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Drugs and Behavior 345A > midterm #2 > Flashcards

midterm #2 Flashcards

1
Q

operationalization of stimulants:
biological (3)
behavioural (4)

A

biological:

  • substance raising levels of physiological activity in the body
  • objective
  • sympathomimetic (cause physiological arousal, suppress parasympathetic nervous system)

behavioural:

  • substance temporarily improving mental/physical function
  • subjective
  • improvement depending on functionality
  • James-Lange theory: attribution can change interpretation (panic vs. happy)
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2
Q

state-dependent memory

A

when memory eretrieval is more accurate under the same conditions as memory encoding

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3
Q

speed/accuracy tradeoff with stimulants

A

new behaviours: tradeoff

learned behaviours: no tradeoff with stimulant, good performance

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4
Q

adenosine functions (2)
+ A1 receptor (2)
+ A1 and A2 receptors (2)

A
  • inhibitory effect (glutamate antagonist)
  • dopamine antagonist
  • A1 receptor:
    • slowing metabolic function
    • postsynaptic depression of NMDA receptor important for learning
  • A1 and A2 receptors:
    • reducing heart rate
    • opening blood-brain barrier
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5
Q

caffeine behavioural effects

mood 2 + performance 4

A

mood elevation

    • placebo (dopaminergic release)
    • emotional physiological attribution

performance enhancement

    • enhanced in boring/simple tasks
    • disruptive or neutral in complex tasks
    • impaired decision-making in motor control
    • decrease in fatigue (but not getting better)
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6
Q

caffeine absorption and elimination

A
  • time to peak/saturation is same across doses

- more experience -> longer effects (though reverse in cigarette smokers)

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7
Q

caffeine tolerance and withdrawal + issues (3)

A

only physiological, not psychological

issues:

  • variability of absorption in studies
  • withdrawal or dehydration
  • small rates of systematic reported effects (11%)
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8
Q

energy drinks + issues (3)

A

combination of xanthines + potentiatiors

issues:

  • highly variable xanthine content
  • natural caffeine doesn’t need to be listed
  • metabolites and precursors not measured
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9
Q

Taurine (4)

A
  • similar to GABA: inhibitory in adults, excitatory in children
  • anxiolytic effects
  • shuts off acetylcholine retrograde learning mechanism
  • neuroprotectant (inhibits glutamate-induced excitotoxicity, antioxidant)
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10
Q

Caffeine and Taurine together

A
  • synergistic effects: caffeine extremely potentiated

- aerobic heart pattern despite feeling chill

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11
Q

cocaine: administration (three ways)

A

chewing leaves

  • alleviates pain
  • alleviates altitude sickness

inhaling

  • paste mixed with kerosine: toxic
  • freebase: extracted paste, explosive
  • crack: freebase mixed with baking soda and water

injecting:
- hydrochloride: salt form of freebase

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12
Q

cocaine: neuropharmacology (3)

A

reuptake inhibitor in mesolimbic pathway,
blocks transporter protein

  • reward: VTA
  • disordered thought/speech: PFC, nucleus accumbens
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13
Q

issues in cocaine effects (3)

A

1) where does euphoria come from (dopamine, but not serotonin is affected, so wtf)
2) other transporter protein antagonists don’t induce euphoria
3) sensitization: larger euphoria and crashes in heavy users than non-heavy users

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14
Q

CART (cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript)

midbrain and hypothalamus

A

midbrain: neuromodulator produced after psychostimulation
- if released with dopamine, inhibits action -> post-crash depression

hypothalamus: starvation
- responsible for decrease in eating behaviour(anorectic)

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15
Q

cocaine as antagonist

A

closes sodium channels -> no electric propagation -> anaesthesia

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16
Q

cocaine: long-term effects

A
  • anxiety/depression (downregulation in limbic system)
  • tremor (downregulation in midbrain)
  • suicide (motivation and disinhibition remain active)
  • delay discounting (evaluate outcomes differently based on when they’re obtained, especially for cocaine)
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17
Q

cocaine: tolerance (rapid and physiological)

A

rapid tolerance:

  • coke-out (over 10-24h, same dose not same effect)
  • freeze (psychic numbing followed by exhilaration
  • let-down (depression after 1st dose due to coke-out)

physiological:

  • slow
  • heart-rate and blood-pressure effects
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18
Q

amphetamine: mechanisms

- molecular effects (3)

A
  • creates leaky vesicles
  • inhibits MAO (increase in dopamine)
  • inhibits reuptake of norepinephrine (9x), dopamine
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19
Q

amphetamine:

  • Benzedrine
  • methylated amphetamine
  • ADHD treatment (dex vs levo)
A

Benzedrine:
- appetite suppressant, decongestant

methylated amphetamine:
- quicker passage across blood-brain barrier

ADHD treatment:

  • dex: higher binding affinity
  • levo: more potent but worse at binding
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20
Q

amphetamine: tolerance (2)

A
  • tachyphylaxis

- study: positive effects on first meth days, negative effects on last meth day

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21
Q

amphetamine: dependence (2)

A

psychological (craving)
- anxiety/depression, sleep

crystal meth: physiological dependence, allostatic changes

22
Q

amphetamine psychosis (3)

A

1) chronic use:
- - paranoia, formication

2) delusions, hallucinations
- - dopamine release in limbic system

3) tweaking
- - irritability, violent behaviour

23
Q

ADHD: vigilant concentration

  • brain substrate
  • what happens in ADHD
A
  • reticular formation, norepinephrine
  • in ADHD: less norepinephrine, less perseverance
  • in ADHD: lack of sensitivity to rewards
24
Q

ADHD: cognitive awareness

  • brain substrate
  • what happens in ADHD
A
  • mesolimbic/mesocortical dopamine pathway hypoactive
  • any reward is motivating: ADHD kids respond to any reward but don’t follow through
  • inability to ignore stimuli
25
Ritalin: neuropharmacology (3)
- reuptake inhibitor for dopamine, norepinephrine - more potent inhibitor than cocaine - - enters brain more slowly tho - - thus, less abuse potential
26
Ritalin
- is an amphetamine
27
(Dextro-) Amphetamines (Adderall) (3)
- uniquely right-rotating - psychostimulants w/o vasoconstriction in body - psychoactive (decline in popularity)
28
(Dextro-) Amphetamines (Adderall): neuropharmacology (3)
1) reverse dopamine transporter 2) create leaky dopamine vesicles 3) norepinephrine affected as well
29
Ritalin, Adderall, Dex effects and abuse (3)
- only moderate effects on cognition and WM - no effects on cognition or long-term memory - used as athletic enhancer (increased perseverance)
30
ADHD medications: underprescription (3)
- especially in ethnic minorities to escape stereotype - drug holidays - gateway drug belief (though actually more drug abuse in non-treated ADHD)
31
cocaine vs ADHD medication (effects (2) and reinforcement (1))
effects - compared to Ritalin, shorter time to euphoria - compared to Amphetamine, less aversive acute and long-term effects reinforcement - combined reinforced schedule is best to get off cocaine
32
permissive hypothesis
low serotonin causes low dopamine/norepinephrine because if low serotonin, dopamine is compensated as precursor for serotonin -> less dopamine
33
diathesis-stress model and MDD (3)
- onset of MDD is correlated with stressful traumatic events - changes in schemas precede both onset and remission of depression, in response to stress - organic stress (e.g. low sunlight) can also induce depression-like symptoms
34
first-generation antidepressants (2, what they do, problems)
1) MAO inhibitors - inhibit MAO breaking down monoamines - problem: MAO is used for breaking down many things - - cheese reaction: if no MAO, no tyramine breakdown, stroke 2) tricyclics - inhibit reuptake of serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine - problem: heart-rate irregular or elevated
35
second-generation antidepressants (1)
SSRIs - inhibit serotonin reuptake - fewer cardiologic side effects than tricyclics - designed based on permissive hypothesis
36
third-generation antidepressants (2)
SNRIs | - inhibit reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine
37
antidepressants, motivation, suicide
> take medication > motivation increases first, before mood > higher readiness to commit suicide (Black Box warning) but: adolesents as likely to commit suicide on as off medication
38
other drugs as antidepressants (3)
amphetamines: - short-term euphoria, no long-term help oxytocin: - rewards interpersonal behaviour, in experimental phase heterocyclics: - increase serotonin and norepinephrine in synapse - many problems though, only last resort
39
problems with heterocyclics (4)
- cardiovascular irregularities - downregulation of norepinephrine receptors (re-emergence of depressive symptoms) - high toxicity - other side effects (e.g. insomnia)
40
antidepressants: discontinuation syndrome + reason given + withdrawal vs rebound + explanation
tendency to willingly stop taking the medication after 4 weeks, resulting in resurgence of symptoms - 'brain shivers' described after cessation - not withdrawal or tolerance-induced, but rebound - explanation: - - feeling better, stop taking meds - - takes long to have effect, think it ain't working
41
Glucocorticoid or BDNF theory of MDD
stress -> cortisol -> atrophy of hippocampus -> MDD glucocorticoid: - released at end of HPA axis, induces cortisol release - HPA axis hyperactive - cortisol leads to changes in PFC, amygdala, hippocampus - treatment: antagonizing glucocorticoid receptors BDNF: - facilitates neurogenesis of hippocampus - too little BDNF in MDD - treatment: serotonin agonists increasing BDNF production
42
MDMA: absorption and elimination (solubility, MDA, CYP2D6)
- highly lipid-soluble - metabolite MDA: psychoactive - - longer high time - - more potent - CYP2D6 enzyme needed to metabolize MDMA - SSRIs inhibit CYP2D6 -> dangerous to take MDMA when on SSRIs, toxicity
43
MDMA: neuropharmacology (5 effects)
1) MAO-A inhibitor 2) competitive reuptake inhibitor (binds to reuptake transporter proteins) 3) leaky vesicles: expunge neurotransmitters out 4) reverse transport: expunge neurotransmitters out - low doses: serotonin - high doses: serotonin and dopamine 5) agonist at 5-HT receptors - facilitates oxytocin release
44
MDMA: acute effects (physiological + psychological)
physiological: sympathomimetic - amphetamine-like - sudden and extreme sympathomimetic response can lead to physiological problems, e.g. loss of consciousness psychological: empathogenic - increased empathy - mild euphoria due to oxytocin - sudden sympathomimetic resonse can lead to psychological problems, e.g. panic
45
MDMA: negative effects (sub-acute, post-withdrawal, general)
sub-acute: - suicide Tuesday (depression/anxiety) - sleep disturbances - > both serotonin-related post-withdrawal: - substance-induced paranoid psychosis (low-level, false-yet-feasible beliefs of threat general: - selective serotonergic neurotoxin - - relapse of pre-existing mental illness (schizophrenia and bipolar) - - lower seizure threshold
46
MDMA: tolerance
- mostly connection atrophy between serotonin-neurons, but neurons stay intact - serotonin downregulation and less serotonin release - weaker effects with more use
47
MDMA: dependence
- uncertain, not well documented
48
MDMA: Brown et al. (2010)
> 3 groups: MDMA users, weed users, controls > match on many variables > test verbal working memory - > MDMA users poorer performance on all tasks - > long-term deficits in verbal memory
49
MDMA: Hyseck et al. (2012) | reading emotions from eyes
> within: sober and high > reading emotions from eyes - > improved recognition of positive emotion - > decreased recognition of negative emotion
50
MDMA: Kirkpatrick et al. (2014)
> sober, placebo, MDMA, oxytocin > morphed facial expressions test MDMA: - > decreased ability to recognize angry and fearful faces - > no impact on happy faces => MDMA selectively impacts negative social perceptions

Drugs and Behavior 345A (3 decks)

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