Midterm 2: Perception, Action, Attention Flashcards
1
Q
- Create a representation (perception) of what is out in the world (distal stimulus) from what we sense (proximal stimulus)
- To determine the distal stimulus from the proximal stimulus
A
The Inverse Problem
2
Q
What are 3 sensory systems?
A
- Vision
- Somatosensory
- Audition
3
Q
What kind of stimulus is an object or process out in the world?
A
Distal stimulus
4
Q
- Experiences resulting from stimulation of the senses
- Set of processes by which we recognize, organize, and make sense of sensations we receive from environmental stimuli
- What we sense (in sensory organs) is not the same as what we perceive (in mind)
A
Perception
5
Q
What kind of stimulus is energy or matter that impinges on sensory receptors
A
Proximal stimulus
6
Q
What are 5 sources of information for perception?
A
- Genes
- Past experience
- Internal state
- Environmental context
- Proximal stimulus
7
Q
What are sensory receptors?
A
Specialized cells to transduce
8
Q
Where does to neural pathway travel through?
A
From sensory receptors via thalamic nuclei to cerebral cortex
9
Q
What attempts to construct a useful representation of distal stimulus?
A
Hierarchy of cortical areas
10
Q
What are two types of photoreceptors?
A
- Rods: responsive to brightness
- Cones: responsive to colour
11
Q
What is transduction?
A
Conversion of light into neural signals to retina, accomplished through photoreceptors
12
Q
What are photoreceptors?
A
Specialized cells for transduction
13
Q
What is phototransduction?
A
Process of which light is converted to electrochemical signals
14
Q
Retinal receptor density
A
Cones are constructed in the fovea and provide greater visual acuity
15
Q
What converges change in air pressure into mechanical vibrators?
A
Ear drum (tympanum)
16
Q
What travel through bones in the middle ear (ossicles) to oval window of cochlea?
A
Vibrations
17
Q
What are the fluid fill tubes in basilar membrane?
A
Cochlea
18
Q
Where do pressure waves travel down the cochlea and back out towards the round window?
A
Inner ear
19
Q
What causes hair celles (cilia) to sway?
A
Pressure
20
Q
What 4 things are included in visual fields?
A
- Both visual fields on both retinas
- Partial crossover at optic chiasm
- Left visual field on right V1
- Right visual field on left V2
21
Q
What 3 things are included in the primary visual pathway?
A
- Ganglion cells
- LGN (thalamus)
- Primary visual cortex
22
Q
Location of maximal excitation along basilar membrane depends on sound frequency:
* High frequency near the base
* Low frequency near the apex
A
Organization of basilar membrane
23
Q
What are the 7 components of the primary auditory pathway?
A
- Auditory nerve
- Cochlear nuclei (medulla)
- Superior olivary nucleus (pons)
- Nucleus of lateral lemniscus (pons)
- Inferior colliculus (midbrain)
- Medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus)
- Primary auditory cortex
24
Q
What happens when the outer/middle ear is damaged?
A
Disrupts sound transmission to the cochlea (conduction deafness)
25
What happens when the cochlear hair cells/auditory nerve is damaged?
Sensorineural deafness
26
What happens when the primary auditory cortex is damaged?
* Often unilateral damage
* Impairs sound localization
27
What happens when the higher-order auditory cortex is damaged?
* Deficits in understanding speech & melody
* Difficulty interpreting emotional intonation (i.e. praise vs sarcasm)
28
What is the illusion in which stripes of gray appear to have bands of brightness along the edges, though they are the same in brightness?
Mach bands
29
What part of the eye is the coloured ring of muscle that expands/contracts to control light entering the eye?
Iris
30
What part of the eye is the opening at the center of the eye, surrounded by the iris and allows light to enter the eye and be focused on the retina?
Pupil
31
What part of the eye is the structure behind the pupil and changes shape to focus the light on the retina?
Lens
32
What part of the eye is the structure in the back that contains rods and cones?
Retina
33
What part of the eye do retinal neurons carry information to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, on the way to the primary visual cortex?
Retinal ganglion cells
34
What eye cells are within the retina that facilitate communication between parts of the retina?
Amacrine cells
35
What kind of cells in the retina enable nearby retina regions to exchange information?
Horizontal cells
36
What kind of cells are bipolar neurons which carry information from photoreceptors to retinal ganglion cells?
Bipolar cells
37
What is the region at the center of the retina, where cones are concentrated?
Fovea
38
What are the 4 components of he primary somatosensory pathway?
* Dorsal root ganglion
* Gracile/cuneate nuclei (medulla)
* Ventral posterior nuclei (thalamus)
* Primary somatosensory cortex
39
What is a decrease in sensitivity of sensory receptors to a constant stimulus?
Sensory adaptation
40
Is the proximal stimulus represented on a relative scale or absolute scale?
Relative scale
41
What does sensory adaptation allow for?
Allows sensory systems to be less responsive to unchanging stimuli
42
What kind of cell adjusts firing rate to match ambient light?
Ganglion cells
43
What is the function of visual adaptation?
To detect relative brightness, not absolute values
44
Response shifts- brighter environments require ____ stimuli to trigger firing
Stronger
45
The smallest detectable change in a stimulus
The Just Noticeable Difference (JND)
46
What law describes the JND?
Weber's Law
47
What is the Weber fraction (K) for loudness?
Brightness?
Heaviness?
* Loudness: 0.05
* Brightness: 0.08
* Heaviness: 0.02
48
What is the definition of auditory adaptation?
Reduced sensitivity to continuous/repeated sounds
49
Give 4 qualities of receptive fields
* Area of sensory surface to which a neuron responds
* Perceptual resolution and acuity are inversely related to sensory receptive field size
* Higher-order neurons have larger receptive fields
* Higher-order neurons respond to more complex sensory stimuli
50
Where is the receptive field of photoreceptors?
Area on the retina
51
What is the receptive field of a hair cell?
Frequency of sound
52
What is the receptive field of a mechanoreceptor?
Area of skin
53
What is the size of the receptive field on surface of skin?
Smaller receptive field
54
What is the size of the receptive field deeper in skin?
Larger receptive field
55
What detects pressure, vibration, and distortion?
Mechanoreceptors
56
What detects hot vs cold?
Thermoreceptors
57
What detects harmful chemical, mechanical, or thermal stimuli?
Nociceptors
58
What detects mechanical forces on muscles, tendons, and joints?
Proprioceptors
59
Spatial organization of sensory surface is generally preserved in primary sensory cortex
Topography
60
Area of cortex is proportional to density of sensory receptors (and inversely related to receptive field size)
Cortical magnification
61
What are the changes in strength of synapses called?
Synaptic plasticity
62
What are changes in topographic maps called?
Cortical reorganization
63
What leads to reorganization in primary visual cortex?
Lesion of the visual field (in both eyes)
64
What is the perception of sound in absence of auditory stimulation?
Tinnitus
65
What are the 4 potential causes of tinnitus?
* Damage to either cochlea
* Damage to other structures along auditory pathway
* Damage to somatosensory structures in limbic system
* Reorganization of tonotopic map
66
Moving from lower-order sensory neurons (those closer to sensory receptors) to higher-order sensory neurons (those further from sensory receptors)
Hierarchical organization
67
What 4 things happen as a result of hierarchical organization?
* Receptive fields get larger
* Sensory features get more complex (and abstract) and more specific
* Processing proceeds in serial, in parallel, and is recurrent
* Multi-sensory integration increases
68
What is the path of modularity in the visual system?
V1 (striate cortex) --> V2 (extrastriate cortex) --> visual association cortex (V3, V4, V5, MST) --> multimodal association (VIP)
69
How are cortical columns organized?
By eye (ocular dominance columns) and by orientation (orientation columns)
70
What are blobs?
Specialized cells for processing colour
71
What are the 4 cortex's in the hiercharchy of the auditory system?
* Primary auditory cortex
* Secondary auditory cortex
* Tertiary auditory cortex
* Multimodal association cortex
72
Where are directional feature detectors located?
Superior colliculus
73
Describe auditory directional feature detectors
Sound arrives at each ear out of phase when it originates from a non-central source
74
Describe coincidence detectors
Neurons fire only when signals from both ears arrive simultaneously
75
What is the slight difference in sound arrival time between the two ears that helps determine the horizontal location of a sound
The Interaural Time Difference (ITD)
76
What do somatosensory orientation feature detectors respond to?
Touch along a specific direction in specific part of the skin
77
What are the 4 visual WHERE streams?
* Anterior Intraparietal sulcus (AIP)
* Medial Intraparietal sulcus (MIP)
* Lateral Intraparietal sulcus (LIP)
* Ventral Intraparietal sulcus (VIP)
78
What is the result of damage to the intraparietal sulcus?
Spatial attention deficits/neglect
79
What is the result of the V5 (motion detection) damage?
Akinetopsia (motion blindness)
80
Face sensitive cells in fusiform face area (FFA) within it
Visual WHAT streams
81
What is the result of damage to Fusiform Face Area (FFA)?
Prosopagnosia (inability to perceive faces)
82
* Stimulus driven
* Feedforward connections
* Depends on proximal stimulus and genetic "hard-wiring" of sensory systems
Bottom-up processing
83
* Driven by goals and expectations
* Feedback connections
* Depends on past experience, internal state, and environmental context
Top-down processing
84
What principle is this? "We perceive the world in a way that is "most likely" based on our past experiences"
Likelihood principle
85
Explanation of word superiority effect
Both bottom-up and top-down processes are necessary to explain perception
86
What is attention?
Given our limited capacity to process competing options, attentional mechanisms select, modulate, and sustain focus on information most relevant for behaviour
87
Endogenous or exogenous: In the environment, reflexive, automatic, "bottom-up"
Exogenous
88
Endogenous or exogenous: In the mind, voluntary, intentional, "top-down"
Endogenous
89
External or internal target: Sensory information in the environment
External target
90
External or internal target: Mental representations, in the mind
Internal target
91
Characterize the type of attention: Involves actual movement of the sensory surface
i.e: Moving the eyes, directing the ear
Overt attention
92
Characterize the type of attention: Does not involve actual movement
i.e: looking out the corner of your eye, eavesdropping on a conversation nearby
Covert attention
93
Characterize the type of attention: Momentary focus on something
i.e: glancing at a stranger's face
Transient attention
94
Characterize the type of attention: Prolonged focus on something
i.e: standing watch at a door for 2 hours
Sustained attention
95
Characterize the type of attention: Focus on one thing to the exclusion of others
i.e: watching TV so intently, you don't notice your friend enter the room
Selective attention
96
Characterize the type of attention: Try to focus on multiple things simultaneously
i.e: Talking on the phone while driving a car
Divided attention
97
Which theory is best categorized by these statements:
* Could report change in gender of speaker
* Could report change in pitch of a tone
* Could NOT report a word repeated 35 times
* Could report hearing own name
Moray (1959): Dichotic listening: Cocktail party effect
98
Which theory is best categorized by these statements:
* Told to shadow left ear
* Left ear hears: "Dear 7 Jane"
* Right ear hears: "9 Aunt 6"
* Participant reports: "Dear Aunt Jane"
* Meaning of unattended words being taken into account
Gray and Weddeburn (1960): Dichotic listening
99
Which theory is best categorized by these statements:
* In attended ear, participants heard ambiguous sentences: "The were throwing stones at the bank"
* In unattended ear, participants heard related words: "River"; "Money"
* In test, participants chose which sentence was closest to the meaning of attended message
* "They threw stones toward the side of the river yesterday"
* sometimes information in the unattended ear can influence subsequent memory/behavior
Mckay (1973)
100
What does Electroencephalography (EEG) measure?
Surface electric fields generated by post-synaptic potentials in dendrites of neurons
101
What are the effects of attention on auditory ERPs?
*Attentional stream paradigm:
* Random sequence of auditory "pips"
* Occasional deviant targets
102
What is the range for the mid latency response? Where does attention have an effect?
* 20-50 ms
* Primary auditory cortex
103
What is the range for the late latency response? Where does attention have an effect?
* ~100 ms
* Secondary and tertiary auditory cortex
104
What is the range for the brainstem evoked response response? Where does attention have an effect?
* NO effect on brainstem
105
Posner's orienting task: Endogenous cueing
* Faster or slower to respond during VALID trials?
Faster
106
Term for nerve fibers exiting the eye to the cortex (no photoreceptors)
Blindspot
107
What are the 3 sections of the ear?
* Outer ear: Pinna, ear canal
* Middle ear: Eardrum, ossicles
* Inner ear: Cochlea, vestibular system, auditory nerve
108
What are receptive fields? (3 points)
* Area of sensory surface to which neuron responds
* Perceptual resolution and acuity are inversely related to sensory receptive field size
* Higher-order neurons have larger receptive fields and respond to more complex sensory stimuli
109
What part of the brain is involved in organizing and planning motor sequencing, internally generated sequences of actions, and has different neurons tuned to different action sequences
Supplementary motor cortex
110
What are the 2 effects of indirect pathways?
* Inhibitory pathway in basal ganglia
* Inhibition of action
111
Characterizing attention - TYPE (3 points)
* overt vs covert
* transient vs sustained
* selective vs divided
112
A model of attention suggesting that unattended information is not completely blocked but weakened (attenuated)
* Attention not an all-or-none filter.
* Attended message come through strongly + unattended message come through weakly.
* Meaningful information can still be processed if it is relevant or highly significant.
113
What part of the brain is internally guided sustained attention directed by internal goals (top-down) and helps maintain focus on internal tasks + action selection
supplementary motor area (SMA) - endogenous attention
114
concerns how the brain joins together all the different aspects of sensory input from a single stimulus (such as shape, colour + motion) to make a unified percept (object that is perceived)
solved by neuronal firing synchronization - attention enhances synchronization
binding problem
115
What part of the brain? Executive control of attention (conflict monitoring, error detection, divided attention), ensures attention is maintained on relevant stimuli
Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
116
photoreceptors within the eye that are insensitive to colour but are highly responsive to even low levels of light
night vision
rods
117
photoreceptors within the eye that are sensitive to different colours but require relatively high levels of illumination to function
fine details
95% concentrated in the fovea - allows for higher visual acuity
cones
118
Describe the visual pathway
optic nerve → optic chiasm → optic tract → LGN (thalamus) → optic radiations → primary visual cortex (V1)
119
5 step hearing process
1. Sound = Air pressure changes
2. Eardrum vibrates → Ossicles amplify
3. Vibrations pass through oval window into cochlea
4. Cochlea (fluid-filled) sends waves through basilar membrane
5. Hair cells detect vibrations → Signal sent to brain
120
three tiny bones in the middle ear: malleus, incus, stapes
ossicles
121
Measures tactile acuity by determining the smallest distance at which two points are felt as separate.
Smaller receptive fields (e.g., fingertips) = better discrimination (smaller threshold).
Larger receptive fields (e.g., back) = poorer discrimination (larger threshold).
Two-Point Discrimination Test
122
3 parts of the motor cortex
* premotor cortex
* supplementary cortex
* primary motor cortex
123
motor plans stored at an abstract level and then translated to specific commands
hierarchy in motor control
124
premotor cortex starts preparing for movement well in advance
readiness potential
125
neurons that fire both when the subject performs an action and when the subject observes the same action being performed by another individual
mirror neurons
126
3 components of basal ganglia
Striatum: Includes caudate and putamen; involved in motor control and decision-making.
Globus Pallidus: Regulates movement through its influence on the thalamus.
Substantia Nigra: Produces dopamine; important for movement initiation and coordination.
127
a task where participants focus on one visual stream while ignoring others, used to study selective attention
larger neural response for attended versus unattended stimuli
visual attentional stream paradigm
128
point at which optic nerve fibers cross in the brain, allowing info from both left and right eyes to be recombined so that info from the right visual field reaches the left hemisphere and vice versa
optic chiasm
129
a flexible tissue within the cochlea that vibrates in time with upcoming sound waves
basilar membrane
130
7 step auditory pathway
auditory nerve
↓
cochlear nuclei (medulla)
↓
superior olivary nucleus (pons)
↓
nucleus of lateral lemniscus (pons)
↓
inferior colliculus (midbrain)
↓
medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus)
↓
primary auditory cortex (temporal lobe)
131
4 examples of damage to auditory pathway
conduction deafness
sensorineural deafness
primary auditory cortex damage
higher-order auditory cortex damage
132
damage to outer/middle ear (ossicles)
disrupts sound transmission to cochlea
conduction deafness
133
damage to cochlear hair cells or auditory nerve
affects transmission of sound signals to the brain
can be fixed with cochlear implant
sensorineural deafness
134
damage to areas beyond the primary auditory cortex
deficits in understanding speech and melody
difficulty interpreting emotional innotation
higher-order auditory cortex damage
135
a sensory system that processes tactile stimuli such as touch, vibration, pressure, temperature, and pain from all over the body
somatosensory system
136
4 types of mechanoreceptors for touch
meissener corpuscles: texture + motion (surface)
merkel cells: light pressure, fine details (surface)
pacinian corpuscles: high frequency vibrations, sudden changes in pressure (deeper)
ruffini endings: stretch/sustained pressure (deeper)
137
4 step primary somatosensory pathway
dorsal root ganglion (spinal cord)
↓
gracile/cuneate nuclei (medulla)
↓
ventral posterior nuclei (thalamus)
↓
primary somatosensory cortex (parietal lobe)
138
the crossing over of nerve fibers from one side of the body to the other
allows the brain to process information from the opposite side of the body (motor and sensory pathways)
decussation
139
a decrease in sensitivity to a constant level of stimulation
allows sensory systems to be less responsive to unchanging stimuli
JND ~2% change in object weight - heavier objects require greater changes to detect differences
sensory adaptation
140
ganglion cells adjust firing rate to match ambient light
response shifts - brighter environments require stronger stimuli to trigger firing
functions to detect relative brightness, not absolute values
JND ~8% change in brightness
visual adaptation
141
2 somatosensory adaptors
* SA = slow adapting
merkel cells + ruffini endings
* RA = rapid adapting
meissner + pacinian corpuscles
142
a retinal ganglion cell that is excited when light hits the center of its receptive field but inhibited when light hits the surrounding area
on centre/ off surround cell
143
a type of retinal ganglion cell that is inhibited when light hits the center of its receptive field but excited when light hits the surrounding area
off centre/on surround cell
144
____ ____ sharpens sensory perception by reducing activity in neighbouring neurons, improving spatial resolution
Lateral inhibition
145
spatial organization of sensory surface along primary sensory cortex
topographic maps
146
area of cortex is proportional to density of sensory receptors (and inversely related to receptive field size)
cortical magnification
147
the pattern of organization of the neurons of the visual cortex, in which adjacent parts of the retina are mapped to adjacent parts of the visual cortex
small region of the visual field projects to large part of primary visual cortex
cortical magnification
retinotopic map
148
along somatosensory cortex in parietal lobe
bottom of body processed at top, top of body processed at bottom
somatotopic maps
149
a map-like representation of the somatosensory input of the body within the brain
localized to the primary somatosensory cortex along the postcentral gyrus
somatosensory homunculus
150
6 areas of the visual cortex
V1 - processing
V2 - integration
V3 - form
V4 - colour processing
V5 - motion
MST - motion
151
regions of the cerebral cortex that integrate sensory and motor info
association areas
152
the difference in time between a sound arriving at one ear versus the other
helps determine the horizontal location of a sound source
interaural time difference (ITD)
153
visual what and where streams
dorsal pathway = where stream
ventral pathway = what stream
154
ventral pathway
face sensitive cells in fusiform face area (FFA) within IT
damage to FFA = prosopagnosia (inability to perceive faces)
visual "what" stream
155
visual "where" stream
dorsal pathway
intraparietal sulcus (IP)
anterior (AIP): hand movements
medial (MIP): arm movements
lateral (LIP): eye movements
ventral (VIP): facial movements
damage results in spatial attention deficits/neglect
V5 damage = akinetopsia (motion blindness)
156
the interpretation of sensory information based on prior knowledge, expectations, and experience to make sense of incoming data
driven by goals and expectations
feedback connections = info flows from higher to lower brain areas
influenced by past experience, internal state + environmental context
top-down processing
157
we perceive the world in a way that is "most likely" based on our past experiences
likelihood principle
158
explains how both bottom-up (sensory input) and top-down (prior knowledge) processes work together to recognize patterns, with different levels of processing (features, letters, words) influencing each other simultaneously
interactive activation model
159
the phenomenon where people are better at recognizing individual letters when they are part of a word than when they are presented alone or in a non-word
occurs because context (the word) helps facilitate the recognition of letters
word superiority effect
160
what is action?
a change in the environment
somatic (external) = through movement
autonomic (internal) = mind
161
the same motor plan can be executed by different effectors
motor equivalence
162
feedforward control (3 points)
motor command sent directly to muscle
faster but less accurate
used by inverse models
163
feedback control (5 points)
motor command send to muscle
actual state compared to desired state
adjustments based on errors
slower, more accurate
used by forward models
164
part of the brain involved in motor planning and coordinating actions
"decision making hub"
plans driven by external stimuli
premotor cortex
165
part of the brain: motor representation
the portion of the pre-central gyrus whose cells send motor commands to muscles of body to direct simple directional movements
primary motor cortex
166
A visual representation of neural activity, showing individual spikes over time across multiple trials, used to analyze responses of directionally tuned neurons
Rastor plot
167
Part of the brain involved in motor inhibition
basal ganglia
168
Circuits connecting the cortex, basal ganglia, and thalamus.
Help control movement and behaviour by sending signals back and forth between these brain areas.
Direct and indirect pathway's
Cortico-Basal Ganglia-Thalamocortical Loops
169
direct pathway (2 points)
excitatory pathway in basal ganglia
selection and initiation of action
170
Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta (5 points)
Releases dopamine, influencing movement control.
D1 receptors (direct pathway): Excited by dopamine → Reinforces action.
D2 receptors (indirect pathway): Inhibited by dopamine → Suppresses competing actions.
Unexpected rewards cause a dopamine burst → Strengthens direct pathway, weakens indirect pathway (reinforcement learning).
Allows modification of behaviour based on reward.
171
Which disease of basal ganglia? neurodegenerative disease
caudate nucleus atrophies
(Inhibitory) Indirect pathway doesn't work properly → Causes chorea (involuntary movements)
Huntington's Disease
172
Which disease of basal ganglia? neurodegenerative disease
caused by destruction of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra
(Excitatory) Direct pathway inhibited; Indirect pathway more activated.
Symptoms: Slow movements and difficulty initiating movement
Parkinson's Disease
173
Part of brain involved in motor coordination?
Cerebellum
174
Which neuromuscular disorder?
Weakness in voluntary muscles (eyes, face, throat, limbs).
Autoantibodies block acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction.
Symptoms: Muscle fatigue, drooping eyelids, difficulty swallowing and speaking.
Myasthenia Gravis (MG)
175
characterizing attention - source (2 points)
the "cause" for directing one's attention
exogenous or endogenous
176
exogenous source (2 points)
in the environment, reflexive, automatic, "bottom-up"
a salient stimulus
177
endogenous source (2 points)
in the mind, voluntary, intentional, "top-down"
a desire, goal, or instruction
178
external target versus internal target (4 points)
external: sensory info, in the environment
a sensory modality, spatial location, feature or object
internal: mental representations, in the mind
a memory, imagery, or plan
179
overt vs covert (2 points each)
overt: involves actual movement of sensory surface
moving the eyes, directing the ear
covert: does not involve actual movement
eavesdropping
180
When does attentional selection occur? (3 points)
attention is a controllable process than can be implemented at different levels
early versus late selection can be chosen based on situation + approach
attention is applied by top-down modulation
181
A process where information flows back to earlier brain areas for further processing, refining perception and cognition.
Reentrant (Looping)
182
The tendency of neurons to respond preferentially to specific stimulus features, such as orientation, colour, or motion
feature selectivity
183
a region of visual association cortex in the inferior temporal lobe, playing a specific role in identifying faces
fusiform face area
184
types of unilateral neglect (2 types)
spatial:
neglect of left side of space
location-based attention
object-based:
neglect of left side of objects
object-based attention
185
treatment options for unilateral neglect (3 points)
prism adaptation theory
visual scanning theory
limb activation theory
186
voluntary attention control
establishes gaze
top-down process
frontal eye fields (FEF)
187
Key role in voluntary top-down attention control (not gaze).
Creates a priority map for salient and relevant focus.
IPS activation enables covert attentional shifts.
Damage or inhibition disrupts attention shifting between targets.
intraparietal sulcus (IPS)
188
189
Involved in top-down, reflexive attention shifts
Right lateralized (most active in RH), but responds to stimuli regardless of location.
Acts as a “circuit breaker” to override focus when unexpected events occur (detects novelty). E.g., sudden loud noise or peripheral movement.
Damage leads to lack of reflexive attention, unilateral neglect, and difficulty detecting novelty or shifting attention to unexpected stimuli.
temporoparietal junction (TPJ)
190
an inability to detect differences between two similar scenes when presented sequentially, with a brief interruption or distraction at the time of the change
change blindness
