Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Botanical Med > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What is an Antioxidant?

A

Scavenges free radicals to decrease oxidative stress

-affects all systems

Prevents degenerative diseases:

  • cardiovascular disease
  • Alzheimer’s
  • Parkinson’s

In all plants to a certain degree

  • relatively reactive compounds that can both accept or donate a free radical (can be pro-oxidants)
  • dietary antioxidants appear safe while controversy over supplements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are examples of antioxidants?

A

Blueberries, Tea, pumkins, squash, pomegranate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Blueberries

A

Vaccinium spp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Tea

A

Cameillia sinensis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

pumpkins & squash

A

curcubita spp.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Pomegranate

A

Punica granatum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is an anti-inflammatory?

A 
decreases inflammation
-all systems
aids:
-cardiovascular disease
-Alzheimer's
-Cancer
-"itis" conditions
most plants have anti-inflammatory properties
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are examples of Anti-inflammatories?

A

tumeric, ginger, willow, indian frankincense, devil’s claw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Tumeric

A

Curcuma longa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

ginger

A

zingiber officinale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

willow

A

salix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

indian frankincense

A

boswellia serrata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

devil’s claw

A

harpagophytum procumbens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is an astringent?

A

contracts and thickens tissues to decrease permeability and increase resistance to physical stress
related to: antihemorrhagic & styptic

aids:
wounds, ulcers, eczema, dermatitis, varicose veins, diarrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are examples of astringents?

A

witch hazel, oak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Witch Hazel

A

Hamamelis virginiana

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Oak

A

Quercus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a styptic?

A

an astringent compound that stops bleeding when applied topically

related to” antihemorrhagic, astringent

aids: lacterations, ulcers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is an example of a styptic?

A

witch hazel, oak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a vulnerary?

A

speeds up the healing of wounds when applied topically
related to anti-inflammatory
aids: soft & hard tissue injuries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are external and internal vulnerary herbs?

A

Internal or external:
marigold, greater plantain, chamomile
external:
arnica, comfrey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Marigold

A

calendula officinalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

greater plantain

A

plantago major

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

arnica

A

arnica montana

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

comfrey

A

symphytum officinali

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

chamomile

A

matricaria recutita

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is an antuulcerogenic?

A

prevents and of heals ulcers
related to: astringents & vulnerary
aids: ulcers, wound healing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are examples of antiulcerogenic?

A

any vulnerary or astringent herbs

Dragon’s blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Dragon’s blood

A

croton lecheri

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is an antipruritic?

A

itch relieves the itch sensation
related to anodynes
aids: insect bits, eczema, poison ivy, stinging nettle

counter-irritant can also act as antipruritics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are examples of antipruritics?

A

oatmeal, various essential oils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Oatmeal

A

Aveena sativa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is an alterative?

A

a blood cleanser
related to depuratives
aids: chronic skin conditions
-have non-specific actions and could help liver, bowels, antimicrobials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are examples of alteratives?

A

burdock root, yellow dock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Burdock root

A

arctium lappa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Yellow dock

A

rumex crispus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is a lymphatic?

A

promotes the proper function of lymphatic organs and the drainage of the lymph to help clean the blood
related to depuratives
aids: chronic skin conditions, viral infections, swollen lymphs

-often a type of alterative, but not all alteratives are lymphatics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is a lymphatic?

A

galium, pokeroot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Galium

A

Galium aparine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Pokeroot

A

Phytolacca americana

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is an emollient?

A

softens and soothes and skin

aids: eczema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Which emollients are good for mild dry skin?

A

aqueous based creams and lotions that absorb into the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Which emollients are good for severely dry skin?

A

salves that create a protective barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are examples of emollients?

A

oatmeal, olive oil

45
Q

What is an escharotic?

A

destroys tissues, producing an eschar that sloughs off
related to antimitotic
aids: warts, skin lesions and cancer

46
Q

What are examples of escharotics?

A

bloodroot, may apple

47
Q

Bloodroot

A

sanguinaria canadensis

48
Q

may apple

A

podophyllum peltatum

49
Q

What is an antirheumatic?

A

it relieves rheumatism
related to antiinflammatory, analgesic
aids: arthritis, fibromyalgia, myalgia

50
Q

What are examples of antiheumatics?

A

tumeric, devil’s claw, frankincense, willow

51
Q

Tumeric

A

curcumin longa

52
Q

Devil’s claw

A

Harpagophytum procumbens

53
Q

frankincense

A

boswellia serrate

54
Q

willow

A

salix

55
Q

What is an analgesic?

A

it alleviates pain without loss of conciousness
related to anodynes, antipyretics, anti-inflammatories, anti-rheumatic

aids: pain

most antiimflammatories posses analgesic effects

56
Q

What are examples of analgesics?

A

opium poppy, willow, turmeric

57
Q

Opium poppy

A

papaver somniferum

58
Q

What is a rubefacient?

A

it makes the skin red by dilating capillaries causing an increase blood flow to the area
related to counter-irritant
aid: myalgia, arthritis

59
Q

What are examples of rubefacient?

A

cayenna, essential oils

60
Q

Cayenne

A

Capsicum frutescens

61
Q

What is an anodyne?

A

alleviates pain when applied topically
related to topical analgesic, antipruritic
aids: arthritis, myalgia, neuopathy

62
Q

What are examples of anodyne?

A

essential oils, peppermint, cayenna, wintergreen, camphor laurel

63
Q

Peppermint

A

mentha piperita

64
Q

wintergreen

A

gaultheria procumbens

65
Q

camphor laurel

A

cinnamomum camphora

66
Q

What are topical analgesics?

A

wintergreen, camphor laurel, eucalyptus

67
Q

What is a counter-irritant?

A

a type of anondyne (topical analgesic) that causes sensation or irritation to the skin to lessen the perception of pain

aids in: arthritis, muscle pain, neuropathy, insect bites

68
Q

What are examples of counter-irritants?

A

essential oils, peppermint, cayenna, wintergreen, camphor laurel

69
Q

What is an immunostimulant?

A

stimulates the immune system
related to immunomodulator - balances the immune system
aids: prevents/treats infections, immunosuppression (chemo/radiation)

some are not recommended to be given during acute bacterial infections

70
Q

What are examples of immunostimulant?

A

huang qi, purple cone flower, canadian ginseng

71
Q

Huang qi

A

astragalus membranaceus

72
Q

purple cone

A

echinacea angustifolium

73
Q

Canadian ginseng

A

Panax quinquefolius

74
Q

What is an antirpyretic?

A

it reduces body temperature
related to febrifuge, antiperiodic

aids: virus fever, parasites, bacteria

75
Q

What are examples of antipyretics?

A

willow, feverfew

76
Q

How does willow and feverfew work as an antopyretic?

A

inhibits prostaglandin E2

77
Q

Feverfew

A

tanacetum parthenium

78
Q

What is an antimicrobial?

A

destroys or inhibits the growth of microorganisms

79
Q

What are the subclasses of antimicrobials?

A

antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiparasitic

80
Q

What are examples of antimicrobials?

A

goldenseal, myrrh, Pau D’arco, old man’s beard

81
Q

Myrrh

A

commiphora myrrh

82
Q

goldenseal

A

hydrastis canadensis

83
Q

Pau d’arco

A

tabebuia avellanedae

84
Q

old man’s beard

A

usnea barbata

85
Q

What is an antiseptic?

A

kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms but is considered safe for humans

mostly applied topically but can also be effective when taken orally

86
Q

How do antiseptics work?

A

they tend to disrupt the cell membranes making the microorganism more vulnerable

87
Q

What are examples of antiseptics?

A

essential oils like tea tea, oregano, thyme, eucalyptus, clove

bearberry

88
Q

Thyme

A

Thymus vulgaris

89
Q

Bearberry

A

arctostaphylos uva-ursi

90
Q

What is an antibacterial?

A

kills bacteria

91
Q

What are examples of antibacterials?

A

goldenseal

myrrh

92
Q

goldenseal

A

hydrastis canadensis

93
Q

myrrh

A

commiphora myrrh

94
Q

How does cortisol work by stopping inflammation?

A

Blocks phospholipase A2 from acting with arachidonic acid

95
Q

How does Boswellic acid, hypericum and harpogoside decrease inflammation?

A

By blocking lipooxygenase (after arachidonic acid) from activating leukotrienes

96
Q

How does salicylic acid, hypericum, chamazulene, harpogoside, and curcumin aid in lowering inflammation?

A

blocks cycloxygenase from activating prostglandins

97
Q

How does harpogoside lower inflammation?

A

blocks argninine from activating nitrioxide

98
Q

How does roamarinic acid lower inflammation?

A

it blocks complement

99
Q

How does curcumin, gingerol, and bromelain aid in lower inflammation?

A

blocks TNF and IL

100
Q

What activated TRPM8?

A

cooling agents like menthol and camphor or when temperatures drop below 26 C

101
Q

How does stimulating TRPM8 reduce pain?

A

not sure on exact mechanism - the theory is the cold sensation overrides the pain, “Gate-theory of pain”

102
Q

What activates TRPV1?

A

Activated by nxious heat >43C and pungent herbs like cayenne, clove, ginger and cinnamon

103
Q

How does noxious heat and pungent herbs reduce pain?

A

they stimulate TRPV1 and release substance P, the repeated release of substance P depletes and reduces pain signals

104
Q

What is substance p?

A

it is a neuropeptide that transmits peripheral pain to the central nervous system

105
Q

How does capsaicin reduce pain?

A

topical application of cayenne initially release substance p but repeated use temporarily degenerates the nerve ending

106
Q

What is the gate control system of pain?

A

it is the theory that physical pain is not a direct result of activation of pain receptor neurons but that perception is modulated by interactions between different neurons
in other words, the pain signal can’t reach the brain if descending inhibitory signals pushes the gateway closed if overrided by other signals

107
Q

Castor bean

A

Ricinus communis

108
Q

What is castor oil and how does it work?

A

it is a viscous oil that can be consumed for constipation or applied topically for musculoskeletal. It contains ricinoleic acid and is believed to increase peristalsis, dcerease pain, disperse fluid. it also inhibits substance P

109
Q

What are the subclasses of antimicrobials?

A 
antiparasitics
	-antimalarial
	-antihelmintic
	-antiamoebic
Antibacterial
Antifungal
Antiviral

Botanical Med (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions