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BISC 308 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does PMRA stand for?

A

Pest Management Regulatory Agency

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2
Q

Where are pesticides found?

A
  • In air, water, soil, sediment and food

- In the tissues of many aquatic species

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3
Q

How are pesticides transported to groundwater?

A

-mostly by recharge resulting from rainfall or irrigation within agricultural and urban areas where they are used

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4
Q

How do pesticides get to the atmosphere?

A

Transfer after application via volatization, spray drift and wind erosion

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5
Q

What happens to pesticides in the atomosphere?

A

-they are returned to earth by precipitation and dry deposition and can reach streams and ground water

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6
Q

What regulate the use of pesticides?

A

-there are provincial and municipal laws regarding the use of pesticides

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7
Q

What is a pesticide?

A

-any substance or mixture of substances used to destroy, suppress or alter the life cycle of any pest

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8
Q

What are the most common categories of pesticides?

A

-bactericides, fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, rodenticides and repellents

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9
Q

Where are pesticides used?

A

-in commercial, domestic and urban environments

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10
Q

What is a popular organochlorine?

A

DDT

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11
Q

When were neonicotinoids introduced?

A

In the 1990s

Derived from nicotine

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12
Q

How are neonicotinoids used?

A
  • applied onto seeds or soil prior to planting

- and or sprayed onto foliage

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13
Q

What is the target pest for neonicotinoids?

A
  • piercing-sucking insects (aphids, leafhoppers and whiteflies)
  • also has a broad spectrum toxicity to a wide range of pests
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14
Q

Who gave the ted talk on bees?

A

-Marla Spivak, University of Minnesota

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15
Q

What is the mode of action of neonicotinoids?

A

-binds to nAChR(nicotine acetylcholine receptor) in postsynaptic neurons

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16
Q

What do neonicotinoids do when it is in the host?

A
  • acts as a false neurotransmitter

- causes continuous activation of the receptor, leading to symptoms of neurotoxicity

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17
Q

What are the effects of receptor binding? (Neonics)

A

-receptor binding is irreversible so permanent effects are cumulative with time, and delayed toxicity exhibited

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18
Q

What class seems to be the most sensitive to neonicotinoids?

A

-class insecta

19
Q

What is one of the biggest impacts of insect loss?

A

-cascading effects on insect eating species (birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish)

20
Q

How do we know the amount of pesticide use in canada?

A
  • pesticide reporting is confidential

- estimated via application rates and crop type

21
Q

What is biotransformation?

A

The sum of the chemical reactions that occur within the body to alter the structure of a xenobiotic/endogenous compound

22
Q

What is part of phase 1 of biotransformation?

A
  • oxidation, hydrolysis, reduction

- make it hydrophilic to be excreted

23
Q

What is phase 2 of biotransformation?

A
  • conjugation/synthetic reactions

- something like a surface group is added to make it more excretable

24
Q

What is the problem with using commonly used lab species for neonicotinoid testing?

A
  • lab species used in standard toxicity tests are not always the most sensitive to neonicotinoids
  • wide range of differences in sensitivities between invertebrate taxa
25
Q

What are environmental quality guidelines based on?

A

-data for lab species

26
Q

What is more useful for deriving environmental quality guidelines for neonicotinoids?

A

Species Sensitivity Distributions (SSDs)

27
Q

What does a Species Sensitivity Distribution do?

A

-models the variation in sensitivity of a species to a particular stressor

28
Q

How are species sensitivity distributions generated?

A

-by fitting a statistical function to the proportion of species affected as a function of toxicant concentration or dose

29
Q

What is the goal of a species sensitivity distribution?

A

To predict the concentration that will protect a given percentage of species in the environment

30
Q

What are the impacts of neonicotinoids on ecosystems?

A
  • moderate to high acute toxicity to most invertebrates
  • chronic low level exposure in water bodies and in plants
  • birds and fish may have indirect effects because there are fewer insects to eat
31
Q

What are three major neonicotinoid pesticides?

A
  • imidacloprid
  • thiamethoxam
  • clothianidin
32
Q

What is the toxicity modifying factor?

A

-when toxicity of a substance is affected by some environmental, chemical or biological factor

33
Q

What are the basic components of the endocrine system?

A
  1. Endocrine gland/cell
  2. Hormone
  3. Target organ
34
Q

What does the endocrine gland/cell do?

A
  • secretes hormones

- effects distal target

35
Q

What is the path of thyroid hormones?

A
  • Higher brain center
  • Hypothalamus
  • TRH
  • Pituitary
  • TSH
  • Thyroid
  • T4, T3
  • Target Tissues
36
Q

What is the process of metamorphisis controlled by?

A

-thyroid hormone

37
Q

What is an endocrine disrupting substance?

A

-exogenous substance or mixture that alter function of the endocrine system and consequently cause cause adverse health effects in an intact organism, or its progeny or (sub)populations

38
Q

What are the critical windows of exposure for endocrine disrupting substance?

A

-exposure during early life stages may cause irreversible effects on organisms

39
Q

What are the possible causes for sockeye salmon decline?

A
  • climate change
  • fishing pressures
  • habitat destruction
  • disease/ parasites
  • environmental contaminants/ pollutants
40
Q

Why are sockeye important?

A
  • culturally important
  • economically important
  • ecologically important
41
Q

What are neonicotinoids?

A

-class of neurotoxic, systemic, broad spectrum insecticides used in agriculture, around the home and on pets

42
Q

What are the fates of neonicotinoids?

A
  • uptake by plant
  • enter waterways via runoff, leeching and spray drift
  • soil
  • target pests
  • nontarget organisms
43
Q

What did previous marlatt lab results show?

A
  • increased whole body concentration of estradiol
  • neonics could be a slight endocrine system disruptor
  • possibility of feminization of gonads

BISC 308 (3 decks)

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