temperature

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10
Q

The tongue maintains position and takes food from teeth during mechanical bolus formation in a _________ way with muscles innervated by ______

A

rotary; CN XII

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11
Q

Salivation is an _______ function requiring intact cranial nerves ________

A

autonomic; VII, IX

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12
Q

Opening the mouth requires cranial nerves ______

A

V; XII

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13
Q

Oral sensation requires cranial nerves __________

A

V (bolus position and temperature, pain, pressure); VII (taste)

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14
Q

What travels through the foramen rotundum?

A

Cranial nerve V, maxillary division

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15
Q

What travels through the foramen ovale?

A

Cranial nerve V, mandibular division

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16
Q

What travels through the internal auditory meatus?

A

CN VII, CN VIII

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17
Q

What travels through the jugular foramen?

A

CN IX, CN X, CN XI

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18
Q

What travels through the hypoglossal canal?

A

CN XII

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19
Q

What travels through the foramen magnum?

A

CN XI (also medulla, vertebral & anterior and posterior spinal arteries)

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20
Q

What travels through the foramen lacerum?

A

Sympathetic branch of cranial nerve V (visceral motor/autonomic-opthalamic?)

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21
Q

What muscles form the Upper Esophageal Sphincter?

A

cricopharyngeus, thyropharyngeus, upper esophageal muscle

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22
Q

Cranial Nerves involved in swallowing

A

V (trigeminal), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), XI (accessory), XII (hypoglossal)

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23
Q

Muscles of mastication

A

masseter, temporalis, lateral & medial pterygoids; innervated via (motor) CN V Trigeminal

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24
Q

Cranial Nerve V

A

Trigeminal; motor and sensory components; motor innervates muscles of mastication; sensory emerges from the pons and has 3 divisons: opthalamic (superior orbital fissure), maxillary (foramen rotundum), and mandibular (foramen ovale)

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25
Q

CN V LMN vs UMN lesion

A

(trigeminal) UMN has no effect as muscles of mastication are bilaterally innervated; LMN presents as paresis on ipsilateral side, jaw deviation towards lesion side, decreased bite

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26
Q

CN VII

A

Facial; motor (muscles of facial expression) and sensory (taste of anterior 2/3 tongue, hard & soft palate)

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27
Q

CN VII UMN vs LMN lesion

A

(facial) UMN: lower face contralateral to lesion affected except emotion; LMN: upper and lower face ipsilateral to lesion affected

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28
Q

Sensation of the hard and soft palate is innervated by

A

CN VII

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29
Q

Taste of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue innervated by

A

CN VII

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30
Q

CN IX

A

glossopharyngeal; emerges from medulla (brainstem); motor (stylopharyngess), visceral motor (hypothalamus fear response: dry mouth, olfactory response to cooking: salivation), sensory (posterior 1/3 of tongue, gag reflex), and visceral sensory (blood pressure, oxygen tension) portions

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31
Q

Blood pressure and oxygen tension are innervated by

A

visceral sensory portion of CN IX

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32
Q

Salivation in response to cooking is innervated by

A

CN IX visceral motor portion

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33
Q

CN X

A

Vagus; emerges from medulla (brainstem); contains pharyngeal branch, (internal and external) superior laryngeal branch, and recurrent laryngeal branch; motor, sensory, and visceral motor components

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34
Q

Palatal elevation and depression and pharyngeal constriction involve the ________ muscles and are innervated by ________

A

superior constrictor, middle constrictor (hypopharyngeus), inferior constrictor (thyropharyngeus & cricopharyngeus), soft palate; pharyngeal branch of CN X (vagus)

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35
Q

The superior laryngeal nerve branch of the ______ nerve supplies _______ innervation to _______

A

Vagus (CN X); motor; inferior constrictor and cricothyroid

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36
Q

The ________ lengthens and stiffens the vocal folds and is innervated by ________

A

cricothyroid; CN X, superior laryngeal nerve branch (vagus)

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37
Q

The ______ muscles adduct the vocal folds to protect the airway during swallowing w/ innervation by _____

A

intrinsic muscles of the larynx EXCEPT poster cricoarytenoid; (motor) recurrent branch of CN X (vagus)

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38
Q

CN X UMN vs LMN lesion

A

UMN: poor palatal movement, voice is harsh & strained; LMN- soft palate droops on ipsilateral side, uvula deviates to contralateral side, voice breathy, hoarse; possible hyper nasality or nasal regurgitation

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39
Q

Subglottic sensation allows us to detect _______ and is innervated by ________

A

aspiration; recurrent laryngeal branch of CN X (vagus)

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40
Q

Supraglottic sensation allows us to detect _________ and is innervated by ________

A

penetration; internal branch of the superior laryngeal branch of CN X

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41
Q

Esophageal plexus

A

stimulates secretions of gastric glands and supplies motor to smooth muscle of stomach: innervated by visceral motor component of CN X

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42
Q

CN XI

A

accessory; branches in soft palate, sternocleidomastoid & trapezius muscles (100% motor); emerges from cervical spine region, enters skull through foramen magnum and drops down through jugular foramen

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43
Q

CN XII

A

hypoglossal; 100% motor- intrinsic & extrinsic muscles of tongue, some supra hyoid muscles

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44
Q

CN XII UMN vs LMN lesion

A

UMN: fasciculations of tongue w/out atrophy on affected side; tongue deviates to contralateral side; LMN: flaccid paralysis w/ atrophy on affected side, tongue deviates to ipsilateral side

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45
Q

Ansa Cervicalis

A

Infrahyoids (depress and posteriorly displace hyoid and larynx except thyrohyoid); originate from C1, C2, and C3 (cervical spine)

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46
Q

Concerning results of abnormal swallowing

A

aspiration, nasal regurgitation, pneumonia, decreased nutrition, discomfort, death

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47
Q

Aspiration

A

when food, liquid, refluxate or secretions get below true vocal cords; most likely in right lower lung

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48
Q

Penetration

A

when food, liquid, refluxate or secretions get into laryngeal vestibule down to but not below the true vocal cords

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49
Q

Risk factors for aspiration

A

systemic problems, poor dental health (own teeth), NOT self-feeding, previous pneumonia, inability to clear airway effectively (weak cough)

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50
Q

Stroke patient risk predictors

A

abnormal gag reflex AND Impaired voluntary cough predictive of aspiration (high risk 87% if both behaviors present, low 14% if both normal, moderate 46-51% if one)

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51
Q

Nasal regurgitation may lead to later

A

palatal problems; timing issues

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52
Q

Aspiration risk factors

A

neurologic dysfunction, decreased consciousness, advancing age, gastroesophageal reflux, tube feeding

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53
Q

Aspiration diagnosis

A

based on symptoms, case history and chest x-ray or CT scan

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54
Q

Pneumonia

A

right lower lob; much more likely in elderly, sick, sedentary, bed-ridden; likelihood increases w/ multiple aspirations, bacterial in oropharynx (dirty mouth)

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55
Q

Enteral feeding

A

HIGHER risk of aspiration pneumonia (then longer hospital stay/increased mortality) tube placing pressure into stomach, aspiration of reflux likely

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56
Q

Risk factors for pneumonia

A

dental health (battery and prandial aspiration; *SNFs common)

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57
Q

Aspiration pneumonitis

A

caused by inhalation of sterile gastric contents; leads to acute lung injury from inhaled acidic material; severity determined by amount and pH level of aspirate

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58
Q

Aspiration pneumonia

A

inhalation of colonized oropharyngeal material; acute pulmonary inflammation response to bacteria

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59
Q

Causes of decreased nutrition

A

discomfort, pneumonia, time/fatigue of eating, retained food in mouth/throat, non-self feeder

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60
Q

Iatrogenic causes of decreased nutrition

A

chemotherapy, medically caused dysphagia

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61
Q

Hydration recommendations

A

men: 3 L (13 c); women: 2.2 L (9 c)

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62
Q

Normal daily water expenditures

A

feces (100-200 mL), urine (1,000-1,500 mL), lungs (250-400 mL), perspiration (400-10,000 mL)

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63
Q

health effects of dehydration

A

thirst, dizziness or lightheadedness (falls in elderly), headache, tiredness, dry mouth, lips and eyes, dark urine, loss of strength & stamina, constipation

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64
Q

To find weight change % over given time period

A

current weight minus initial weight divided by initial weight, times 100

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65
Q

Anorexia

A

refusal of food (often elderly diagnosed w/ this)

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66
Q

Asthenia

A

extreme fatigue and reduction in strength

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67
Q

Cachexia

A

set of symptoms including anorexia, tissue wasting, weakness, impaired organ function, apathy, water & electrolyte imbalances and decreased resistance to infection

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68
Q

Outcomes of discomfort while eating

A

fear, social avoidance, constant cough, choking (airway danger)

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69
Q

Neurogenic causes of abnormal swallowing

A

vascular, trauma, diseases

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70
Q

Structural causes of abnormal swallowing

A

cancer, stricture, web

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71
Q

Metabolic causes of abnormal swallowing

A

systemic conditions, phenylketonuria

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72
Q

Iatrogenic causes of abnormal swallowing

A

intubation, long-term psych medication, chemotherapy

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73
Q

Congenital causes of abnormal swallowing

A

cleft palate, cognitive impairment, malformations, Cerebral Palsy

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74
Q

Mechanical causes of abnormal swallowing

A

trauma, inflammation, cervical spur

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75
Q

Dysphagia etiologies

A

neurogenic, structural, metabolic, iatrogenic, congenital, mechanical

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76
Q

Areas of potential breakdown during swallow response

A

oral prep phase, swallow initiation & coordination (oral phase), strength of pharyngeal contraction, respiratory-swallow coordination, esophageal phase, airway protection

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77
Q

Oral Prep breakdowns of swallow

A

Jaw weakness (from LMN lesion), tongue/jaw/lip surgery, xerostomia, lingual weakness/discoordination

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78
Q

What conditions impede oral prep phase

A

trismus, poor/missing dentition, parkinson’s disease (rigid, tremor, bradykinesia), xerostoma

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79
Q

trismus

A

inability to open jaw due to trauma, cancer therapy, jaw tumors, etc; treat w/ exercise and stretching device

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80
Q

bradykinesia

A

slow movement, difficulty in coordination

81
Q

Lingual weakness/discoordination during oral prep phase causes

A

loss of bolus into lateral sulk, bolus splitting, inability to form cohesive bolus

82
Q

UMN disorder problems during oral stage

A

unilateral weakness of genioglossus; discoordination, bolus loss on side of weakness,possible deficit in base of tongue retraction

83
Q

LMN disorder problems during oral stage

A

bolus loss laterally, posteriorly and anteriorly, reduced tongue elevation, causes of abnormal swallowing of tongue retraction problems

84
Q

Oral Stage swallow deficits

A

UMN or LMN problems, resection, tongue thrust, posterior lingual elevation deficit, xerostomia

85
Q

resection

A

base of tongue elevation problems and discoordinated movement due to motokinesthetic changes; bolus loss laterally and maybe posteriorly ; impedes oral stage

86
Q

Posterior lingual elevation deficit

A

failure to retain bolus intramurally; palatal compensation can occur; impedes oral stage

87
Q

Xerostomia

A

extended oral tage >1 second; bolus retention on hard palate, tongue, posterior tongue, soft palate, and food retention in teeth due to dry mouth

88
Q

Palatal weakness

A

nasal reflux (greater w/ liquids) and bolus retention against drooping palate

89
Q

Pharyngeal Stage deficits

A

superior constrictor contraction deficit (nasal reflux); medial constrictor contraction deficit (bolus retention along posterior pharyngeal wall & base of tongue; valleculae); inferior constrictor contraction deficit (bolus retention/residual in pyriform sinuses

90
Q

Esophageal Stage deficits

A

insufficient Upper Esophageal Sphincter relaxation (cricopharyngeal bar); Insufficient Floor of Mouth forward traction (weakness FOM musculature, narrowing of UES opening); Stricture (scarring due to cancer treatment or caustic ingestions- tumor, decreased motility, TE fistula); dysmotility, achalasia, extrinsic displacement (thyroid) and extrinsic displacement (dysphagia lusorum)

91
Q

Achalasia

A

too much tone in lower esophageal sphincter preventing peristalsis wave; stuff gets stuck in lower digestive track, esophageal sphincter

92
Q

Dysphagia lusorum

A

abhorant subclavian artery- pushed inwards towards esophagus; visible pulsing on scope

93
Q

Apnea duration increases by milliseconds as _______

A

bolus volume increases

94
Q

Normal respiratory/swallow coordination sequence

A

true vocal cords close, false vocal folds close, arytenoids move forward, epiglottis closes over the complex (so airway is protected)

95
Q

Normal apnea sequence

A

oral prep stage: larynx at rest, cords open; oral stage: cords close at the oral/beginning pharyngeal (1 sec/stage); esophageal- cords open after tail of bolus passes UES

96
Q

Signs & symptoms of dysphagia problem

A

coughing, throat clearing, wet/gurgly voice, increased in resting respiration, increased congestion, oral expectoration, red face, prolonged feeding, nasal regurgitation, eyes watering, lower lobe infiltrate

97
Q

Apneic Sequence

A

inhale or exhale, cords close, swallow, larynx rests, cords open, immediate exhalation

98
Q

Breakdowns in Airway Protection

A

Lack of laryngeal elevation (decreased epiglottic tilt); TVC paralysis (no full closure, may throw off sequence); timing/weakness (weak closure may leave gap, causes air loss, inhalation immediately after or interrupting bolus passage; apnea period may cease prior to bolus passage)

99
Q

What travels through the superior orbital fissure?

A

Ophthalmic branch CN V

100
Q

Solitary Track Nucleus

A

brainstem nuclei for sensory information from CN VII, IX, and X

101
Q

Nucleus Ambiguus

A

brainstem nuclei for motor information of CN IX, X

102
Q

Autonomic functions of swallowing

A

salivary (CN VII, IX)

103
Q

Opening Mouth

A

CN V, CN XII

104
Q

What travels through the foramen magnum?

A

Spinal Accessory nerve (CN XI),

105
Q

Masseter

A

elevates the mandible to close the mouth; CN V, mandibular branch

106
Q

Temporalis

A

Elevates the mandible to close the mouth, posterior fibers retract; CN V, mandibular branch

107
Q

Orbicularis Oris

A

Narrows the mouth orifice (sphincter), puckers & purses lips [keeps bolus w/in mouth during oral phase]; CN VII buccal branch

108
Q

Medial Pterygoids (internal)

A

Elevate & protract the mandible, move mandible from side to side to close jaw; mandibular branch of CN V

109
Q

Lateral Pterygoids (external)

A

Protract/protrude or depress the mandible, move mandible from side to side [opening mouth]; mandibular branch of CN V

110
Q

Palatoglossus

A

Elevates the posterior tongue, forms Anterior Faucial Pillar (palatoglossal arch); CN X (pharyngeal plexus)

111
Q

Thyropharyngeus

A

sphincter and peristaltic actions during swallow, superior part of inferior pharyngeal constrictor; CN X

112
Q

Ansa Cervicalis

A

branches from C1, C2 & C3 from cervical spinal cord; innervates the infrahyoids which pull hyoid down, raises thyroid; thyrohyoid=ansa cervicalis (also some geniohyoid w/ CN XII)

113
Q

Myohyoid

A

interior belly of digastric; rotates larynx forwards away from bolus; CN VII

114
Q

Thyropharyngeus

A

sphincteric & perialstalsic actions during swallowing; CN X

115
Q

Cricopharyngeus

A

primary Upper Esophageal Sphincter muscle (largest, medial); motor function nucleus ambiguus and recurrent laryngeal nerve CN X and sensory function solitary nucleus CN IX

116
Q

Tensor Veli Palatine

A

provides tension of the palate; CN V, mandibular branch

117
Q

Temporalis

A

Elevates and retracts mandible to close jaw; CN V, mandibular branch

118
Q

Buccal (buccinator)

A

tenses cheek, active when sucking/expelling air forcibly; CN VII buccal branch (fibers blend w/ orbicular Doris anteriorly)

119
Q

Mandibular/marginal mandibular

A

CN VII

120
Q

Cervical

A

CN VII

121
Q

Stylopharyngus

A

elevates pharynx and larynx, aids in pharyngeal contraction; CN IX

122
Q

Trapezius

A

CN XI

123
Q

Sternocleidomastiod

A

CN XI

124
Q

Geniohyoid (aka super hyoid)

A

rotates larynx forward away from bolus (depresses jaw, elevates & protracts hyoid); primarily CN XII [and ansa cervicalis (C1, C2)]

125
Q

Arytenoids

A

adduct & abduct vocal folds; external branch of superior laryngeal nerve CN X

126
Q

Temporal

A

CN VII

127
Q

Zygomatic

A

CN VII

128
Q

Intrinsic tongue muscles

A

Superior longitudinal, verticalis, transversus, inferior longitudinal; CN XII; bolus formation and transport

129
Q

Extrinsic tongue muscles

A

genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus; CN XII via pharyngeal plexus

130
Q

Suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles

A

open jaw during mastication; mandibular branch CN V

131
Q

Levator Veli Palatini

A

pulls palate up and back towards posterior pharyngeal wall (separates naso and oropharynx); CN XII via pharyngeal plexus

132
Q

Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor

A

Pulls superior portion of posterior pharyngeal wall towards palate; CN XI

133
Q

Palatopharyngeus

A

elevates pharynx & larynx, depresses soft palate, contributes to velopharyngeal closure; CN X pharyngeal branch (sensory) & CN XI (motor)

134
Q

Base of tongue retraction relies on these muscles

A

palatoglossus, styloglossus, hyoglossus, transversus, upper pharyngeal constrictor

135
Q

Superior constrictor, middle constrictor, and inferior constrictor muscles

A

Pharyngeal pump- pushing bolus down into esophagus w/ successive contraction; pharyngeal plexus of CN XII

136
Q

Posterior belly of digastrics

A

elevates and retracts hyoid bone (~elevating/pulling back larynx)

137
Q

What muscles elevate the larynx?

A

Digastric- anterior belly (CN VII, mandibular branch) , digastric-posteior belly (CN VII), mylohyoid (CN VII mandibular branch), stylohyoid (CN VII)

138
Q

Lateral Cricoarytenoid

A

vocal fold adduction; recurrent laryngeal nerve CN X

139
Q

Posterior Cricoarytenoid

A

abducts vocal folds; recurrent laryngeal nerve CN X

140
Q

Types of oral mucosa receptors that trigger swallow response

A

mechanoreceptors; thermoreceptors; nociceptors; chemoreceptors; proprioceptors

141
Q

What are the differences between volitional and reflexive swallows?

A

volitional: oral prep phase initiates swallow, brainstem and cortex carry out; reflexive: esophageal phase intuits swallow, brainstem w/ few cortical projections carries out

142
Q

Parasympathetic ganglion components & innervation

A

ciliary- eye; pterygopalatine- lacrimal gland; otic- parotid; submandibular- submandibular & lingual glands

143
Q

Pharyngeal plexus

A

formed by CN IX, X, XI branching off of jugular foramen; provides motor and sensory innervation to the pharynx, larynx, palate; formed by pharyngeal branches of sensory CN IX and motor CN X

144
Q

Internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve

A

sensory to supraglottic area above vocal folds; triggers laryngeal swallow mechanism; CN X

145
Q

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

sensory innervation below vocal folds into trachea ; CN X

146
Q

The motor portion of the recurrent laryngeal nerve innervates the _______ via CN ____

A

intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the larynx; CN X

147
Q

Cranial nerve exam: sensory trigeminal

A

run q-tip across face (left side eye: ophthalmic; over both cheeks from nose: maxillary; mid-chin to jaw line: mandibular); check for saliva/numbness (can you feel chewing?) in anterior 2/3 tongue

148
Q

Cranial nerve exam: motor trigeminal

A

Open & close mouth (open: lateral pterygoid, chewing: masseter; strength: temporalis; lateral jaw movement: lateral/medial pterygoid); ask “do you feel teeth coming together?”

149
Q

Cranial nerve exam: motor facial

A

Lower weakness on one side? is forehead involved? (if no upper face, UMN contralateral; if forehead involved, LMN ipsilateral)

150
Q

Cranial nerve exam: visceral (special) sensory facial

A

test anterior 2/3 tongue w/ lemon swab/orange juice (likely NPO post-stroke)

151
Q

Cranial nerve exam: sensory facial

A

test posterior auricular if you feel like it

152
Q

Cranial nerve exam: parasympathetic glossopharyngeal

A

saliva consistency (heavy drool, dryness) shows parotid gland functioning

153
Q

Cranial nerve exam: sensory glossopharyngeal

A

gag reflex functioning via trigeminal and solitaires to nucleus ambiguous (if not intact, does not affect swallowing)

154
Q

Cranial nerve exam: motor vagus

A

patient will deviate towards strong side; check palate for carriage (drooping? obstructive sleep apnea reported?), rest symmetry - straight movement up? (if not, LMN ipsilateral damage); voice- breathy pitch indicative of paresis/paralysis; ability to close vocal folds, cough (volitional or reflexive? effortful? clearing airway?)

155
Q

If patient has weakness in muscles of mastication, jaw will deviate _________ to lesion when mouth opens due to ________ impairment

A

ipsilaterally (towards side of lesion); LMN (UMN would have no effect due to bilateral innervation)

156
Q

Bell’s Palsy

A

Unilateral facial weakness involving forehead on ipsilateral side of LMN lesion to CN VII

157
Q

Cranial nerve exam: sensory vagus

A

pain, temperature, touch of back of the ear

158
Q

Cranial nerve exam: motor accessory

A

shrug shoulders, turn head; if hemiparesis/paralysis or half intact, half not UMN damage

159
Q

Cranial nerve exam: motor hypoglossal

A

Protrusion of tongue via genioglossus; if editions to one side, contralateral UMN (likely stroke)

160
Q

LMN damage indicators

A

tongue isolated in impairment; deviation to the side of the lesion; flaccidity; tongue fasiciculations

161
Q

UMN damage indicators

A

increased muscle tone (rigidity); good contraction on contralateral/other side; deviation away from lesion

162
Q

Cortical input for swallowing

A

pre-central gyrus; post-central gyrus; brodman’s area 45; insular cortex of temporal lobe; thalamus

163
Q

Brainstem involvement in swallowing

A

allows coordination (suppression & timing); Dorsal region- solitary tract nucleus; Ventral region- nucleus ambiguous, reticular formation

164
Q

Solitary tract nucleus

A

sensory input from CN VII, CN IX, CN X

165
Q

Nucleus ambiguus

A

Motor neurons to the velum, pharynx, UES & larynx via CN IX, X, XI

166
Q

Spinal trigeminal tract

A

touch, pain, temperature nucleus for all nerves

167
Q

Esophageal divisions

A

upper: primary wave/beginning of peristalsis- striated muscles- sensory nucleus is solitary tract (NTS), motor nucleus is nucleus ambiguus; middle- transitional esophageal: mix of striated and smooth muscles w/ motor nucleus at dorsovagal; lower esophageal- smooth muscle only

168
Q

Red flags for dehydration

A

high creatinine levels; high blood urea nitrogen levels (BUN)

169
Q

What triggers pharyngeal phase of swallow?

A

bolus touching the anterior faucial pillar, exerting pressure on CN X and CN XI

170
Q

During the pharyngeal phase, the soft palate

A

elevates & tenses

171
Q

During the pharyngeal phase, the thyroid notch

A

elevates & rotates

172
Q

What muscles move the thyroid notch during the pharyngeal stage?

A

mylohyoid, anterior belly of the digastric, geniohyoid

173
Q

What muscles are the UES?

A

upper esophageal muscle, cricopharyngeus, thyropharyngeus

174
Q

What muscles are innervated by CN V?

A

Muscles of mastication: lateral & medial pterygoids, masseter, temporalis; mylohyoid, anterior belly digastric, tensor veli palatini, tensor tympani

175
Q

CN V1, V2, and V3 foramen

A

V1- superior orbital fissure (ophthalmic), V2- foramen rotundum (maxillary); V3- foramen ovale (mandibular)

176
Q

CN V1, V2, and V3 nerves

A

V1: nasocilliary, frontal, lacrimal; V2: infraorbital, superior alveolar, lesser & greater palatine; V3: mandibular/mental, lingual, inferior alveolar

177
Q

The greater and lesser palatine nerves serve the ____

A

maxillary and mandibular teeth

178
Q

Motor portion of CN V travels through

A

Foramen ovale

179
Q

Motor portion of CN VII travels through

A

Stylomastoid foramen (internal auditory meatus, facial canal)

180
Q

VII muscular innervation

A

Posterior belly of the digastric, stylohyoid, stapedius

181
Q

The general sensory, parasympathetic, and special sensory portions of CN VII together form the

A

nervus intermedius

182
Q

CN VII ganglion

A

Geniculate

183
Q

CN VII Parasympathetic nuclei

A

Superior salivatory nucleus; lacrimal nucleus

184
Q

CN VII parasympathetic branch synapse

A

submandibular ganglion

185
Q

Name for special sensory portion of CN VII

A

Chorda tympani

186
Q

The parasympathetic and special sensory portions of CN VII pass through the

A

Petrotympanic fissure

187
Q

What muscles does CN IX innervate?

A

stylopharyngeus

188
Q

Portions of CN IX and X pass through the

A

jugular foramen

189
Q

General sensory portion CN IX synapses on the

A

inferior ganglion

190
Q

Parasympathetic portion of CN IX synapses on the

A

otic ganglion

191
Q

CN X innervates these muscles

A

cricothyroid, cricopharyngeus, palatal muscles (levator veli palatini, palatoglossus, palatophryngeus), pharyngeal constrictors (superior, middle, inferior), muscles of larynx (LCA, transverse/oblique arytenoids, thyroarytenoid, vocalis, PCA)

192
Q

Function of internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve

A

Supraglottal sensation (swallow trigger)

193
Q

function of the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve

A

motor function of the cricothyroid, cricopharyngeus

194
Q

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

when the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve wraps around the aorta, it becomes this; innervates motor function of vocal folds

195
Q

Sensory function of recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

subglottic sensation

196
Q

Tracks from CN XII come from what nucleus and pass through what

A

hypoglossal nucleeus, hypoglossal foramen

197
Q

Ansa cervicalis muscles

A

depresses hyoid

198
Q

Vocal fold position by swallow stage

A

Oral prep: cords open; Oral: cords close at end; Pharyngeal: false folds close, arytenoids move forward, epiglottis closes; esophageal: cords open after tail of bolus passes through UES

Dysphagia (2 decks)

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