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Kin 164 Sociocultural Perspectives > Midterm 3 > Flashcards

Midterm 3 Flashcards

1
Q

condition for emergence and growth of commercial sports

A 
market economy
large populated cities
standard of living
large amount of capital
culture emphasizing consumption and material status
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2
Q

how does the standard of living grow commercial sports

A

it provides people with time, money, transportation, and media access ->we spend a lot of money for something that we actually don’t need

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3
Q

what influences what sports are commercialized

A

preferences and priorities of people with power and wealth

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4
Q

why are commercial sports so popular in society today

A

search for excitement
it fits with social ideologies
widespread organized
widespread media coverage

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5
Q

economic motives and globalization of commercial sports

A

sport organizations look for global market

corporations use sport as vehicle for global expansion (increase profit)

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6
Q

ideological outposts in action

A

branding sports

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7
Q

examples for ideological outposts

A

sports places are branded
sport events are branded
athletes are branded

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8
Q

what is sport used as in terms of ideological outposts

A

delivery site to establish ideologies in consumer´s mind

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9
Q

what does spectator appeal in sports depend on

A

attachement to participants
uncertainty of an events outcome
risks or rewards associated with an event
anticipated displays of excellence, heroics, or dramatic action

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10
Q

where are changes recognizable when sport is commercialized

A

structure and goal
orientation of athlete, coaches and sponsors
people and orientation that control sports

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11
Q

how does commercial sports form entertainment

A

commercial entertaining depends on attracting a mass audience
Members of a mass audience lack technical knowledge about sport
Entertaining people without technical knowledge requires heroic action - not about techniqual aspect

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12
Q

what are outposts

A

sources where we receive ideologies from

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13
Q

examples for outposts

A 
media
friends
family
culture
religion
politics
sports
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14
Q

when do ideologies become a problem

A

when we use them to oppress people

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15
Q

why do rule changes occur

A

to make actions more exciting, understandable, and profitable

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16
Q

what are changes

A

structures and goals

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17
Q

whar can rule changes lead to

A 
speeding up of action
increasing score and scoring chance
balancing competition
maximizing dramatic moments
increase attachment to players and teams
commercial breaks
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18
Q

control in sport organizations with commercialization

A

shifts away from athletes

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19
Q

due to commercialization, who has more control in sport organizations

A

owners, corporate sponsors, advertisers, media personnel, marketing and publicity staff, professional management staff, accounts, and agents

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20
Q

why do athletes listen to new positions in power

A

because financial interests are at sake

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21
Q

when do team owners usually make money

A

when they are allowed to operate as monopolies and monopsonies

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22
Q

what does a monopoly enable team owner´s to do

A

share revenue
negotiate high media right fees
prevent the formation of new teams

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23
Q

what does a monopsony enable team owner´s to do

A

draft new players to one team only
control the careers of athletes
minimize biidding for athletes´ contracts

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24
Q

how do team owner´s benefit from public assitance (welfare)

A

public money to construct facilities
federal tax deduction
tax breaks, rebates and special opportunities by cities or states for development around stadium
cities build stadia -> owner´s receive revenue created by it

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25
Q

what are arguments for stadium subsidies

A

creation of jobs
infuses money into local economy
attracts other businesses
attracts media attention - boost tourism and economic development
creates positive psychic and social benefit

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26
Q

what are arguments against stadium subsidies

A

jobs are low-paid, part-time and seasonal
construction company and materials come often from outside the area
new business are often franchises headquartered in other cities
entertainment dollars are moved
men´s sport teams reaffirm

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27
Q

what are sources of income for team owners

A

ticket sales
media rights
stadium revenue
licensing fees and merchandise

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28
Q

what does stadium revenue include

A

leases on club seats and luxury boxes
concessions/parking
sale of naming rights and site ads
special events

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29
Q

how are amateur sports funded

A

self-funded
dependent on corporate sponsors
funded through a central government sports authority

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30
Q

what are organizations that control amateur sports interested in

A

power over athletes

money generated

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31
Q

legal status of athletes in individual sports

A

vary from athlete to athlete and sport to sport

depends on what athletes must do to support their training and competition

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32
Q

what might a individual athlete´s status be protected by

A

professional associtions formed by athletes

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33
Q

relation between income and team sport athletes

A

majority does make a limited income

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34
Q

why has the income among top athletes increased

A

legal status and rights have improved

league revenues have increased

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35
Q

primary issues in CBA negotiations

A

% of league revenue that must be allocated to player´s salary and benefits

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36
Q

lockouts

A

work stoppage that suspends all games and practices until the dipute is resolved and CBA is revised to owner´s and player´s satisfaction

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37
Q

strikes

A

work stoppage in which employee refuse to work until a lobor dispute is resolved and players agree to sign CBA

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38
Q

income for individual athletes

A

many athletes don´t make enough to pay training and expenses

increasing disparties between top money makers and others

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39
Q

which individual athletes made traditionally the most money

A

heavyweight boxers

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40
Q

who does the right of amateur athletes depend on

A

governing bodies that control sports

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41
Q

what does income of amateur athletes depend on

A

rules of governing bodies

endorsements that vary with celebrity status and corporate interst

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42
Q

when do we use media images and narratives

A

to evaluate ourselves,
give meaning to other people and events
form ideas
envision the future

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43
Q

print media

A

words and images on paper

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44
Q

electronic media

A

words, comments and images transmotted by audio and video devices and techologies

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45
Q

what does media provide

A

information
interpretation
entertainment
opportunities for interactivity

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46
Q

who edits and represents media content

A

those who control media organizations

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47
Q

on which goals are editing decisions based on

A 
making profit
influencing cultural values
providing a public service
improve personal status and reputation
expressing self
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48
Q

what do those who control media content do

A

design a framework that media consumers use to incorporate sports in their lives

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49
Q

what is audience seen as by those who control media content

A

a group than can be sold to advertisers

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50
Q

who sponsors sport programming in meda

A

99% sponsored by capitalist corporations

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51
Q

characteristics of new media

A

extend and change our connection with the world
not limited to sequential programming
enable us to be “editors”
give potential to create sport realities and experiences as spectators and virtual athletes

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52
Q

key aspects of sport simulating video games

A

gamers commit time to play
create own narratives and stories
social relations are formed
involves a diverse range of experiences, feeling,and interpretations
provide differend experiences than consuming TV sports

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53
Q

relation between sports and sport simulating video games

A

graphics nearly match reality
use of filters to make real image look like a video game
athletes use video games to train
children introduced to sports through video games

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54
Q

why did media probably not corrupt sports?

A

sports are not primarily shaped by media

media do not operate in a political and economic vacuum

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55
Q

do media depend on sport

A

most not
daily newspaper do
many TV companies do to fill programming schedule and attract male viewers + sponsors

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56
Q

trends in televised sports

A

fees increased since 1960
programming has increased
ratings for particular events have decreased
TV companies promote other programs at sport events

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57
Q

sport media relationship

A

strong for commerial sports
other sports uncovered
business based
promtion of lifestyles

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58
Q

what has effects on what sports we see or don´t see on TV

A

the fact that a few global media companies control most of the media representations

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59
Q

what do corporations that sell alcohol tobacco and unhealthy food use sport for

A

to product in connection with healthy activities

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60
Q

what are alternatives to sponsoring events

A

signage people, equipment and facilities

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61
Q

who makes decisions in large media companies

A

male executives who love sports

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62
Q

issues in many media companies

A

competition, domination and achievement from sports exists in comapnies too

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63
Q

issue with media and disablity sport coverage

A

usuallly fits in patronizing, curiosity, tragedy, inspiration, mystification, pity, surprise category

64
Q

irony about diabilty sports and media coverage

A

when athletes try to challenge sterotypes, media coverage creates “heroic supercits” and “courageous victims”

65
Q

themes and messges what media coverage is based on

A

success
consumption
gender
race/ethnicity/nationality

66
Q

success in media coverage

A

emphasis on winners, losers and final scores, big plays, hits, sacrificing self for team success

67
Q

examples for consumption in media coverage

A

this game is brought to u by

the … half time show

68
Q

gender in media

A

masculinity rules in media sports (nearly 6:1)
heterosexuality is assumed
homosexuality ignored
challenge ideas of feminity
media organizations male dominated/identified/centered

69
Q

sport coverage and race/ethnicity/gender

A

images and narratives based on racial ideology
stereotypes rare today
coverage pretends that race and ethnicity don´t exist

70
Q

when is nationality often a focus in media

A

during international events

71
Q

when may subtle stereotypes in sport media occur

A

in narratives about nationality

72
Q

what is watching TV sports integrate to

A

social relationships and networks

73
Q

for who does a link between consuming media sports and active sport participation exists

A

only who is already strongly committed to participation in sports

74
Q

relation between consuming media sports and attending sport events

A

positively linked at elite events

may decrease attendance at less elite events

75
Q

relation between consuming media sports and betting on sports

A

internet provides access opportunities

betting creates interest in sports but creates threat to fix events

76
Q

differences in sport journalists

A

some focus on entertainment, some on infomation

77
Q

when does the work of sport journalists matter

A

when it comes to cultural ideologies and public consciousness

78
Q

what creates tensions between players and sportswriters

A

differences in their salaries and backgrounds

79
Q

what has become more important for sports journalism

A

ethical issues

80
Q

sport media coverage in newspapers/magazine coverage

A 
information and interpretation
previews and summaries
written representations of events
success depends on credibility
highlights facts and dominant ideologies
may criticize sport personalities
81
Q

sport coverage in radio/TV

A

primarily entertainment
offers play by play
provides real time representation of ebents
success depends on hype and visual action
highlights heroic plays and dominant ideologies
supports sport personalities

82
Q

what are politics

A

processes of organizing social power
making decision that affect people in social worlds
determine who has power

83
Q

what are governments

A

formal organizations with power to make rules

84
Q

what is power

A

ability to influence people and achieve goals

85
Q

what is authority

A

form of power that comes with legitimate status or office in a government
established set of relations

86
Q

what are reasons for connection between government and sports

A

safeguard the public order
insurance fairness and protect human rights
maintain health and fitness
promote prestige and power
promote a sense of identity, belonging and unity amoing citizens
reproduce values consistens with dominant ideologies
increase support for political leaders
promote economic development

87
Q

what does government make rules about to safeguard public order

A 
what sports are legal
how sports should be organized
who ahs the right to play
where sports may be played
who can use public facilities
88
Q

what do governments do to protect insurance fairness and protect human rights

A

intervene when citizens are systematically excluded or subjected to discrimination

89
Q

examples of government action to protect fairness and human rights

A

title IX

90
Q

what was past government support based on to maintain health and fitness

A

playing sports improves fitness
fitness improves health
good health reduces medical costs

91
Q

what is recent government support based on to maintain health and fitness

A

illness is related to environmental factors
competetive sports have few benefits for productivity
Concerns about sport performance may increase athletes’ demands for health care

92
Q

what is government support based on to promote prestige and power

A

success in sports provides recognition and status for sponsoring governemnt

93
Q

example for promotion of power and prestige in sports

A

Olympic Games - hosts spend millions to gain international recognition and respect

94
Q

when do governments use sport to promote identity and unity

A

when change is rapid and widespread in society

95
Q

issues with sport based unity

A

its temporary and superficial

sports do not change realities of inequality

96
Q

what idea regarding success may sport promote

A

success is based on discipline, loyalty, determination and fortitude

97
Q

what are sports in antions with market economices linked to

A

competition and individualism

98
Q

when does value promotion through sports not work

A

when governments lack legitimacy

99
Q

what do most leader use sports for

A

to boost their legitimacy

governments fund sports to gain support of citizens

100
Q

why do governments use public funding to bid on major events

A

goal to benefit the entire city by bringing new recources

101
Q

examples of promotion of economic development through sport

A

governments using sport venue as centerpiece for new housing or business project
governments use sport events to host people that would invest in projects

102
Q

ideal of international sports

A

open communication lines

highlights shared interest

103
Q

arguments for interscholastic sports

A 
involve interest in activity and school
build self-esteem
enahnce fitness - lifetime participation
promote support
develop and reward values skills
104
Q

arguments against interscholastic sports

A 
distract attention from school
create comformity
too many injuries and spectators
waste recources
create pressure
105
Q

what are differences in experiences of high school kids due

A

participating in varsity teams or not

selection-in, filtering-out and in-season control

106
Q

what does the impact of sports participation depend on

A

the meainings given to it

107
Q

being a student athlete

A

is a source of status and popularity

108
Q

when are interscholastic sports most likely to be positive learning experiences

A

when they allow students to be noticed, rewarded and taken seriously
when they connect young people with adults
when they are linked to in-sports situations

109
Q

what do intercollegiate sports vary by

A

divisions
type of program and team
cultures in team
importance of sports in community/campus

110
Q

characteristics of big-time D1 schools

A 
emphasizes football or basketball
revenues can be high
scholarships given 
extensive travelling
high quality of competition
111
Q

relation between collegiate athletics and revenue

A

few teams or athletic departments make more money they spend

112
Q

athletes in big time programs

A

often on scholarship
high energy and time commitment
academics as strategic model

113
Q

why must information on grades amongst college athletes be qualified

A

Athletes often are overrepresented in certain courses and majors
Athletes often enter college with lower grades and standardized test scores

114
Q

graduation rates amongs big-time athletes

A

often shamefully low
females higher than males
black athletes higher than black students but lower than white athletes

115
Q

issue with some academic support programs for athletes

A

focus more on eligibility than on learning

adminstered by athletic departmnets not be faculty

116
Q

reforms in big time programs

A

set new guidelines

provide more support for athletes

117
Q

what can happen to sports in the future

A

can be reinvented, redefined and carged

118
Q

what will the meaning, purpose and organization of sport be based on in the future

A

collective decisions and actions of human beings

119
Q

models of thinking about sports and the future

A

power and performance sports

pleasure and participation sports

120
Q

power and performance sports

A

dominant in immediate future
corporate sponsors give priority to these sports
create more spectator than participants

121
Q

why are dominant sports going to be immediate

A

because they reaffirm doinant ideologies

122
Q

pleasure and participation sports

A

will grow when connection is over confrontation and domination

123
Q

when will corporate sponsors start supporting pleasure and participation sports int he future

A

when people question dominant ideologies

124
Q

what factors support the growth of pleasure and particiation sports

A

concerns about health and fitness
participation preference of older people
women´s values and experiences
groups seeking alternative sports

125
Q

what institude offers combined elements of power and doimination and pleassure and participation

A

college club sports

126
Q

what are often realities in international sports

A

often used to foster self-interst over international peace

ethnocentrism and nationalism have often been promoted

127
Q

who do conditions and events in international sports favor

A

interests of powerful nations

128
Q

what does the participation of poorer nations in global events usually depend on

A

assistance from wealthy nations

sport can be used to gain control over popular culture

129
Q

what does the olympic idealsm describe

A

seek to create a way of llife based in the joy found in effort

130
Q

what does interscholastic sports often negatively create

A

dominant ideologies related to gender, social class, and race/ethnicity

131
Q

new rules for D1 schools

A

academic progess rate

graduation success rate

132
Q

what strategies do high schools use to face budget problems

A

assess sport participation fees
depend on support from booster clubs
seek corporate sponsorship

133
Q

what may force schools to drop certain sports

A

injuries and increasing costs for protective equipment/insurances

134
Q

money spend on big-time colleges

A

increased 4 x faster than academic budget
no effect on academic qualities
no increase in alumni donations
no improve in game record
create wealthy gab between athletic departments

135
Q

primary issues causing uncertainties in interscholastic athletics

A 
budget inequality and costs
injuries
educational irrelevance
gender inequity
opportunities for students with disabilities
136
Q

educational (ir)relevance

A

the assumption

tension between core mission of uni and commercial values of sport

137
Q

gender inequity and interscholastic sports

A

most schools never experienced it

women underrepresented in leadership positions

138
Q

what do U.S. Department of Education guidelines require schools to

A

take sport participation of students with disabilities seriously

139
Q

issues in college sport programs

A

scandals and rule violations
likeness lawsuit
pay for players
disorted racial and ethnic priorities

140
Q

sport for people with disabilities

A

increase in disabled people by war, lack of med care

increase in recognition that people with disabilities desire to play sports

141
Q

technology to support people with disabilities

A

new tech facilitates sport participation

142
Q

what is miracle league and field grounded in

A

idealism

increase opportunities for young peole with disabilities

143
Q

what is conservativ goal: growth based on

A

belief that sports should expand and become more efficient in current form
Emphasizes management issues and improving performance

144
Q

what is reformist goal: improvement based on

A

belief that sports are positive and participation opportunities should be increased
Emphasizes social inclusion, equity, and fairness

145
Q

what is radical goal: transformation based on

A

belief that dominant sports are flawed and must be reorganized
Emphasizes a critical approach along with structural and ideological changes

146
Q

what does it requir to be an effective agent of changing sports

A

Visions of what sports and social life could and should be like
Willingness to work hard on the strategies needed to turn visions into realities
Political abilities to rally the resources that make strategies effective

147
Q

what do cultural theories explain

A

how people use power to maintain sports

148
Q

what does changing goals in relation to cultural theories require

A

changing symbols, vacabularies, beliefs, and ideologies

Empowering people to create sports on their own terms

149
Q

what do interactionist theories explain

A

people often resist reformist and radical changes

150
Q

what are goals of interactionst theories

A

reform and transformation (when combined with cultural theories)

151
Q

what does changing sports in interactionist theories require

A

Changing socialization processes, identities, and priorities

Developing alliances with people in sports

152
Q

what can goals of structural theories be

A

conservative, reformist, or transformational

153
Q

what do structural theories explain

A

social worlds are organized around values and interests and that changing sports has implications for overall patterns of organization

154
Q

what does changing sports as a structural theory require

A

Changes in relationships of organization

fairer distribution of resources and access to power and economic opportunities

155
Q

why do athletes focus predominantly on conservative goals

A

they have celebrity and market status, but little real power to reform or transform sports or society.

Kin 164 Sociocultural Perspectives (3 decks)

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