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Botanical Med > finals > Flashcards

finals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four ways that herbal constituents can be classified?

A

chemical structure, property, synthetic pathway, medicinal actions

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2
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

polar (water soluble) sugars = carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Cm (H20)n

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3
Q

What arethe 6 subcategories of carbs?

A

glycosides, fiber, mucilage, gel, beta-glucans, Polysaccharide-K

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4
Q

What are glycodies?

A

organic compounds with sugars attached (glycone - sugar, aglycone - oragnic compound)

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5
Q

Why do plants add sugars in the case of glycosides?

A

make aglycone inactive, more water soluble for stroage, transport and detoxficiation

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6
Q

What classes can glycosides be formed from?

A

hydroquinone glycoside, cardiac glycosides, saponins, anthraquinone

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7
Q

What class did arubutin come from?

A

hydroquinone glycoside

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8
Q

What type pf class did ginsenosides come from?

A

saponins

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9
Q

What type of class did digoxin come from?

A

cardiac glycoside

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10
Q

What are 5 examples of glycosides?

A

anthroquinone, coumarin, flavonoid, phenolic, cynaogenic

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11
Q

What is a mucilage & gum?

A

rich in soluble carbs, water soluble, increases viscosirty to form “slime” and gels

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12
Q

What are gels?

A

solid jelly-like substances (non-liquid), can be produced from both mucilage and gums

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13
Q

What are the actions of mucilage & gums?

A

demulcent, bulk laxative, emulsifying agent, fiber

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14
Q

What are sources of mucilage?

A

seeds (flax, chia, psyllium), roots (marshmallow), leaf (aloe, marshmallow), bark (slippery elm)

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15
Q

What is the difference between a mucilage and gum?

A

mucilage not made in response to trauma and forms slimy liquid or masses, gums are excreted due to trauma

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16
Q

What are 4 examples of gum?

A

mastic, guar, xanthan, arabic

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17
Q

What are Beta-glucans?

A

polysaccharides consisting of D-glucose - the Beta linkages are indigestible (soluble & insoluble fiber)

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18
Q

What are the linkages from barley & oats?

A

beta (1,3) (1,4)

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19
Q

What are the linkages of mushrooms?

A

beta (1,3) (1,6)

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20
Q

What are the linkages of sea weed?

A

alpha (1,3) and beta (1,4)

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21
Q

What are alpha glucans?

A

they are starches - glycogen with no medicinal effects

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22
Q

What are the actions of beta-glucans?

A

cholesterol lowering, immunostimulant, immunomodulating, antiviral, anticancer

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23
Q

What is significant about Beta glucans (1,3) & (1,4) like barley, oats

A

lower cholesterol but no immune effects, ONLY mushrooms

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24
Q

What are some medicinal mushrooms?

A

shiitake, reishi, turkey tail

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25
Q

What is a polysaccharide - K?

A

is a beta-glucan derivative, extract from turkey tail

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26
Q

What is a proteoglycan?

A

b-glucan with a protein

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27
Q

What are PSK good for treating?

A

adjunctive cancer treatment

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28
Q

What is a resin?

A

a mixture of hydrocarbons that are excreted by plants, non-polar, usually clear or yellow-brown

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29
Q

What are Oleoresins?

A

resings that also contain essential oils

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30
Q

What are gum-resins?

A

resings that also contain gums

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31
Q

What are oleo-gum-resin?

A

resings with gums and essential oils

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32
Q

What are the actions of resins, oleoresins, & gum resins?

A

antimicrobial, antiinflammatory

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33
Q

Balsam resin

A

abies balsamea

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34
Q

What are synthetic resins?

A

semi-solid/solid substances that consist of polymers or non-polar compounds but are chemically different than plant resins

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35
Q

What are examples of resins?

A

myrrh, amber, indian frankinsense, balsam resin

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36
Q

What is amber?

A

fossilized resin

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37
Q

What is a rosin?

A

after distilling oleoresin - it is a sticky substance used to increase grip on violin bows, dancers, rock climbers, gymnasts

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38
Q

What are types of rosins?

A

diterpenes, triterpenenes

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39
Q

What is an essential oil?

A

after distlling oleoresin, a short non-polar hydrocarbon molecule

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40
Q

What are types of essential oils?

A

monoterpene, sesquiterpenes, phenylpropenes

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41
Q

What is terpentine?

A

essential oil from conifers - used aas a non-polant solvent (paint thinners)

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42
Q

What actions do essential oils have?

A

carminative, rubefacient, antiseptic

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43
Q

What are the cautions of essential oils?

A

pure essential oils are potent and 5ml of certain oils may result in death

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44
Q

What is a fixed oil?

A

long non-polar hydrocarbon molecules, triglycerides = esters of glycerol & fatty acids (~15-24)

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45
Q

What are example of fixed oils?

A

flax oil, coconut oil, castor oil

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46
Q

What is wax?

A

a long non-polar lipid hydrocarbon molecules (`29-33 carbons) that tend to be malleable solids at room temperature. Wax ester = fatty acid & fatty alcohol

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47
Q

what is the action of wax?

A

protective barrier (water repellant)

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48
Q

Example of a wax?

A

babyberry “wax myrtle”, lanolin (sheep), ear wax (humans), bees wax

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49
Q

Can you eat wax?

A

no, may cause steatorrhea

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50
Q

What are examples of fatty acids & wax?

A

acetic acid, butyric acid, lauric acid, linoleic acid, cetyl pamitate

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51
Q

What is latex?

A

a milky liquid that consists of an emulsion of various polar (water, gums, proteins) & non-polar (resins, terpenoids) in an aqueous (water) base

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52
Q

What is the action of latex?

A

mixed, depends on the plants

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53
Q

What are examples of latexes?

A

opium poppy (papaver somniferum), greater celandine (chelidonium majus), bloodroot (sanguinaria canadensis)

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54
Q

What are terpenes?

A

classification are based on how its made, phytochemicals synthesised from “isoprene” unit, isoprene rule = 5n (# of carbons = 5 x # of isoprene units

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55
Q

What are terpenoids?

A

modified terpenes with the addition of an “oxygen”

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56
Q

What are the main classes of terpenes?

A

monoterpene, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes, tetraterpene

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57
Q

What are subtypes of monoterpenes?

A

iridoids, secoiridoids

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58
Q

What are subtypes of sesquiterpenes

A

sesquiterpend lactones

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59
Q

What are subtypes of triterpenes

A

saponins (steroidal saponins, cardiac glycosides)

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60
Q

What are subtypes of tetraterpenes?

A

carotenoids

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61
Q

How many carbons does a mono, di and triterpene have?

A

2, 4, 6

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62
Q

What are monoterpenes?

A

a hydrocarbon compounds synthesised from 2 isoprene units (10 carbons)- usually clear and colourless, non-polar

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63
Q

What are the actions of monoterpenes?

A

antimicrobial, counter-irritant, carminative, analgesic (methol, camphor), expectorant (ecalyptol, menthol)

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64
Q

What are examples of monterpenes?

A

menthol, carvacrol & thymol, camphor, eucalyptol, terpin-4-ol

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65
Q

carvacrol

A

oregano oil

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66
Q

terpin-4-ol

A

tea tree juniper oil

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67
Q

What is a monoterpene lactone?

A

iridoids, secoiridoids - hydrocarbon compounds synthesised from 2 isoprene units (10 carbons) and includes a “lactone group”, often exist as glycosides

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68
Q

What are the actions of monoterpne lactones?

A

bitters, antiinflammatory, vulnerary

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69
Q

What are examples of monoterpene lactones?

A

oleuropein (bitter & acrid tasting compound in olive oil) & amarogentin (yellow gentian)

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70
Q

What are examples of iridoids?

A

harpogoside (devil’s claw), Aucubin (plantain)

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71
Q

What are examples of secoiridoids?

A

amarogentin (yellow gentian), oleuropin (olive)

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72
Q

What is a sesquiterpene?

A

hydrocarbon compounds synthesisde from 3 isoprene units (15 carbons), volatile (but less than monoterpene), colourless, non-polar

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73
Q

What are the actions of sesquiterpenes?

A

antiinflammatory, carminative

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74
Q

What are sesquiterpene lactones?

A

hydrocarbon compounds synthesisde from 3 isoprene units (15 carbons) and lactone group

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75
Q

What are the actions of sesquiterpene lactones?

A

bitters, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, anticancer

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76
Q

What are examples of sesquiterpene lactones?

A

wormwood (antihelmintic) , sweet wormwood(antimalarial) , chamomile (antiinflammatory, vulnerary), arnica, feverfew, artichoke, yarrow, dandelion, lettuce

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77
Q

What are diterpenes?

A

hydrocarbon compounds synthesized from 4 isoprene units (20 carbons), some are volatile and non-polar

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78
Q

What are phytochemicals of diterpenes?

A

tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in marijuana, steviol, (artificial sweetner) in stevia, salvinoran A, Viteosin A

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79
Q

What are the actions of diterpenes?

A

mixed, neurological effects

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80
Q

What are triterpenes?

A

6 isoprene units (30 carbons), typically form tetracyclic (4 rings) or pentacyclic (5 rings) structures with attached methyl groups & side-chains, can exist as glycosides (saponin) or aglycone, non-volatile, non-polar

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81
Q

What are phytochemicals of triterpene?

A

ursolic acid (in apples, rosemary, berries and various herbs)

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82
Q

What are the actions of triterpene?

A

antiinflammatory, anticancer, antiviral, cardioprotective

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83
Q

What are triterpenoid glycosides?

A

also called saponins, amphipathic compounds (water & fat soluble) that form “soap” in water, triterpenoid with sugar attached - non volatile, water soluble

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84
Q

What is the phytochemicals of saponins?

A

glycyrrhizin found in licorice

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85
Q

What are sub-classes or saponins?

A

steroil saponins (ginsenosides, astragalosides) cardiac glycosides (digoxin)

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86
Q

What are the actions of saponins?

A

antiinflammatory, anticancer, antinviral

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87
Q

What are steroidal saponins?

A

triterpenoid with basic steroid backbone with sugars, amphipathic compounds (form soap in water)

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88
Q

What are the phytochemicals of steroidal saponins

A

astragalosides, ginsenosides (korean ginseng), eleutheroside A (siberian ginseng)

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89
Q

What are the actions of steroidal saponins?

A

adaptogenic, immunomodulating, male tonic

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90
Q

What are Cardiac glycosides?

A

triterpenoids (steroidal saponin) that have strong cardiac activity

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91
Q

What are the phytochemicals of cardiac glycosides?

A

digoxin from foxglove

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92
Q

What are the actions of cardiac glycosides?

A

positive ionotropic, negative chronotropic

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93
Q

What is a tetraterpene?

A

aka carotenoids - hydrocarbon compounds synthesised from 8 isoprene units (40 carbons)

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94
Q

What are the actions of carotenoids/tetraterpenoids?

A

antioxidant, anticancer, provitamin A

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95
Q

What are carotenoids good for?

A

cancer, cardiovascular disease, macular degeneration & cataracts

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96
Q

What are phytochemicals of tetraterpenes?

A

xanthophylls (luetin, zeaxanthin & astaxanthin)- contain oxygen, Carotenes (alpha, beta, lycopene) strictly hydrocarbons

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97
Q

What is a source of b-carotene?

A

papaya

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98
Q

What is a source of capsanthin?

A

red pepper

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99
Q

what is a source of cryptoxanthin?

A

red pepper

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100
Q

What are sources of lutein?

A

kale, dandelion greens, spinach, marigold

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101
Q

What is a source of bixin?

A

achiote (carotenoid)

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102
Q

What is a phenol?

A

a compound that contains a phenolic group, many deirved from phenylpropanoids, they can readily accept and donate electrons

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103
Q

What are the actions of phenols?

A

antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial

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104
Q

What are indications for the need of phenols?

A

prevent degenerative diseases, cancer, cardiovascular disease, arthritis, infections

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105
Q

What is an arbutin?

A

glycoside of hydroquinone ( a type of phenolic)

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106
Q

What is the action of arbutin?

A

urinary astringent, antimicrobial

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107
Q

What herbs are arbutins?

A

bearberry

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108
Q

What caution should you take with arbutins?

A

hydroquinone generates free radicals and may increase the risk of cancer

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109
Q

What is a hydroquinone?

A

it is a hydrolyzed arbutin

110
Q

What is a quinone?

A

a hydroquinone + 2Hydrogens

111
Q

What is a simple “phenolic acid”?

A

phenolic group with carboxylix acid attached, distribution: widespread in many different plants

112
Q

What are the examples of simple phenolic acids?

A

gallic acid, salicyclic acid, benzoic acid

113
Q

What are the actions of gallic acid?

A

from quercus (oak) a part of hydrolysable tannins

114
Q

What are the actions of salicylic acid?

A

antipyrectic & antiinflammatory

115
Q

What are actions of benzoic acid?

A

common food preservatice & used as antiseptic/antifungal. Also produced by plants (eg. Apples, blueberrues, cranberries and animals)

116
Q

What is an example of a dimer phenolic acid?

A

ellagic acid made by the fusion of two gallic acids, a part of hydrolysable tannins

117
Q

Where is ellagic acid found?

A

pomegrantes and berries

118
Q

What are the actions of ellagic acids?

A

antioxidant, anticancer, astringent

119
Q

What are phenylpropanoids?

A

derived from amino acid phenylalanine & tyrosine, typically have an aromatic ring with 3 carbon chain side-chain, most form phenolic compounds but not all

120
Q

What are phenylpropenes?

A

an aromatic ring with 3 carbon side-chain that has a double bond “ene”, derived from the amino acid phenylalanine, common sonstituents of essential oils, many are phenolic, they lack the terminal carboxylic acid group (unlike hydoxy cinnamic acids)

121
Q

What are the actions of phenylpropenes?

A

carminative, antimicrobial

122
Q

What herbs are phenylpropenes?

A

anise, fennel, clove, nutmeg, sassafras, basil, cinnamon, holy basil, terragon, cumin

123
Q

What are the cautions of phenylpropenes?

A

hepatotoxic (liver cancer when consumed long-term

124
Q

What is cinnamaldehyde?

A

cinnamon oil

125
Q

What are the actions of cinnamaldehyde?

A

carminative, antiseptics, fungicide

126
Q

What is anethole?

A

anise

127
Q

What are the actions of anethole?

A

carminative

128
Q

What is estragole from?

A

terragon, basil

129
Q

What is the action of estragole?

A

carminative

130
Q

What is eugenol from?

A

clove

131
Q

What are the actions of eugenol?

A

carminative, antiseptic, anesthetic

132
Q

What is safrole from?

A

sassafras

133
Q

What are the actions of safrole?

A

carminative, carcinogenic

134
Q

What is myristicin from?

A

nutmeg

135
Q

What are the actions of myristicin?

A

diuretic, carminative, hallucinogenic, carcinogenic

136
Q

What is a hydroxy-cinnamic acid?

A

phenylpropanoid derivatives with carboxylic acid at the terminal end of the side-chain, also refers to coumaric acids

137
Q

What are the actions of hydroxy-cinnamic acids?

A

antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic

138
Q

What are examples of hydroxy-cinnamic acids?

A

caffeic acid, ferulic acid, coumaric acids

139
Q

What explains why coffee is protective against diabetes?

A

caffeic acid

140
Q

What is an example of a dimer hydroxy cinnimanic acid?

A

rosmarinic acid

141
Q

Where is rosmarinic acid found?

A

lamiaceae hearbs : mint, rosemary, peppermint, oregano, sage, thyme, lemon balm

142
Q

What are the actions of rosmarinic acid?

A

anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, possible anticancer, anti-allergic

143
Q

What is a curcuminoid?

A

it is a polyphenol made from two phenylpropanoids

144
Q

What is an example of a curcuminoids?

A

tumeric

145
Q

What are the actions of of curcuminoids?

A

anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, hepatoprotective, chologogue

146
Q

What is the most potent antioxidant, antiinflammatory and anticancer?

A

curcumin

147
Q

What is a stillbenoid?

A

a polyphenolic, C6-C2-C6 skeleton (two substituted benzene rings connected by a 2 carbon chain)

148
Q

What are the actions of stilbenoids?

A

antioxidants, anti-aging, phytoestrogenic

149
Q

What are examples of stilbenoids?

A

resveratrol - in grapes, blueberries, peanuts

150
Q

What the types of flavonoids?

A

flavones, iso-flavones, flavonols, flavanols, anthocyanidin - numbering for the flavonoids begins at the oxygen in the central ring

151
Q

What are flavones?

A

a flavonoid with a ketone at 4-position

152
Q

What are the actions of flavones?

A

antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anticancer, anxiolytic, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic

153
Q

What are examples of flavones?

A

apigenin (celery, chamomile, parsley), naringenin (grapefruit) & herpertin (orange)

154
Q

How does luteolin target cancer cells

A

death receptors, ROS, PKC, nucleus transcription

155
Q

What are flavonols?

A

flavonoid with a ketone at 4-position & hydroxy at 3-position

156
Q

What are the actions of flavonols?

A

antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anticancer, antihistamine

157
Q

What are examples of flavonols?

A

quercitin

158
Q

What are common plants with flavonols?

A

onions, citrus, leafy vegetables, tea

159
Q

What are isoflavones?

A

flavonoid with a ketone at 4-position but the third ring is attached at th eposition 3 on the central ring

160
Q

What is the action of isoflavones?

A

phytoestrogenic, antioxidant, anticancer

161
Q

What are foods with isoflavones?

A

fabaceae family - soy, red clover, licorice

162
Q

What are examples of isoflavones?

A

genistein, daidzein

163
Q

What are flavan-3-ols?

A

lack the ketone group and double bond in the central ring but retain the alcohol at the 3 position

164
Q

What are the actions of flavan-3-ol?

A

antioxidant, anticancer, UV absorbent

165
Q

What herbs are flavan-3-ols?

A

tea, chocolate

166
Q

What phytochemicals are flavan-3-ol?

A

catechin, epicatechin

167
Q

What are epigallocatechin gallate?

A

a hybrid molecule made from epigallocatechin & gallic acid

168
Q

What are the actions of epigallocatechine gallate?

A

antioxidant, strong anticancer (can help Chronic fatigue syndrome, HIV, endometriosis

169
Q

What herbs are EGCG?

A

white & green tea

170
Q

What is an anthocyanidins?

A

not a true flavonoid, a subclass of flavanols, glycosides of anthocyanidins

171
Q

What foods have anthocyanidins?

A

flowers, berries, red cabbage

172
Q

What actions do anthocyanins have?

A

antioxidants, anticancer, anti-adherence(binds to adhesin receptors), antiinflammatory

173
Q

What are oliogomeric proanthocyanidin?

A

are polymers of anthocyanadins (easily formed because of their unique chemistry)

174
Q

What kind of charge are anthocyanidins?

A

positive (unlikeother flavonoids & flavanols)

175
Q

What is the relevance of the litmus effect & anthocyanidins?

A

anthocyanidines are charged molecules so they change the colour depending on the pH (acid = red, neutral = blue, alkaline = green

176
Q

What are plant tannins?

A

Phenolic compounds that bind and precipitate proteins an dother nitrogen containing compounds

177
Q

What are the two types of plant tannins?

A

hyrdolyzable tannins, condensed tannins

178
Q

What are the actions of plant tannins?

A

astringent, antimicrobial, hemostatic, antioxidant

179
Q

What are the cautions of tannins?

A

can inhibit the absorption of nutrients, inhibits non-heme iron absorption, can irritate bowels, liver and kidneys

180
Q

What are hydrolyzable tannins?

A

glycosides of phenolic compounds, hydrolyzable because when you heat with acid you liberate the gallic acid or ellagic acid

181
Q

What are examples of hydrolyzable tannins?

A

witch hazel, oak, pomegranate, tea

182
Q

What are condensed tannins?

A

non-hydrolyzable because they are not destroyed by heating with acid, oligomeric proanthocyanidin

183
Q

What are the herbs of condensed tannins?

A

blueberries, cranberries, billberries, elderberries, grapes

184
Q

What are lignans?

A

polyphenolic compounds, made from two phenylpropanoid groups

185
Q

What are the actions of lignans?

A

phytoestrogenic, antioxidant, anticancer

186
Q

What are examples of lignans?

A

flax, sesame seeds

187
Q

Do not confuse lignans with

A

lignins -which are organic polymers found in wood

188
Q

What happens when you eat flax?

A

the SDG (a lignan glycoside) is found in high amounts in flax. Gut convert it to enterodiol & enterolactone

189
Q

What are flavonolignans?

A

polyphenolic compounds, a flavonol attached to a phenylpropanoid (i.e. half a lignan)

190
Q

What are the actions of flavonolignans?

A

hepatoprotective, antioxidant, inhibits P-glycoproteins

191
Q

What herbs are flavonolignans?

A

milk thistle, barberry

192
Q

What does milk thistle do in lung carcinoma cells?

A

pro-apoptotic, reverses MDR and acts with chemo drugs

193
Q

How are coumarins derived?

A

from phenolic compounds - but may not be classified as one depending on whether a hydroxy group is attached to the benzene ring

194
Q

What is a coumarin?

A

bicyclic compounds that contain a lactone ring derived from phenylpropanoids, derived from phenolics (coumarin is technically not a phenolic), has fragrant compounds that smeel like freshly mown grass

195
Q

What actions do coumarins have?

A

antispasmodic, smooth muscle relaxant, lymphatic, antiedema, antihypertensive

196
Q

What herbs are coumarins?

A

red clover, cinnamon, crampbark, horsechestnut, yellow clover

197
Q

What cautions should you take with coumarins?

A

anticoagulant (dicoumarins), hepatotoxic & nephrotoxic (in high amounts)

198
Q

What kind of coumarins are less toxic?

A

hydroxy coumarins

199
Q

umbelliferon & scopoletin are coumarins of what herb?

A

crampbark

200
Q

aesculin is a coumarin glycoside of what herb?

A

horsechestnut

201
Q

What are furanocoumarins?

A

heterocyclic compounds derived from coumarin with the addition of a furan ring

202
Q

What herbs are furanocoumarins?

A

rutacea family: rue, grapefruit. Apiaceae family: wild parsnip, giant hogweed

203
Q

What are the phytochemicals in furnocoumarins?

A

psoralen, bergamottin, aflatoxin

204
Q

What are the cautions of furanocoumarins?

A

photosensitizer, grapefruit juice effect (inhibits phase 1 detox), hepatotoxic (aflatoxins)

205
Q

How do alfatoxins lead to liver cancer?

A

produced by the fungus aspergillus spp. Then metabolized by the liver and becomes reactive - causing damage to the liver

206
Q

Where is alfatoxin?

A

the fungus is in grain, spices, nuts, vegetable oils - found in all peanuts

207
Q

What will help minimize the effects of aflatoxin?

A

regular consumption of vegetable from apiaceae (carrots, parsnips, celery, parsley) grapefruit juice because they contain coumarins that complete for metabolism in the liver thereby reducing the production of reactive intermediates of aflatoxins

208
Q

What are pthalides?

A

derived from phenols, similar to coumarins but they lack the lactone group attached to a 5 member ring rather than six

209
Q

what are the actions of phthalides?

A

relaxes smooth muscles: antihypertensive, antispasmodic, uterine toxic

210
Q

What herbs are pthalides?

A

apiaceae family: celery, garden angelica, don quai

211
Q

What phytochemical is a phthalide?

A

3-n-butylphthalide

212
Q

What are napthoquinones?

A

quinone molecule fused to a benzene ring

213
Q

What are the actions of napthoquinones?

A

antimicrobial, vermifuge (natural dye), dark red-brown pigment, antioxidant/prooxidant, laxative

214
Q

What are the phytochemicals of napthoquinones?

A

Juglone, Vit K, CoQ10

215
Q

What herbs are napthoquinones?

A

black walnut, henna

216
Q

What are anthraquinone?

A

tricylic compounds (or polymers) consisting of a quinone molecule flanked by two benzene rings, often found as glycosides

217
Q

What are the actions of anthraquinone?

A

stimulating laxatives, antimicrobial, possible antidepressant

218
Q

What herbs are anthraquinones?

A

senns, rhubard, aloe resin, st. john’s wort

219
Q

What caution should you take with anthraquinones?

A

can affect electrolyte balance of blood and can interact with some heart and blood pressure medications

220
Q

What are protoalkaloids?

A

not a true alkaloid, because nitrogen is not part of a heterocyclic ring, not restricted to a specific class of alkaloids, derived from phenylalanine

221
Q

What are the actions of protoalkaloids?

A

mixed effects on nervous system, sympathomimetic, hallucinogenic

222
Q

What herbs are protoalkaloids?

A

ephedra, peyote (san pedro cactus), bitter orange

223
Q

What caution should you take with protoalkaloids?

A

during pregnancy, can elevate blood pressure

224
Q

What are indole alkloids?

A

bicyclic aromatic compounds, consisting of an indole (6-membered benzene ring fused to a 5-membered nitrogen-containing pyrrole ring), derived from trytophan

225
Q

What’s the action of indole alkaloids?

A

some interact with serotonin receptors

226
Q

What are examples of indole alkaloids?

A

serotonin (5-HT), DMT, Ergotamine, reserpine

227
Q

What is a piperidine?

A

nitrogen as part of a 6-membered saturated ring

228
Q

What are the actions of piperidine alkaloids?

A

mixed effects on nervous system

229
Q

What herbs are piperidine alkaloids?

A

indian tobacco, black pepper, poison hemlock

230
Q

What is piperine?

A

a piperidine alkaloid - responsible for the pungent taste of black pepper. It is a carminative, increase absorption of drugs, insecticide

231
Q

What caution should you take with piperidine alkaloids?

A

preganancy

232
Q

What is lobeline?

A

from indian tobacco, also called pukeweed induces vomiting. Historically it is used for smoking cessation

233
Q

What is corine?

A

toxin from hemlock causes paralysis

234
Q

poison hemlock

A

conium maculatum

235
Q

What are imidazole alkaloids?

A

contains a heterocyclic aromatic ring containing 2 nitrogens (imidazole ring)

236
Q

Where can you find imidazole alkaloids?

A

pilocarpine in Jaborandi

237
Q

What action does an imidazole alkaloid have?

A

stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system

238
Q

What is a pyrrolidine alkaloid?

A

nitrogen part of a 5-membered ring

239
Q

What is a pyridine alkaloids?

A

nitrogen is part of a 6 membered aromatic ring. Typically derived from nicotnic acid

240
Q

Nicotine contains both:

A

pyridine & pyrrolidine

241
Q

What are tropane alkaloids?

A

bicyclic alkaloid with the tropane boat structure, signifiant effects on nervous system

242
Q

What actions do tropane alkaloids have?

A

analgesic, anticholinergic, sympathemimetic

243
Q

What herbs are tropane alkaloids?

A

solanaceae family: deadly nightshade, jimson weed. Coca

244
Q

What caution should you take with tropane alkaloids?

A

narrow therapeutic index, can cause death

245
Q

What are isoquinoline alkaloids?

A

2 si-membered rings (heterocyclic) aromatic organic compound with a nitrogen at the C2 position

246
Q

What actions do isoquinoline alkaloids have?

A

antimicrobial, bitter, antimalarial

247
Q

What herbs are isoquinoline alkaloids?

A

glodenseal, barberry, oregon grape, greater chelidine, bloodroot

248
Q

What phytochemicals are in isoquinoline alkaloids?

A

berberine, hydrastine

249
Q

What are quinoline alkaloids?

A

2 six-membered rings (heterocyclic) aromatic organic compound with a nitrogen at the C1 position

250
Q

What actions do quinoline alkaloids have?

A

antimicrobial, antimalarial, bitter, antiarrhythmic

251
Q

What herbs are quinoline alkaloids?

A

cinchona tree, tonic water

252
Q

What phytocehmical is in quinoline alkaloids?

A

quinine

253
Q

What are quinolizidine alkaloids?

A

heterocyclic oragnic compounds with a nitrogen at the C0 position (between two 6 membered rings)

254
Q

What actions do quinolizidine alkaloids have?

A

emmenogogue, antiarrhythmic

255
Q

What herb is a quinolizidine alkaloid?

A

blue cohosh

256
Q

What phytochemicals are in quinolizidine alkaloids?

A

N-methylcytisine, sparteine

257
Q

What are purine alkaloids?

A

heterocyclic aromatic compounds containing 4 nitrogens

258
Q

What actions are purine alkaloids?

A

stimulant, diuretic, bronchodilator

259
Q

What herbs are purine alkaloids?

A

coffee, tea, chocolate

260
Q

What phytochemicals are purine alkaloids?

A

caffeine, theobromine

261
Q

What cautions should you take purine alkaloids?

A

caution during pregnancy

262
Q

What are pyrrolizidine alkaloids?

A

two fused 5-membered rings with the nitrogen occupying the central position

263
Q

What actions do pyrrolizidine alkaloids?

A

unknown

264
Q

What herbs are pyrrolizidine alkaloids?

A

boragginaceae: comfrey, borage Asteraceae: coltsfoot, butterbur, arnica, purple cone flower

265
Q

What caution should you take with pyrrolizidine alkaloids?

A

hepatotoxic - some like comfrey are unsafe for interal use

266
Q

What are organosulfur compounds?

A

organic compounds that contain sulfur, can stimulate detox pathways (induction of phase2 enzymes

267
Q

What actions do organosulfur compounds have?

A

antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, detoxifier

268
Q

What herbs are organosulfurs?

A

brassicaceae family: cruciferous vegetables; Amaryllidaceae family: garlic, onions, scallions

269
Q

What phytochemicals are in organosulfurs?

A

sulforaphane, allicin, amino acids (cysteine, methionine)

270
Q

What phytochemical that is an organosulfur compound is found in garlic?

A

allicin

Botanical Med (2 decks)

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