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World CIv > MIDTERM > Flashcards

MIDTERM Flashcards

0
Q

how are the two types of evidence in historical study different?

A

The difference between these are that artifactaul evidence is a monument, art, building, and tools for example.

Textual evidence is a primary source or a secondary source.

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1
Q

what are the two types of evidence used in historical study

A

Artifactual and textual evidence

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2
Q

What is a primary source?

A

A primary source is someone that wrote about events that took place during the time period he/she lived

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3
Q

what is a secondary source?

A

A secondary source is someone that interprets and tries to reconstruct the past.

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4
Q

why can’t we perfectly ​recreate the past?

A

they’re just bits and pieces of artifacts and writing from different time periods

Things are left out

and writers have bias and historians sometimes assume things.

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5
Q

what is an event?

A
  • An event is a past occurrence which can be defined in time and space.
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6
Q

what is a process?

A

A process are patterns that change over time which are usually composed of many events.

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7
Q

what is a causality

A

a causality is when historians try to explain why something happened or occurred the way that it did.

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8
Q

What is the earliest form of human social organization? why?

A
  • The earliest form of human social organization was the family and this is because it takes a long time before children can grow old enough to take care of themselves.
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9
Q

2)​What are the two major factors leading to beginnings of civilization? Why?

A
  • Two major facts are river valleys and agricultural surpluses. This is because rainfall was inadequate and that irrigated land meant that there was more food than the farmer needed so he could use it for surplus.
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10
Q

3)​What are the two types of migratory people?

A
  • Two types of these people were the nomads and hunter-gatherers.
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11
Q

what defines a nomad?

A

Nomads are defined by domesticating animals and always migrating to find good land for their animals.

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12
Q

what defines a hunter gatherer?

A

Hunter-gatherers were defined by hunting animals and migrating according to the season.

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13
Q

4)​What are the two types of sedentary peoples

A

urban and agriculturalists

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14
Q

what defines an agriculturalists

A

agriculturalists produced their own food and didn’t migrate.

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15
Q

what defines an urban person

A

Urbanists didn’t actually farm, but obtained their food by trading or taxing the farmers

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16
Q

Identify the five characteristics to an early civilization ESSAY!!

A

economic specialization, social stratification, trade, warfare, and writing.

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17
Q

what is economic specialization? ESSAY

A

Economic specialization was that agricultural surpluses allowed for people to specialize in different skills (pottery or metalworking mainly).

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18
Q

what is social stratification ESSAY

A

Social stratification basically led to some class divisions.

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19
Q

what is trade? ESSAY

A

Trade is where an area had low resources and needed to trade in order to get what that area needed.

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20
Q

what is warfare? ESSAY

A

Warfare was when a city-state grew in conflict with another and decided to go to war.

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21
Q

what is writing? ESSAY

A

Writing was generally created to record agricultural surpluses.

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22
Q

Define the characteristics of a hunter-gatherer lifestyle.

A

they were always on the move. They moved according to the season that was in. They had a lower population and nomadic lifestyle. There was more equality. Better diets. Women gathered materials and the men hunted.

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23
Q

What is bipedalism and what impact does it have on the hominids that developed it.

A
  • Walking upright. Two legs
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24
Q

Briefly explain Charles Darwin’s, “Theory of Evolution” particularly as it applies to hominids.

A
  • Genetic mutations with in species lead to changes over time that are more suited to the environment
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25
Q

What development marks the transition from the Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age) into the ​Neolithic Age? (New Stone Age)?

A
  • New Stone Age is when humans developed agriculture. They still used the same tools but just practiced different things. Old stone age is hunter gatherers
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26
Q

What percentage of DNA do homo sapiens sapiens share with chimpanzees? With each other?

A
  • We are 98.4% the same DNA with chimpanzees and we are 99.999% the same with each other
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27
Q

Explain the statement, “In this sense we are all African” as it applies to homo sapiens sapiens.

A
  • Every single homo sapien came from Africa therefore heroically we are basically from Africa
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28
Q

Briefly describe the spread of homo sapiens sapiens throughout the various continents.

A

They start out in Africa and head north and south.

- The Americas are the last two continents to be conquered by our ancestors.

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29
Q

Explain the advantages hunter gatherers had over early agriculturalistsESSAY

A

better diet because their food had more protein.

they didn’t pick up diseases as easily as the agriculturalists.

More equal, smaller population, women had better roles.

More free time

30
Q

How did farming lead to class divisions in society? ESSAY

A

As farming began to renovate and different and easier ways were found to farm, people were able to use their skills to do something else than farming which led to class divisions

31
Q

How did women’s roles change in agricultural societies? ESSAY

A

They were able to start and own their own businesses

32
Q

Why did hunter gatherers give up their lifestyle if in most cases it was “better” than farming? ESSAY

A

forced to give up their lifestyle. Farming took over because more class division, economic specialization, and more agricultural surpluses. Needed more land to farm.

33
Q

Who was Gilgamesh and why is the Epic of Gilgamesh of historical importance?

A
  • King of Mesopotamia and it was of the earliest written texts and we don’t know if it is all true.
34
Q

What is the significance of Hammurabi’s Law Code?

A

it was the first written law code

35
Q

what are some basic principles of Hammurabi’s code?

A
  • Equal punishment within the social class. shows distinctions among classes.
36
Q

Why did the Egyptians practice mummification?

A

They wanted to prepare for the after-life. Believed that the actual life they lived in was the same as the after-life.

37
Q

How did the concept of monotheism develop among the Hebrews? When, where, and why was the ​Hebrew Bible recorded?

A

This is significant because they were the first to come up with monotheism. Everyone else used polytheism. Under Egyptian and Babylonian rule so that influenced what got recorded.

38
Q

How did early agricultural societies build on technologies already developed by earlier humans?

A

Early agricultural societies built on technology through the process of trial and error from earlier time periods.

39
Q

Explain how staying in one place contributed to agricultural advancements.

A

people could have more children that could help work on the farm. They could set up shop and they didn’t have to move from place to place.

40
Q

1)​What are the basic beliefs of Confucianism? ESSAY

A

if you know your role and cooperate, you will function as a society, highly structured society “Golden Age.” The family is the model for society.

41
Q

what are the five principles of confuscianism? ESSAY

A

1) Ruler- Subject 2) Father- Son 3) Husband- Wife 4) Older Bro- Younger bro 5) Friend- Friend;

42
Q

what are the basic beliefs of daoism? ESSAY

A

was basically the center of everything and that everything was equal. People followed ‘the way’ which was a part of the Dao. The best government was the one that governed the least

43
Q

what is the main belief of legalism? ESSAY

A

humans are inherently evil/ they should be ruled strictly, group responsibility.

44
Q

Explain the concept of the Mandate of Heaven as it applies to Chinese dynasties.

A

it chose who the leader who was supposed to rule their dynasty. They believed that the Gods would tell them who should rule.

45
Q

What was the purpose of the Imperial Academy?

A

This was meant to educate people for Confucianism.

46
Q

How did the Qin unify the various Chinese kingdoms?

A

Strict legalism with social hierarchy and didn’t have war. Stayed with subjects they taught. They ended the warring states

47
Q

How did the Han come to power? How did they adapt the Qin model of governance?

A
  • They came to power because the Qin lost the mandate of heaven. They modified by using Confucianism but they still stayed strict
48
Q

oracle bones?

A

Earliest survived written texts in China

49
Q

ancestor worship?

A

The belief that dead ancestors could interfere with human life

50
Q

Where did agriculture first develop in China?

A
  • The Yangtze River and Yellow River and basically the answer is river valleys.
51
Q

who was Herodotus? ESSAY

A

Greek philosopher

52
Q

why are Herodotus’ works important ESSAY

A

because they led to historical bias and he wrote his books on papyrus

53
Q

What limits do they have in aiding our ​understanding of ancient Greece? ESSAY

A

it was about historical bias so it might not be true

54
Q

Explain the system of government known as a direct democracy that developed in Athens. Who ​was included/ excluded?

A
  • Anyone who was a citizen of Athens would gather and vote on an issue and majority rules. No women just free men
55
Q

3)​What role did oracles play in ancient Greece? What was the most famous oracle?

A

Oracles basically told people what to do and the most famous oracle was the Oracle of Delphi

56
Q

Describe the ancient Olympics. What religious significance did they have?

A
  • Ancient Olympics brought popularity to Greece. Whoever ran the Olympics got shown much respect and power. Designed to honor the Gods of Mount Olympus.
57
Q

5)​What form of government did the Spartans have? How did it function?

A
  • Spartans used the form of oligarchy. Two kings, council of elders that would make the decisions.
58
Q

6)​What does it mean to say that ancient Greece was made up of independent city-states (poleis)?

A
  • This means that there is no main God. That means sometimes they fight. Form alliances or trade
59
Q

7)​What role did slavery play in ancient Greece?

A

Slavery played a major role in ancient Greece because there was a center of the land which was surrounded by neighboring cities.

60
Q

What was the Greco-Persian War? What was the ultimate outcome?

A
  • This was a war between the Greek and Persian armies. However, the Greeks ended up winning the combat battle against the Persian Army.
61
Q

What was the Peloponnesian War? What was the ultimate outcome?

A

The Peloponnesian War was fought between the Sparta and Athens and basically Sparta wins and the end for Athens and their golden age is over.

62
Q

Explain the mythical story of Romulus and Remus? What does it suggest about how the Roman’s ​viewed themselves?

A

Two people raised by a shewolf who had Rome named after them; it shows they viewed themselves as great people over others

63
Q

Explain the life of Julius Caesar as it relates to the tension inherent in the Roman Republic. What ​was the ultimate outcome of his actions?

A
  • Julius Caesar’s actions eventually caused Caesar to die. Caesar basically got too cocky over his rule during the time and part of the Senate that Caesar worked with ended up turning against him and rebelling. Caesar’s life basically showed how tense the Roman Republic was.
64
Q

How did Octavian (Augustus) Caesar come to power? How did his rule change Rome’s political ​structure?

A

Octavius came to power by being very smart and winning many wars. Octavius did the most of the same steps as Caesar did except he called. his own people promoted him to the name “Augustus Caesar.”

65
Q

What is the Pax Romana? How did it impact the Mediterranean world?

A

This is when the Mediterranean world was stable. It impacted the world because it was stable

66
Q

8)​What roles did women and slaves have in Roman society?

A

They had much fewer rights than free men, so they did not have much roles other than working for and serving free men.

67
Q

Who was Jesus Christ? How did Christianity originate? How did it spread? What initial ​challenges did it face?

A

a man who preached the good news of God, his believers started it about Jesus’ life; the believers spread the news to people all around the world

68
Q

Who was Saul/Paul of Tarsus? What role did he play in Christianity’s ​spread?

A

Him and Peter were the largest parts of spreading Jesus’ message; he was the leader

69
Q

What impact did the Roman Emperor Constantine have on Christianity?

A

That he ends up turing into Christianity

70
Q

What were some of the factors leading to the fall of the Roman Empire in the West?

A
  • Barbarbians invansions they couldn’t protect them selves
71
Q

how did Rome become a republic?

A

it all began when Romans overthrew the estruscans

72
Q

what are the basic branches of times republic?

A

consuls, senate and assembly

73
Q

how is rome’s republic just like u.s.’s government

A

checks and balances, equality

World CIv (3 decks)

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