midterm #3 Flashcards

1
Q

hallucinogens:

  • psychedelic
  • entheogenic
  • psychotomimetic
  • psycholytic
A

psychedelic: manifesting the mind, mind-expanding
entheogenic: religious or spiritual
psychotomimetic: appearance of psychosis
psycholytic: mind-dissolving

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2
Q

hallucinogens operationalization

A

“chemical inducing perceptions of something that doesn’t exist”

problem:

  • more distort reality, therefore illusionogenic
  • many things can induce hallucinations at toxic levels
  • hard to keep apart from delirium related to toxicity
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3
Q

psychedelics: reducing valve
dissociatives: numbing, depersonalisation, derealisation
deliriants: confusion

A

psychedelics:
- reducing valve: feeling that the brain’s filter has been removed

dissociatives:

  • numbing: analgesia, amnesia, anaesthesia
  • depersonalisation: dream-like or unreal perception
  • derealisation: detached or removed from body

deliriants:
- confusion, inability to control behaviour

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4
Q

hallucinogen structural similarities:

  • serotonin
  • norepinephrine
  • no similarity
A

serotonin: LSD, psilocybin, DMT
norepinephrine: ecstacy, mescaline
no similarity with anything: PCP, Ketamine, Salvia

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5
Q

general hallucinogen process (2 stages)

A

stage 1: visual images

  • geometric patterns
  • closed-eye, then open-eye

stage 2: meaningful images

  • people/animals/places
  • can change rapidly
  • recognized as not being real
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6
Q

LSD: 4 general points

A
  • derived from ergoline in ergot fungus
  • highly volatile (water-soluble, oxidizes, photosensitive)
  • highly potent (1 dose = 50-150µg)
  • sympathomimetic
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7
Q

LSD process:

  • onset
  • plateau (4 effects)
  • peak (3 effects)
A

onset

  • 30-60min
  • release of tension

plateau

  • 30min-2h)
  • closed-eye visuals
  • synaesthesia
  • multilevel reality perception (insula)
  • distorted visual input (locus coeruleus/visual cortex)

peak

  • 3-5h
  • emotion/panic swings
  • timelessness
  • ego disintegration (PFC, glutamate)
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8
Q

LSD neuropharmacology

  • visual cortex
  • locus coeruleus
  • PFC
A

=> agonism

visual cortex:

  • 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A receptors
  • decreased activity

locus coeruleus:

  • metabotropic 5-HT2A receptors on glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons
  • lower threshold for incoming sensory signals
  • decrease in noise

PFC:

  • induced glutamate release
  • PFC tries to frantically interpret perceptions
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9
Q

LSD: tolerance

A
  • acute tachyphylaxis
  • 3-7 days to subside
  • cross-tolerance to other tryptamines (psilocybin and DMT)
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10
Q

LSD: toxicity

A
  • myadrasis: chronic pupil dilation
  • serotonin syndrome
  • hallucinogen persisting perceptopn disorder (HPPD)
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11
Q

serotonin syndrome

A

accumulation of excess serotonin in CNS

  • symptoms:
    1) cognitive: hypomania, confusion, hallucinations
    2) autonomic: sweating, hypothermia, vasocontrition, tachycardia
    3) somatic: tremor, twitchiness
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12
Q

psilocybin: qualitative differences in dosage

A

low: social, warm, down-to-earth feelings
high: resemble LSD, but more prone to bad trips

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13
Q

psilocybin: neuropharmacology
- PFC
- basal ganglia

A

=> partial agonism

PFC:

  • 5-HT2A
  • distort time perception, timing, feel for rhythm
  • slowing down
  • inability to coordinate with tempo <2-2.5s

basal ganglia:

  • dopamine
  • problem: no affinity for D2 receptor
  • may be involved in timed performance and movement
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14
Q

psilocybin: tolerance

A
  • acute tolerance
  • 4-7 days to subside
  • cross-tolerance to LSD and phenethylamines
  • potentiation when used with MAO-inhibitors
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15
Q

psilocybin: therapeutic uses

A

reduction of 5-TH2A receptors

  • alleviation of OCD symptoms for 2 months
  • anxiolytic
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16
Q

psilocybin: Good Friday Experiment

A
  • increase in spiritual meaning
  • positive changes in attitude/behaviour
  • effects for weeks/months after treatment
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17
Q

ibotenic acid: 4 points (origin, functionally, structurally, metabolite)

A
  • from Muscaria mushrooms
  • functionally similar to glutamate (non-selective glutamate agonist)
  • structurally similar to acetylcholine
  • metabolite muscimol also psychoactive
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18
Q

ibotenic acid:

  • danger
  • how to prevent
A
  • excitotoxicity causes subjective effects and brain damage

- dextromorphan (cough syrup) can protect from excitotoxicity by blocking receptors

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19
Q

PCP:

  • embalming fluid
  • Angel Dust
  • killer joints
A

embalming fluid: yellowish oil to dip cigarettes or joints in

Angel Dust: crystals ground and sprinkled on a mix of spices, then smoked

killer joints: mix with weed

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20
Q

PCP and Ketamine: neuropharmacology

  • low dose
  • high dose
  • any dose
A

low dose:

  • serotonin and dopamine
  • reuptake inhibition
  • partial agonist

high dose:

  • acetylcholine
  • antagonism (muscle contractions, memory deficits, arousal, analgesia)

any dose:

  • glutamate NMDA antagonist
  • disrupts LTP
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21
Q

PCP and Ketamine: dose-dependent effects

  • low dose
  • moderate dose
  • high dose
A

low dose:
- drunk-like, numbing, anaesthetic

moderate dose:

  • disconnect from surroundings
  • body dissociation

high dose:

  • sympathomimetic
  • hallucinations
  • K-hole
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22
Q

PCP and Ketamine:

  • high-dose negative consequences
  • long-term use negative effects
A
  • lingering schizophrenic-like symptoms for up to 2 months
  • supports glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia
  • chronic glutamate antagonism leads to MDD-like symptoms and deficits in memory, speech, logic
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23
Q

PCP and Ketamine: 2 weird effects

A
  • superhuman strength and invulnerability feeling (due to analgesia)
  • megalomania: delusional fantasies of omnipotence and god-like power
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24
Q

PCP and Ketamine: tolerance

A
  • accrued tolerance (can be prevented by separating administrations by days)
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25
PCP and Ketamine: dependence
- physical: in PCP dopaminergic centres affected, Ketamine no physical dependence - psychological: craving related to euphoria
26
Ketamine Psychedelic Therapy: Morrough (2012) results + glucocorticoid theory explanation
treatment-resistant MDD: one dose alleviation of symptoms within hours, lasting more than a week glucocorticoid theory: glutamate NMDA inhibition allows for glutamate to bind elsewhere and facilitate BDNF
27
structure-activity relationship
relationship between a chemical's structure and its biological activity
28
debate: DMT endemic to human body (just look at these)
- present in other mammals' pineal glands - enzyme found in human body but not brain - DMT analogue synthesis in human cancer cells in lab setting - facilitation of immune responses on endemic receptors after taking DMT
29
DMT: neuropharmacology - 3 stages - - what neurotransmitter - - where - - most important characteristics
=> agonist (SNDRA) dopamine: o1 related to sensations (1) - insula - auditory hallucinations (2) - amygdala - waiting room, animated suspension ``` serotonin: 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C (3) - PFC - DMT Hyperspace - Machine elves ```
30
DMT: tolerance
- debate whether none or acute - perhaps short time activating receptors makes it skip the whole tolerance thing - cross tolerance: from LSD to DMT, but not from DMT to LSD
31
DMT: dependence
- no physical dependence - psychological dependene debated - religious connotation may protect from dependence
32
DMT: insight-oriented psychotherapy - for PTSD, anxiety, phobia - for depression, addiction
for PTSD, anxiety, phobia: - rationalization, remove emotional component for depression, addiction: - therapeutic insight about fears, beliefs, desires
33
DMT therapeutic potential (3)
- elicits traumatic memories - offers multiplicity of perspectives - promotes LTP for connections underlying new perspectives
34
phytocannabinoids: 4 general points
- metabolites of THC are active - metabolites exert unique effects interacting with THC - analogues exert unique effects e.g. 11-hydroxy-THC - highly lipid-soluble
35
synthetic cannabinoid alternatives
- K2, Spice - stem from research on receptors - aminoalkylindoles -> target serotonin system - stimulant and hallucinogenic properties b/c contamination with other chemicals
36
cannabis potency: hash vs marijuana | + 3 problems
hash more potent than marijuana problems: 1) dosages vary and effects are dose-dependent (2-6x more THC in hash than MJ) 2) modern strains much higher concentration 3) skewed comparability of research from today and earlier
37
cannabis: smoke - % absorbed - contact high
smoking: - 50% of THc is released into smoke - lungs absorb about 20% of that contact high: - no hard evidence, only if strong hotbox
38
cannabis: ingestion - % absorbed - how long stays
- first.pass metabolism deactivates 50% of THC - 4-5 days of use lead to ca. 7 days of long-term pharmacological action - metabolites still psychoactive, but less than in smoking
39
cannabis: neuropharmacology
=> partial agonism metabotropic receptors CB1 and CB2 - CB1: motor inhibition, ood, memory, appetite, pain - - reduces presynaptic firing rate - CB2: immuno-facilitative (glial cells)
40
THC: motor activity/coordination and RT effects (low and high dose)
low dose: increase motor activity, decrease coordination high dose: decrease motor activity, increase RT compensate for disrupted vigilance by driving more slowly though
41
THC: amotivational syndrome
-> persistent lack of motivation to engage in productive activities - no evidence for reward-based strategies (when tasks provide rewards) - actually: cannabis makes effortful tasks seem less effortful
42
THC: short-term memory and attention impairment (low and high dose)
low dose: memory deficits, no attention impairment | high dose: memory, attention, reasoning impairment
43
cannabis: developmental persistence
- for every 5 years of marijuana use, 1-word decrease in verbal memory of a 15-word list - no other impairment in cognitive functions => weed associated with worse verbal memory
44
cannabis: decelerated time - associations (4)
- associated with stoned phase - decreased blood flow to cerebellum - temporal disintegration: no continuous temporal processing - flight of ideas: spontaneous random thoughts, decreased cognitive threshold
45
THC: executive function impairment
- updating WM / shift / inhibiiton | - chronic users: impairment while abstinent
46
cannabis: gateway drug
- support for process, but not outcome - problems: - - not all users progress to next drug (only 10-20%) - - users still use early drugs
47
cannabis: gateway drug vs correlated vulnerabilities
- drug use progression is due to user's characteristics, not due to drug properties - individual propensity for drug use defines process
48
cannabis: long-term verbal fluency and divided attention
- compared to non-users, differences in - - verbal fluency - - divided attention (persevering on previous rules)
49
cannabis: intellectual impairment
- intellectual impairment of heavy users reversed with abstinence
50
cannabis onset <17
- severe verbal and IQ deficits | - 40% higher chance for schizophrenia, GAD, depression
51
cannabis tolerance and withdrawal
- downregulation with prolonged use | - withdrawals (irritability, insomnia, hostility) dissipate after 6 weeks
52
Cannanbis Hyperemesis Syndrome | + supportive features
nausea, vomiting, colicky abdominal pain as result of weekly cannabis use following a history of cannabis use for years (-> physiological, outcome, no allergy) supportive features: - taking compulsive hot showers - colicky abdominal pain (possibly due to toxic buildup)
53
THC: toxicity
- in plant, low toxicity, no ODs reported | - dronabinol, toxic effects (e.g. postural hypotension, slurred speech); pure THC
54
THC: drug discrimination (vs placebo, vs other drugs)
THC vs placebo: - 100% accuracy THC vs other drugs: - low dose: 100% accuracy - high dose: 85% accuracy => THC has unique subjective effects
55
cannabis: different cannabinoids have different effects
- THC users: higher incidence of hallucinations/delusions - no difference non-users and THC+CBD users - CBD users: anxiety reducing
56
heroin, morphine: intake and effects (3)
oral: mood alleviation, cough suppression inhalation: euphoria intravenous: euphoria, pain relief
57
heroin morphine injection: 3 stages
stage 1: - 0-2min - rush - tingling lower abdominal feeling, orgasm stage 2: - 2-3h - on the nod: tranquil drowsiness stage 3: - 4+h - withdrawal
58
fentanyl (4)
- designed - 100x more potent than morphine - intake: oral, transdermal, insufflation, but: fast absorption has high potential for respiratory depression - less nausea and itching than morphine
59
desomorphine
- synthesized from codeine - 8x more potent than morphine - increased respiratory depression and cardiac arrest - high toxicity from impurity and contamination
60
opioids: neuropharmacology
=> agonism 1) cleavage enzyme: cuts free-floating inactive peptides into active metabolites 2) G-protein metabotropic action: returns neurons to resting potential sooner
61
opioids: agonism pure, partial, mixed
pure: pain relief partial: pain relief w/o respiratory effects mixed (agonist-antagonist): treating opioid addiction - binds to receptors without activating them, but blocks other chemicals from binding
62
opioids: - agonistic mechanism - inhibitory mechanism
agonistic mechanism: - GABA receptor antagonist - VTA: stops inhibition of dopamine release - NA: activates µ-opioid receptors that inhibit GABA neurons - > dopamine release in VTA inhibitory mechanism: - nociception - interferes with pain signalling from periphery to spinal cord and spinal cord to thalamus - > blunting of pain
63
opioids: tolerance
- dose-dependent - accrued and relational - tolerance selective to analgesia, euphoria, respiratory depression
64
opioids: withdrawal
- 5-10 days - 90% relapse after withdrawal related with environment - craving instensifies at 1-3 days - flu-like symptoms
65
opioids: detoxification
rapid (10 days): - naloxone - inverse agonist, binds and induces opposite response - increased withdrawal symptoms, decreased duration short- (30 days) or long-term (180 days): - methadone - prevents withdrawal, weak/no euphoria - long-lasting effects
66
DMT: The Hoasca Project results
- ayahuasca-sect adolescents 7x lower incidence of anxiety, body dysmorphism, attention problems - > religious context has protective effect