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BISC 308 > Midterm 3 > Flashcards

Midterm 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the effects of Atrazine?

A
  • impairs gonad development of males/females

- effects reproduction

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2
Q

What are the results of an imbalance in steroid levels?

A
  • causes adverse effects

- eg. Frogs gonadal malformations (ovotestis)

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3
Q

When was Atrazine banned from use in Europes?

A

-in 2004 due to persistent groundwater contamination

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4
Q

What is Atrazine used for?

A
  • broadleaf weed control on crops

- including corn and low bush blueberries

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5
Q

Is Atrazine found in BC?

A

Detected in 71-75% of waterways sampled in BC

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6
Q

Is Atrazine banned in Canada? (BC)

A

-it was briefly banned in BC, but in 2012 is was reapproved for use on agricultural crops

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7
Q

What amounts of atrazine are found in fresh water and drinking water in Canada?

A
  • DW: 5 ug/L

- FW: 1.8 ug/L

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8
Q

What is endocrinology?

A

-the study of the endocrine glands and their secretions (hormones)

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9
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

-ductless glands that secrete hormones into the blood

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10
Q

Why is the endocrine system necessary for multicellular organisms?

A

-the evolution of multicellular organisms made it necessary to have coordinating systems to regulate and integrate the function of different cells

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11
Q

What are two mechanisms of hormone action?

A
  1. Water-soluble hormones
    - cannot enter the target cells
    - act on plasma membrane receptors
    - coupled by G proteins to intracellular second messengers that mediate the target cell’s response
  2. Lipid-soluble hormones
    - act on intracellular exceptions that directly activate genes
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12
Q

What is a hormone?

A

A regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids such as blood to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action

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13
Q

What are some expanded definitions of hormones?

A
  • secretion from an endocrine gland or cell is not unihormonal - multiple active chemicals are produced by a cell
  • hormones do not always act on distant target sites. They can have paracrine or auto rinse effects
  • hormones are not only secreted into the bloodstream, they can be released into lymph or extracellular fluids
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14
Q

What is a hormonal mimic?

A

-binds to receptor and induces a hormonal response

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15
Q

What is a hormonal antagonist/block?

A
  • binds to receptor and does not allow a hormone to bind

- hormonal response is blocked

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16
Q

What are potential mechanisms of Xenobiotic Endocrine Disruption?

A
  • hormone synthesis
  • secretion
  • transport
  • elimination
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17
Q

What are adverse effects of endocrine disruption on humans?

A
  • reduced fertility
  • altered brain development
  • reduced sperm quality
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18
Q

What are adverse effects of Endocrine Disruption on wildlife?

A
  • altered growth
  • decrease reproductive success
  • delayed or altered development
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19
Q

Will an estrogen mimic have an effect at low levels?

A

Yes

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20
Q

What kind of dose responses do hormones produce?

A

-non-mono tonic dose responses

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21
Q

What is an EDC?

A

Endocrine disrupting chemical

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22
Q

What is the most sensitive time for EDC effects and why?

A
  • development stage
  • developmental effects are different from adult effects
  • lower doses
  • latent and persistent effects
  • increased disease risk later in life
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23
Q

What are traditional toxicology endpoints?

A
  • gene mutations
  • weight loss
  • death
  • tested in high doses/concentrations
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24
Q

Where are the new testing regimes developed by the OECD implemented?

A
  • EU, US and Japan
  • designed to detect endocrine system adverse effects
  • test at lower doses than traditional tests
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25
Q

What are outcomes of chemicals with endocrine activity?

A
  • may act at low doses
  • should be expected to have non-mono tonic dose responses
  • will have tissue specific and time specific effects
  • will show different effects and dose responses during development relative to adults
  • will likely not have a threshold
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26
Q

What are the implications of EDC for human health?

A

-chemicals with endocrine activity may be either missed completely or have a “safe level” that is not protective of human health

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27
Q

What were the effects of the EDC case study on reptiles

A
  • decline of alligators between 1980-1987
  • developmental abnormalities of the gonad
  • abnormal circulating sex hormone concentrations
  • egg and embryonic abnormalities
  • reptile sex is determined by temperature
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28
Q

What system does BPA primarily effect?

A

-reproductive/endocrine

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29
Q

What are the effects/diseases that result from BPA?

A
  • breast/prostate cancer
  • endometriosis
  • infertility
  • diabetes/metabolic effects
  • early puberty
  • obesity
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30
Q

What are the 3 lines of evidence that fuel concerns over endocrine disrupters?

A
  • increased trends of many endocrine-related disorders in humans
  • observations of endocrine related effects in wildlife populations
  • lab studies linking chemicals with endocrine effects to disease outcomes
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31
Q

How many endocrine axes are disrupted by environmental contaminants?

A

Evidence for:

  • reproductive axis (estrogenic/anti-estrogenic, androgenic/anti-androgenic)
  • stress axis (anti-adrenal)
  • thyroid axis (tyroidogenic/anti-thyroidogenic)

Less data for:
-metabolism and growth endocrine processes (digestive, pancreatic)

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32
Q

Is there EDS testing in Canada?

A

-no mandatory testing of EDS by any government departments

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33
Q

What countries implement EDS testing?

A
  • US, Japan, EU

- now require or shortly will require, information about the endocrine disrupting effects of chemicals

34
Q

What were the effects of fish downstream of pulp and paper mill effluent?

A
  • decreased sex steroids
  • decreased gonad size
  • delayed sexual maturity
35
Q

What does the endocrine system control in reproduction?

A
  • gametogenesis
  • behaviour/courtship
  • secondary sex characteristics
  • spawning
36
Q

What occurred when there were improvements in pulp and paper mill effluent quality? What year did this occur in?

A

Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM)

1993

37
Q

What is Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM)?

A

-pulp mill effluent monitoring program: goals based on Fisheries Act, protect fish, fish habitat and the use of fisheries resources

38
Q

What is the testing for Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM)?

A
  • Every 3 years, but if no effects than every 6 years:
  • sub lethal toxicity testing of effluent: fish early life stage development, reproduction of an invertebrate, algal growth inhibition and reproduction
  • biological monitoring: fish survey(condition factors, LSI, GSI), benthic invertebrate community survey
39
Q

What region does EEM monitor?

A

-sub-tidal region

40
Q

When was the last change to mill processes in Canada?

A

In the 1990s

41
Q

Where is Bisphenol A (BPA) present?

A

-food and beverage plastic, medical devices, cleaners, personal care products, dental fillings, vinyl shower curtains

42
Q

Where does BPA act?

A

It is a membrane bound estrogen receptor

43
Q

What are human health effects of BPA?

A
  • abnormal penile/urethra development in males
  • early sexual maturation in females
  • increased neurobehavioral problems (ADHD, autism)
  • increased childhood obesity and adult onset diabetes
  • declines in sperm counts
44
Q

Why does BPA still cause effects even though it is excreted rapidly?

A

-ubiquitous and constant exposure

45
Q

What kind of toxin is BPA?

A

A plasticizer

46
Q

What are the standardized endpoints of a 21 day fish reproductive screening assay?

A
  • survival
  • secondary sex characteristics
  • vitellogenin
  • GSI
  • Gonad Histopathology
  • Spawning Success
  • E and T concentrations
47
Q

What are additional endpoints of a 21 day fish reproductive screening assay?

A
  • egg 7 day survival, deformity

- estrogen receptor, steroidogenic enzyme, gene expression

48
Q

What is Linuron?

A

-Uriel based herbicide

49
Q

What converts testosterone to 17B-estradiol?

A

Aromatase

50
Q

What are pharmaceuticals?

A

-prescription, over the counter veterinary therapeutic drugs to prevent or treat human and animal diseases

51
Q

What are personal care products?

A

-products mainly to improve quality of life

52
Q

Where do PPCPs go unintentionally?

A
  • discharged mainly in sewage into aquatic environments (sediment, water, fertilizer applications)
  • does not get properly processed in phase 3 sewage treatment
53
Q

What was the response and responsible compounds of the sewage effluent example?

A

Response: increased vitellogenin in males, altered testis development

Responsible Compounds: estradiol, estrone, ethynyl estradiol

54
Q

What did the chronic exposure of fathead minnow to low concentrations of potent 17-ethynlestradial lead to?

A
  • feminization of males through the production of vitellogenin mRNA and protein
  • intersex in males
  • altered on genesis in females
  • near extinction of the species
55
Q

When we are looking at mining toxicants what level of impact are we focusing on?

A

Community Structure

  • reductions/increases in community structure
  • biodiversity changes
56
Q

What are the base metals mined in canada?

A

-copper, zinc, lead, nickel

57
Q

What precious metals are mined in Canada?

A

-gold, platinum group metals, silver

58
Q

What is removed in open pit mines?

A
  • ore (high in desired metals)

- waste rock (doesn’t have desired metals present)

59
Q

What is a contaminant where blasting is used?

A
  • Nitrogen

- involved in blasting and often becomes a large contaminant in the mining area

60
Q

What are the 3 stages of a modern mine life cycle?

A
  1. Planning & construction (clearing/blasting)
  2. Operations (wastewater & tailings management)
  3. Closure (site clean-up, maintenance, monitoring)
61
Q

What does MMER stand for?

A

Metal mining effluent regulations

62
Q

What is the overall goal of the MMER?

A

-to minimize the effect of mine effluent on waters frequented by fish

63
Q

What provision requirements are included in the MMER?

A
  • discharge limits
  • acute lethality
  • environmental effects on fish, fish habitat and fisheries resources
64
Q

Mines that are subject to the MMER may deposit an effluent that contains a deleterious substance if?

A
  1. The concentration of the deleterious substance in the effluent does not exceed authorized limits
  2. The pH of the effluent = 6-9.5
  3. The effluent is not acutely lethal (kills less than 50% of rainbow trout in 100% concentration over 96 hour period)
65
Q

What does the EEM do (in regards to MMER)

A

Provides framework and methods for collection of data on fish health, benthic invertebrate community structure, water quality and effluent monitoring

66
Q

What were the contaminants discharged in industrial effluents at Howe Sound?

A
  • organochlorines
  • metals (copper, zinc and iron)
  • sulphuric acid
  • mercury
67
Q

What was produced at the faro mine complex?

A

-lead, zinc, silver and gold mine

68
Q

When was the faro mine operational?

A

1969-1998

69
Q

In the faro mine what ended up in the surface water?

A

Iron, manganese, zinc, sulfate

70
Q

At the faro mine when was dissolved zinc in water at its highest?

A

-ice covered water

71
Q

What vertebrates were monitored at the faro mine and what is one endpoint?

A
  • arctic grayling & slimy sculpin

- CPUE, Length, Condition

72
Q

What invertebrates were monitored at the faro mine? What is one end point measured?

A

Benthic Invertebrates:

-Bray-Curtis Index

73
Q

What impacts do oil spills have on avian species?

A
  • stress
  • thermoregulation and metabolism
  • flight and swimming performance
  • reproduction
  • behavioural effects
74
Q

What is eDNA?

A
  • DNA released to the environment
  • Collect via water/sediments/soil
  • Isolate and analyze DNA for target taxa
  • See if target species is present
75
Q

Why are Biological Surveys Conducted?

A

Regulatory: environmental risk assessment, SARA, commercial recreational and aboriginal fish protection

Conservation Biology: species inventory, habitat mapping

Invasive Species: early detection, confirm eradication

76
Q

What are the advantages of eDNA?

A
  • less invasive
  • can detect low amounts
  • quick to sample
  • cost effective
  • accurate (no in field experts needed)
  • reduced observer bias
  • expanded survey window
77
Q

What are the limits of eDNA testing?

A
  • Only detects presence of target DNA
  • Cannot determine number
  • eDNA degrades
78
Q

What is vitellogenin?

A

-protein present in the blood, from which the substance of egg yolk is derived

79
Q

What is acid mine drainage?

A

-when ore is exposed to rain/water/snow and you get sulfuric acid forming

80
Q

Why is atrazine banned in Europe and not in Canada?

A

The acceptable level is less in Europe (0.1) than in canada (5)

BISC 308 (3 decks)

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