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Survey of the Senses > Midterm 3 - Topic 13 > Flashcards

Midterm 3 - Topic 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Name 4 types of visual deficits

A

The light might not focus clearly on the retina (focusing problems)
The light could be blurred as it enters the eye (decreased transmission of light)
The retina could be damaged (damage to the retina)
The optic nerve could be damaged (optic nerve damage)

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2
Q

What is myopia colloquially known as?

A

Nearsightedness

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3
Q

Why does myopia occur?

A

Light focuses in front of the retina

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4
Q

Number of diopters for myopia

A

1/far point in meters

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5
Q

What is hypermetropia colloquially known as?

A

Farsightedness

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6
Q

Why does hypermetropia occur?

A

Light focuses behind the retina

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7
Q

Why does astigmatism occur?

A

Elliptical rather than round cornea

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8
Q

In Canada, what is legally blind defined as?

A

A vision of less than 20/200 after correction

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9
Q

2 reasons for decreased transmission of light

A

Corneal disease or injury
Cataract

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10
Q

Cataract

A

Clouded lens

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11
Q

Clouded cataract treatment

A

Corneal transplant

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12
Q

Four types of cataracts

A

Congenital
Secondary
Traumatic
Senile

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13
Q

Congenital cataract cause

A

Present at birth

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14
Q

Secondary cataract cause

A

Eye disease

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15
Q

Traumatic cataract cause

A

Accident

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16
Q

Senile cataract cause

A

Old age

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17
Q

Most common type of cataract? Stats?

A

Senile cataract
75% of people above age 65 and 95% of people over the age of 85

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18
Q

How often do senile cataracts interfere with vision? How often do they require surgery?

A

Interferes with vision in only 15% of those with the condition
Requires surgery in only 5%

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19
Q

Two treatments for cataracts

A

Surgery
Phacoemulsification

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20
Q

Phacoemulsification

A

Hollow needle is inserted to break up the lens and suck it out
An intraocular lens is then inserted

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21
Q

Floaters

A

As we age, the vitreous humour starts to thicken or shrink as it liquefies

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22
Q

Why do floaters occur?

A

As the vitreous humour pulls away from the back of the eye as a result of shrinkage
This is known as posterior vitreous detachment

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23
Q

Treatment for floaters

A

Enzymatic vitreolysis has been used experimentally to treat vitreomacular traction (VMT) and anomalous posterior vitreous detachment
Laser therapy to chop down the floaters
Vitrectomy

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24
Q

Vitrectomy

A

Suck out vitreous humour and implant similar, artificial material in its place

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25
Diabetic retinopathy
Diabetes can make capillaries swell; in a small % of people, diabetes progresses to the point that it results in the formation of abnormal new blood vessels (neovascularization) These vessels do not provide an adequate supply of oxygen to the retina and they are likely to rupture and bleed in the vitreous humour This interferes with the passage of light. It may also cause scarring and retina detachment.
26
Diabetic retinopathy prognosis
Can happen even in treated diabetes, but it is likely to be delayed and less severe with treatment
27
3 treatments for diabetic retinopathy
Laser photocoagulation Pan retinal photocoagulation Vitrectomy
28
Laser photocoagulation
Cauterize cut
29
Pan retinal photocoagulation
Aim for specific spots
30
Vitrectomy
If too much blood in aqueous humour
31
Macular degeneration
Receptors on the region surrounding the fovea (macula) die and are not regenerated This results in blindness in that region Peripheral vision remains intact, but central vision is lost
32
What is a sub-type of macular degeneration?
Senile macular degeneration
33
Mild form of macular degeneration
Only a slight thinning of the cone receptors May not cause major vision deficits and progresses very slowly
34
Mild form of senile macular degeneration prognosis
In 5-20% of the cases, neovascularization occurs If the problem is caught early enough, laser photocoagulation is applied
35
Detached retina
Retina is detached from underlying epithelium at back of eye The retina must lie smoothly on top of the epithelium for good image formation The photopigments cannot regenerate anymore
36
Prognosis for detached retina
If the detached area is not too big, success rate is 70-80% and vision is typically restored There are cases where the retina is re-attached, but vision is not restored The larger the detached area, the lower the success rate
37
How to treat a detached retina?
Place probe outside eye and apply heat --> causes inflammation --> hopefully reattaches retina
38
What is the leading cause of blindness in Canada?
Glaucoma
39
What does glaucoma result from anatomically?
Degeneration of the nerve fibers in the optic nerve
40
What does glaucoma represent?
A condition where the drainage of aqueous humour is partially blocked
41
Closed angle glaucoma
Pupillary block occurs at iris
42
Open-angle glaucoma
Blockage occurs at drainage point
43
Iridectomy
Hole cut in iris
44
What type of glaucoma is more common? Prevalence?
Open angle glaucoma 85% of cases
45
Rate of development in open angle glaucoma
Pressure build up slower
46
How can open angle glaucoma be treated?
With medication in some cases Otherwise, iridectomy
47
Broad divisions of the sections of the auditory system by function
Outer ear and middle ear are conductive parts --> transmission of sound waves through air Inner ear is the neural part --> sound perception
48
When does air conduction only occur?
When we hear other people or external sounds
49
When do both air and bone conduction occur?
When we hear ourselves
50
How is air conduction tested?
With earphones
51
How is bone conduction tested?
With a vibrator
52
How is the nature of the hearing deficit determined?
By comparing the air conduction and bone conductions thresholds
53
Conductive hearing loss
When air conduction shows a loss of hearing sensitivity (high threshold) and bone conduction is normal
54
What part of the ear is affected in conductive hearing loss?
Inner/middle ear
55
Sensori-neural hearing loss
When both air conduction and bone conduction show a loss of hearing sensitivity and the bone conduction threshold is the same as the air conduction threshold
56
What part of the ear is affected in sensori-neural hearing loss?
Inner ear
57
Mixed type of hearing loss
When both air conduction and bone conduction show a loss of hearing sensitivity, but the bone conduction threshold is lower than the air conduction threshold
58
Two types of congenital outer ear problems
Atresia of the auditory canal Treacher-Collins syndrome
59
Atresia of the auditory canal
Occurs in conjunction with a small pinna or with middle ear abnormalities
60
Treacher-Collins syndrome
Deformities of the facial bones: deformed pinna, missing auditory canals and eardrums (bilaterally), and deformed ossicles
61
Two types of acquired outer ear problems
Blockage of the auditory canal by object or impacted earwax External otitis
62
External otitis
Infection in outer ear
63
Congenital middle ear problems
Deformed ossicles, missing ossicles, replacement of the eardrum with a bony plate, fixation of the stapes to the oval window, and breaks in the ossicular chain
64
Acquired middle ear problems
Ruptured eardrum Otitis media Eustachian tubes malfunction --> acute otitis media --> chronic otitis media --> otosclerosis
65
Otosclerosis
Formation of a spongy bone that literally welds the stapes to the oval window
66
Prevalence of otosclerosis
More common in women than in men First noticed in late teens/early twenties
67
Prognosis of otosclerosis
Hearing loss usually accompanied by tinnitus that increases during pregnancy
68
Most popular treatment of otosclerosis
Stapedectomy is the most popular surgical procedure
69
Congenital sensori-neural problems causes
Can result from hereditary factors or be caused by conditions affecting the mother during pregnancy
70
Greatest cause of congenital hearing loss
Maternal rubella (German measles)
71
Acquired sensori-neural problems
Effect of noise in the environment (affects high frequencies first) Presbycusis appears in old age
72
Causes to presbycusis
Degeneration of structures in the inner ear, auditory pathways, and cerebral cortex; normal wear and tear
73
Central hearing impairments
Hearing losses due to auditory nerve or cortical damages They show as a sensori-neural loss in testing
74
What do central hearing impairments require?
Brain imaging for localization
75
How can most hearing problems be handled by?
The use of an electronic hearing aid
76
How can sensori-neural hearing loss be handled?
Cochlear implant
77
Briefly, how do cochlear implants work?
Directly stimulates auditory nerve and sends signal to the brain directly
78
How can one learn to live with a hearing deficit?
Lip reading (speechreading) Sign language

Survey of the Senses (13 decks)

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