Midterm 3: Long-term memory, Language, Decision Making Flashcards
1
Q
What is encoding?
A
Initial creation of memory traces in brain from incoming information
2
Q
What is consolidation?
A
Continued organization and stabilization of memory traces over time
3
Q
What is (memory) storage?
A
Retention of memory traces over time
4
Q
What is (memory) retrieval?
A
Accessing/using stored information from memory traces
5
Q
What is reconsolidation?
A
The possible reorganization and restabilization of memory traces after retrieval
6
Q
Explain the difference between consolidation and reconsolidation
A
Consolidation is the continued organization of memory traces over time, whereas reconsolidation is the reorganization of memory traces after retrieval
7
Q
Learning= ____
A
Memory
8
Q
Memory involves multiple: (4 points)
A
Processes
Types
Systems
Tasks
9
Q
Memory requires ____ change in nervous system
A
Physical
10
Q
Memory is ____ in nervous system
A
Pervasive (widespread/ permeates completely)
11
Q
What parts of the brain are involved in declarative (explicit) memory? (3 parts)
A
Medial temporal lobe
Middle diencephalon
Neocortex
12
Q
What parts of the brain are involved in nondeclarative (implicit) memory? (6 parts)
A
Basal ganglia
Skeletal muscle
Perceptual neocortex
Association neocortex
Cerebellum
Reflex pathways
13
Q
Are long and short-term memory considered different systems?
A
Yes, they generally involve different mechanisms… but there is more to it
14
Q
What is it called when one of the memory systems is impaired and one is spared?
A
Single dissociation
15
Q
What is dissociation?
A
Performance differs across two tasks
16
Q
Does a single dissociation demonstrate separable systems? Different brain regions? Distinct cognitive processes?
A
Not necessarily
17
Q
What happens if two patterns flipped? Both systems impaired
A
Double dissociation
18
Q
Does a double dissociation demonstrate separable systems? Different brain regions? Distinct cognitive processes?
A
Probably… it is strong evidence that they rely on different brain mechanisms
19
Q
Is this an example of a short or long-term memory task?
Memory span
Hear three words :”time base offer”
Immediately recall in same order: “time base offer”
A
Short-term memory
20
Q
Is this an example of a short or long-term memory task?
List learning
Hear ten words: “hand cook laugh…”
Immediately recall in any order: “cook train hand…”
Repeat until all 10 recalled in any order
A
Long-term memory
21
Q
How would damage to the left temporoparietal cortex affect memory span and list learning in comparison to a control group? (using dissociation hypotheses)
A
Decreased memory span (short-term memory)
No damage in list learning (long-term memory)
22
Q
What are two alternative explanations in explaining the relationship between LTM and STM (other than dissociation hypotheses)
A
Partial damage argument
Compensation argument
23
Q
Explain the Partial Damage Argument (3 points)
A
Perhaps there is one system for both LTM and STM
But there STM task is harder than the LTM task
So, when this system is partially damaged, the STM task suffers more than the LTM task
24
Q
Explain the Compensation Argument (3 points)
A
Perhaps there is one system for both LTM and STM
But the STM task is harder than the LTM task
So, when this system is completely damaged, the brain can compensate for the LTM task but not the STM task
25
How would damage to the bilateral medial temporal lobes affect memory span and list learning in comparison to a control group? (using dissociation hypotheses)
Memory span (short-term memory) is not affected
List learning (long-term memory) is decreased
26
Which pattern in a memory span vs. list learning task cannot be explained by the alternative explanations? What does this pattern suggest?
When there are two areas of damage and two opposing single dissications!
Suggests that short-term and long-term memory are separable systems
27
In short-term memory, what is the timescale? Capacity? Neural basis?
Timescale: Seconds
Capacity: Extremely limited
Neural basis: Sustained activation of neurons
28
In long-term memory, what is the timescale? Capacity? Neural basis?
Timescle: Minutes, hours, days
Capacity: Massive
Neural basis: number and strength of synapses
29
Is this an example of an implicit or explicit memory task?
Perceptual identification
Study phase: 24 words presented for 2 seconds each
Test phase: 24 studied and 24 new words flashed extremely briefly (priming effect)
Identify word
Implicit memory task
30
Is this an example of an implicit or explicit memory task?
Word recognition
Study phase: 24 words presented for 2 seconds each
Test phase: 24 studied and 24 new words presented until response
Respond "yes" or "no" if words are from study phase
Explicit memory task
31
What is the effect on implicit and explicit memory when there is damage to the right occipital lobe?
Shows typical word recognition (explicit memory)
Shows impairment in perceptual identification (implicit memory), and does not show the priming effect
32
In amnesia patients (Korsokoff's syndrome and epilepsy) what is the effect on word recognition and priming effect? (specifically when talking about single dissociation)
Larger than typical priming effect
Impaired word recognition (explicit memory)
33
In amnesia patients (Korsokoff's syndrome and epilepsy) what is the effect on word recognition and priming effect? (specifically when talking about double dissociation/ two different areas of damage)
Two opposing single dissociations
Shows decreased word recognition
Shows increased perceptual identification
34
What is implicit memory (non-associative)?
A change in the strength of a response to a single stimulus due to repeated exposure to that stimulus
35
What type of memory is consistent with these qualities?
Non-declarative
Independent of conscious awareness
Procedural, conditioning, nonassociative, or priming
Timescale: minutes, hours, days, years
Capacity: massive
Implicit long-term memory
36
What type of memory is consistent with these qualities?
Declarative
Available to conscious awareness
Available to conscious awareness
Semantic/episodic
Timescale: minutes, hours, days, years
Capacity: massive
Explicit long-term memory
37
Non-associative learning involves ____-____ pathways
Sensory-motor
38
What is non-associative learning?
A stimulus does not change but your response to it changes over time
39
What is habituation?
A reduced response to a repeated stimulus over time
40
What is sensitization?
An increased response to a repeated stimulus
41
What was the first evidence of the neural basis of non-associative memory?
Studied in sea slug Aplysia
Studied by Eric Kandel: 2000 Nobel Prize in Psychology or Medicine
42
Habituation --> ___-___ depression
Pre-synaptic
43
What does habituation mean for neuronal firing? (3 points) Hint: think action potentials
Same action potential
Reduced neurotransmitter release
Smaller EPSP
44
Sensitization --> ___-___ facilitation
Pre-synaptic
45
What does sensitization mean for neuronal firing? (3 points) Hint: think action potentials
Same action potential
Increased neurotransmitter release Larger EPSP
46
Does short-term habituation/sensitization equate to short-term memory?
No
47
How are EPSPs to tone affected in fear consitioning?
EPSP to tone increase lateral nucleus of amygdala after repeated pairing with shock
48
In fear conditioning, where in the brain do the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus converge?
Lateral nucleus of amygdala
49
What is classical conditioning?
Unconscious process where an automatic, conditioned response becomes associated with a specific stimulus
50
Is motor skill learning motor system dependent?
Yes
51
What kind of loops are used in motor adaptation?
Cerebellar loops
52
What kind of loops are used in motor sequence learning?
Cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loops
53
Patients with cerebellar lesions fail to adapt, what kind of adaptation do they fail?
Motor adaptation
54
The cerebellum uses a ____ model to predict results of motor commands
Forward model
55
What does the cerebellum use differences between actual and predicted results for? (2 points)
Online error correction
Motor learning
56
Motor sequence learning depends on ____ ____ and ____ learning
Basal ganglia
Reinforcement learning
57
Dopamine signal from ____ ____ ____ ____ represents prediction error (brain part)
Substantia nigra pars compacta
58
What is this an example of?
Unexpected rewards generate dopamine signals from the substantia nigra pars compacta
This excites the direct pathway and inhibits the indirect pathway
Allows for modification of behavior based on reward
Reinforcement learning
59
Are classical conditioning and reinforcement learning the same?
No, classical conditioning focuses on involuntary responses to stimuli, reinforcement learning focuses on learning behavior through rewards/punishments
60
What is priming?
Change in stimulus processing due to prior exposure to same/related stimulus without conscious awareness
61
What kind of priming can be seen in Warrington and Weiskrantz study on Korsakoff's syndrome (amnesia from alcoholism) patients?
Perceptual priming
62
What is Korsakoff's syndrome?
Amnesia due to severe alcoholism
63
What kind of priming can be seen in Rossell, Price, & Nobre's study?
Semantic priming
64
What is semantic priming?
Processing of one stimulus influences the processing of a subsequent stimulus
65
What is perceptual priming?
Prior exposure to a stimulus enhances the speed/accuracy of identifying a similar stimulus later, even if the person doesn't consciously remember seeing the first stimulus
66
Explain the neural basis of priming
Change in stimulus processing due to prior exposure to same/related stimulus without conscious awareness
67
What does the neural basis of priming depend on?
Region of cortex processing relevant representations
68
What parts of the brain does perceptual priming depend on?
Sensory cortices (e.g. occipital lobe for vision)
69
What parts of the brain does conceptual/semantic priming depend on?
Unimodal/Multimodal association cortices (e.g. anterior temporal, inferior parietal, prefrontal cortex)
70
Memory for ____ word meaning activates areas of cortex involved in relevant processing
Concrete
71
Motor cortex/somatosensory cortex is responsible for what?
Actions
72
Auditory cortex is responsible for what?
Sound
73
Occipital/temporal cortex (ventral visual stream) is responsible for what?
Colors and movements
74
Which theory does this represent?
Organization of semantic representations is based on relevant sensory and motor features
e.g. action words activate region of primary motor cortex for specific body part
Sensory/functional theory
75
Which theory does this represent?
Organizations of semantic representations is based on semantic categories
Domain-specific theory
76
How are meanings organized in the brain? (which 2 theories)
Sensory/Functional Theory
Domain-Specific Theory
77
What do "tools" do in Sensory/Functional and Domain-Specific Theory?
Activate regions tied to actions (e.g. premotor cortex)
78
What do "animals" do in Sensory/Functional and Domain-Specific Theory?
Activate regions tied to visual/perceptual features (e.g. posterior temporal lobe; ventral visual stream)
79
Is meaning categorial?
Partially (tools vs. animals)
80
Meaning depends on ____ sensory and ____ features
Shared; Functional
81
What kind of memories do we often start with? What are they later converted to?
Episodic; semantic
82
What part of the brain form indices to bind cortical representations? And in what stage of episodic memory is this?
Hippocampus (and related structures)
Encoding of episodic memory
83
What part of the brain use indices to reinstantiate cortical representations? And in what stage of episodic memory is this?
Hippocampus (and related structures)
Retrieval of episodic memory
84
Which part of the brain is responsible for encoding spatial layout and visuospatial memory (Hint: Cortex)
Parahippocampal cortex
85
Which part of the brain is responsible for object recognition/familiarity and binding features to objects? (Hint: Cortex)
Perirhinal cortex
86
Which part of the brain is responsible for integrative function for input/output to hippocampus? (Hint: cortex)
Entorhinal cortex
87
Which part of the brain is responsible for formation and consolidation of memory and spatial navigation?
Hippocampus
88
Which part of the brain is the pathway from hippocampus to other cortical/subcortical structures?
Fornix
89
What is the general name for all of these structures? (Hint: lobe)
Parahippocampal cortex
Perirhinal cortex
Entorhinal cortex
Hippocampus
Fornix
Medial temporal lobes
90
How does severe anterograde amnesia affect LTMs?
Unable to form new LTMs after surgery
91
How does temporarily-graded retrograde amnesia affect LTMs?
Unable to recall existing LTMs from just before the surgery
92
What is the cognitive map theory?
Memory for spatial relationships in environment
93
What kind of cells have these qualities?
Fire when you're in a specific location
Form an internal "map" of your environment
Helps bind where and when events happen
Place cells
94
What is the rational memory theory?
Memory for associations in general
95
What does a lesion to the fornix do? (2 points)
Leaves single pairs intact
Disrupts relationships across pairs
96
Describe Hebbian learning (2 points)
"Neurons that fire together wire together"
When presynaptic action potential leads to postsynaptic action potential, connection is strengthened
97
Fill in the blanks regarding Long-term potentiation:
____ in synaptic strength
____ necessary properties for Hebbian learning
Found in ____ (and other brain regions)
Increase
Exhibits
Hippocampus
98
What is wrong with learning based solely on long-term potentiation?
If synapses only strengthen, neural firing will grow out of control
99
Fill in the blanks regarding Early Long-term Potentiation:
____ presynaptic release of neurotransmitter
____number of postsynaptic receptors
Increased
Increase
100
Fill in the blanks regarding Late Long-term Potentiation:
____ number of dendritic spines and synapses
Increased
101
What is the phrase associated with Long-term depression (LTD)?
"Neurons that fire apart wire apart"
102
In Long-term depression: When presynaptic action potential does NOT lead to postsynaptic action potential, how is the connection affected?
Connection is weakened
103
In Long-term depression, how are neurotransmitters affected? Number of receptors? Number of synapses?
They are all reduced
104
Retrieval of episodic memories is ____
Reconstructive
105
A "best guess" is based on what 5 things?
Memory trace
Genes
Past experience
Internal state
Environmental context
106
Who created the DRM paradigm?
Deese (1959), Roediger & McDermott (1995)
107
What is the DRM paradigm?
Activity used to study false memory, where participants are presented with lists of related words, and then falsely recall/recognize a non-presented, semantically related word
108
What 5 things can make episodic retrieval inaccurate?
Semantic experience
Cultural experience
Source misattributions
Pragmatic inferences
Misleading post-event information
109
Which memory system has these qualities?
Learns rapidly
Creates distinct memories for each event/instance
More important for episodic memories
Hippocampus
110
Which memory system has these qualities?
Learns slowly
Extracts generalities across events/instances
More important for semantic memories
Cortex
111
Do we need both memory systems? (Hippocampus & Cortex)
Yes!!
112
What is the distinction "new" vs "old" or "episodic" vs "semantic"
Consolidation
113
When a memory is retrieved, reinformed, and is once again subject to interference. What is this process called?
Reconsolidation
114
A systematic means of communicating information using conventionalized sounds, gestures, marks, or signals having understood meanings
Language
115
What is the function of human language?
Influence people's behavior by changing what they know, think, believe, or desire
116
Fill in the blanks:
____ information quickly
Facilitates an ____ social network
____ knowledge outside individuals
Allows wisdom to ____ over generations
____ to any time/place, real/imaginary
Enables creative expression due to ____ and ____
Communicates
Interactive
Stores
Accrue
Refers
Generativity; Compositionality
117
Put these in order of highest to lowest (regarding hierarchical organization)
Word
Phoneme
Phrase
Sentence
Morpheme
Sentence
Phrase
Word
Morpheme
Phoneme
118
What is a phoneme?
The smallest unit of perceived speech
119
What is a morpheme?
The smallest unit that signals meaning
120
What is a word?
The smallest stand-alone units of meaning
121
What is a phrase?
Organized grouping of one/more words
122
What is a sentence?
A set of words/phrases that tells a complete thought
123
Who is associated with generativity of language?
Noam Chomsky
124
What is generativity of language? (3 points)
We combine words in novel ways to express novel ideas
Thus, language learning cannot be based solely on imitation, association, and reinforcement
We must learn a set of rules that can be applied in a generative way
125
According to Chomsky, language must be determine by an inborn ____ ____
Biological program
126
What is the term for rules for combining words into phrases into sentences
Syntax
127
Term for how meaning is derived from morphemes, words, phrases, and sentences
Semantics
128
Term for rules for combining morphemes into words
Morphology
129
Is this sentence grammatical? How about meaningful?
"Colorless green ideas sleep furiously"
Grammatical, but meaningless
130
Is this sentence grammatical? How about meaningful?
"Furiously sleep ideas green colorless"
Ungrammatical and meaningless
131
Is this sentence grammatical? How about meaningful?
"Colorful green ants crawl furiously"
Grammatical and meaningful
132
Is this sentence grammatical? How about meaningful?
"Colorful green ants crawls furiously"
Ungrammatical, but meaningful
133
What is the term for rules that specify what orders and combinations these roles can occur in
Generative grammar
134
How do we figure out the meaning of a sentence?
By looking at the underlying phrase structure of sentences
135
What is surface structure?
Phrase structure that applies to order in which words are actually spoken
136
What is deep structure?
Fundamental, underlying phrase structure that conveys meaning
137
What is transformational grammar?
Rules that transform deep structure into the varied sentences we actually speak/write (surface structure)
138
What is the term for examples of language with multiple interpretations?
Ambiguity
139
Like illusions for perceptions, ____ can provide insight into cognitive processing of language
Ambiguity
140
What is lexical ambiguity
When a word has more than one meaning
141
What is syntactic ambiguity
The sentence structure allows for more than one possible interpretation
142
What is referential ambiguity?
When it is unclear what a pronoun/phrase refers to
143
What portion of the brain does speech production depend on?
Pre-frontal areas
144
Where is Broca's area (in most individuals)?
Left hemishphere
145
Speech production is fundamentally a ____ act dependent on ____ planning
Motor; Hierarchical
146
What condition does this represent?
Speech is labored, slow & nonfluent with awkward articulation
Phonemic errors (e.g. pensil for pencil)
Written output shows same errors as speech
Better fluency for memorized phrases
Singing may be more fluent than speech
Comprehension is relatively spared
Problems with language planning and production
Greatest difficulty with verbs, articles, pronouns
No verb inflection
Responses make sense but are ungrammatical
Poor syntax comprehension
Problems with understanding/using syntax
Broca's Aphasia
147
Where is Wernicke's area located (in most individuals)?
Left hemisphere
148
Speech comprehension depends on the ___ stream
Ventral "what"
149
Speech comprehension is fundamentally a ____ process
Perceptual
150
What condition is this?
Speech is phonetically & grammatically normal but meaningless
Generally fluent, unlabored, well articulated
Normal intonation (prosody)
Words used inappropriately, nonsense words, "word salad"
Meaning expressed in roundabout way (cirumlocution)
Problems translating auditory input into phonological forms that can then access semantics
Problems with language comprehension
Problems with understanding and using semantics
Wernicke's Aphasia
151
What is Broca's area responsible for?
Language production and syntax
152
What is Wernicke's area responsible for?
Language comprehension and semantics
153
Which hemisphere is responsible for mental rotation, emotion perception, music and melodies, and detecting prosody in language?
Right hemisphere
154
In which study is the corpus callosum severed so each hemisphere act somewhat independently
Split Brain Studies
155
How is naming objects affected in split brain studies?
Left hemisphere can name objects
Right hemisphere cannot
156
Can split brain patients perform two different tasks simultaneously?
Yes!
157
When (in split brain studies) can patients verbally describe a stimulus presented to the right visual field BUT cannot describe a stimulus presented to the left visual field, but the can identify it by touch?
When language is left-lateralized
158
What is aprosodia?
Difficulty in processing prosody
159
What condition is this?
Difficulty detecting/understanding emotional tone in speech
Associated with damage to right hemisphere Wernicke's equivalent
Receptive aprosodia
160
What is prosody?
Patterns of rhythm, sound, stress, and intonation in language
161
What is the interactive language network?
Brain regions and processes involved in understanding and using language
162
What is the Interactive Activation Theory? Who created it?
Model of letter and word perception
McClelland and Rumelhart
163
What is the McGurk effect?
Misinterpretation due to conflicting stimuli
164
What is a garden path sentence?
Sentences that are grammatically correct that initially lead the reader to a misleading interpretation, causing them to re-read the sentence
165
What does fMRI measure?
Changes in magnetization, using electromagnetic radiation and nuclear magnetic resonance
166
What is the 4 step process in fMRI?
Neural activity --> Increased blood flow --> Change in magnetic field --> fMRI BOLD signal
167
fMRI has very good ____ resolution and OK ____ resolution
Spatial; Temporal
168
What is the magnetic field in fMRI? (answer with a range of numbers)
1-5 Tesla
169
Who studied if words with related meanings represented in nearby parts of the brain? If
so, to what extent? And what does that tell us about how meaning is organized
in the brain?
Mitchell et al., (2008)
170
What were the major conclusions of the 2008 Mitchell et al. study?
Concepts are represented by highly distributed patterns of activation across the brain
Perceptual and motor brain areas involved in representing meaning
The association between concepts can be used to predict brain activation for those concepts
171
What kind of approach does this sentence represent?
"How should people decide?"
Prescriptive approach
172
What is the term for the average outcome if a scenario is repeated many times?
Expected Value (EV)
173
How is the expected value calculated?
Using probabilities and values of possible outcomes
e.g. Gambling
75% chance of winning $200
25% chance of winning $0
EV= (0.75x$200)+(0.25x$0)= $150
174
How can you maximize the average outcome?
By choosing the option with the greatest expected value
175
What are two disadvantages of problems using the expected value?
Difficult to apply for non-monetary decisions
Doesn't explain actual choices by actual people
176
What are three advantages for using the expected value?
Clear prescription for "correct" choices
Leads people to maximize monetary gains given what they know about the world
Keeps people's decisions internally consistent
177
What kind of approach does this sentence represent?
"How do people decide?"
Descriptive approach
178
Which theory aligns with these statements?
"People do not make decisions based on expected values, probabilities, and absolute outcomes"
"People make decisions based on subjective utility, decision weights, and relative outcomes"
Prospect theory
179
What is utility?
Usefulness/ desirability of an outcome
180
What is subjective utility?
People transform objective value into subjective utility
181
Subjective utility ____ more slowly than objective value, especially at large values
Increases
182
$10 (is/is not) subjectively worth twice as much as $5, but $10,000,000 (is/is not) subjectively worth twice as much as $5,000,000
is; is not
183
What is loss aversion?
People feel the pain of a loss more strongly than the pleasure of an equivalent gain, leading them to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring gain
184
What is the decision weight?
When people transform objective probability into subjective decision weights
185
Small probabilities tend to be (over/under) weighted
Over
186
Large probabilities tend to be (over/under) weighted
Under
187
Which theory matches these statements?
"People make decisions based on gains and losses relative to a point of reference, not based on absolute outcomes"
"Changing the way a question is asked to create a different point of reference leads to different valuations and thus different choices"
Framing effect
188
People perform actions in the world and experience the resulting outcomes as good (reward) or bad (lack of reward or punishment)
What kind of learning is this?
Reinforcement learning
189
What was the old idea about dopamine and rewards?
Midbrain dopamine system signals pleasure/reward
190
Who performed the experiment using singly unit recordings from monkey's midbrain dopamine neurons in ventral tegmental area?
Schultz, Dayan, & Montague (1997)
191
In the task where monkeys must touch the lever when light appears to receive drops of juice, in the first condition (before learning), what is the effect on dopamine neurons?
Dopamine neurons are activated after the delivery of reward
192
In the task where monkeys must touch the lever when light appears to receive drops of juice, in the second condition (after several days of training), what is the effect on dopamine neurons? (2 points)
Primary reward no longer elicits phasic dopamine response
Now, onset of light causes a phasic burst of activity in dopamine neurons
193
In the task where monkeys must touch the lever when light appears to receive drops of juice, in the third condition (after training, reward is not delivered), what is the effect on dopamine neurons?
Dopamine neurons decrease firing for short period of time, so activity is lower than baseline
194
What was the conclusions of the Learning Driven by Rewards study on monkeys? (3 points)
Activity of midbrain dopamine neurons is related to reward
But dopamine neurons do more than simply report occurences of reward
They code deviations from predictions about time and magnitude of reward
195
How do you calculate the reward prediction error (RPE)?
Actual reward - expected reward= RPE
196
We are continuously predicting ____ future reward
Expected
197
We take ____ to ____ future reward
Actions; Maximize
198
When we receive information that violates our expectations, it generates a ____ ____ ____
Reward prediction error
199
We update our ____, which may alter our ____
Predictions; Actions
200
Describe the dopamine pathway in the human brain
Midbrain dopamine neurons project to basal ganglia, prefrontal cortex, and many other areas
201
What was the purpose of the Iowa Gambling Task (Bechara et al., 1994)
Compared control participants and patients with damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex to find the effect of the damage on emotion and decision making (VMPFC)
202
Name the study:
Asked participants what they thought about the card decks
Recorded their choices
Measured skin conductance responses (SCRs) at the time of decision making (sweaty palms)
Iowa Gambling Task (Bechara et al., 1994)
203
What are anticipatory SCRs? (specifically regarding the Iowa Gambling Task)
Patients have no anticipatory emotional feeling about how that action might turn out
204
Which part of brain is associated with these functions? (Hint: Cortex)
Maintenance and updating of goals
Inhibition of prepotent actions
Shifting between rules, sets, and tasks
Monitoring and adjusting performance
Integrating multiple sources of value
All central to decision making and the selection of actions
Prefrontal cortex
205
What is abstraction?
Identifying/focusing on common features to simplify complex information into more general concepts
206
In abstraction, what are the features of the rostral prefrontal cortex? (3 points)
Complex
Abstract
Long timeframe
207
In abstraction, what are the features of the caudal prefrontal cortex? (3 points)
Simple
Concrete
Short timeframe
208
Is the ventral prefrontal cortex the what or where stream? (3 points)
What
Why
Meaning oriented
209
Is the dorsal prefrontal cortex the what or where stream? (3 points)
Where
How
Action oriented
210
What are the features of the medial prefrontal cortex? (3 points)
Hot/Affective/Motivation
Value-based
Internal/Body-oriented
211
In abstraction, what are the features of the lateral prefrontal cortex? (3 points)
Cold/Cognitive/Rules
Feature-based
External/Environment-oriented
