Midterm 3 Flashcards
What is an emotion?
Responses that vary in “goodness” to external stimuli and internal representations based on physiological reaction, begavioral response, and feeling
List 10 emotions defined by Izard
Joy Interest/excitement Surprise Sadness Anger Disgust Contempt Fear Shame Guilt
Describe the James-Lange theory of emotion
Physiological arousal comes before emotion
ex: racing heartbeat followed by feeling of fear
Describe the and Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
Physiological arousal and emotion happen at the same time
ex: racing heartbeat as experiencing fear
Describe two-factor theory
Also known as Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory, postulates that emotions have 2 ingredients: physical arousal and cognitive appraisal
What is the low road and high rode theories?
Low road theory is the idea of feelings before thinking (emotional reactions seperate from cognitive appraisa)
High road theory is the idea of thinking before feelings (we appraise an event as harmless or dangerous before emotions arise)
Low is more reactionary than High road
Describe the lesion and deficits of patient S.M.
Bilateral amygdala atrophy due to genetic disorder
Unable to identify fear in faces and has a selective reduced experience of fear
Therefore unable to avoid dangerous situations
Where is the lesion located in the human patients with Kluver-Bucy syndrome? What are their symptoms?
Damage in anterior temporal lobe in monkeys
Damage in amygdala in humans
Symptoms: Docility, hyperroality, dietary changes, visual agnosia, amnesia, hypersexuality
How is the amygdala involved in implicit memory as well as explicit memory?
Implicit
critical for acquisition and expression of an implicitly conditioned fear response
Explicit
necessary for normal, indirect emotional responses to stimuli where emotional properties are learned explicitly
can enhance the strength of explicit memories for emotional events by modulating storage
How is the amygdala and the orbitofrontal cortex involved in decision-making?
OFC damage leads to trouble in anticipating consequences of their actions and learning from mistakes
What are all the emotional processes that the amygdala has been shown to be involved in?
Implicit emotional learning Explicit emotional learning Dicision making, attention, and perception Social interactions (eyes) Fear (possibly other emotions)
How is the insula involved in emotional processing?
Necessary to be aware of our body states (thirst, itch, sensual touch, etc.) to experience emotion
Which brain areas have been implicated in processing of anger?
Anterior cingulage cortex and the orbitofrontal cortex
Has a single brain area been identified to be invovled in all emotions?
No single area is responsible
What is receptive and expressive language?
Receptive: brain derives meaning from auditory speech or visual language input (also called comprehensive)
Expressive: brain produces spoken or written language output to communicate meamning (also called productive)
What is anomia?
Difficulty finding words
What is Dysarthia?
Difficulty controlling the muscles in speech
What is Apraxia?
Impairment of motor planning of speech articulation
What is Aphasia?
Deficit in language comprehension or production
Broca’s area has been associated with speech production. What new information do we have on this topic?
Broca’s area may not play a role in individual word production, but coordinates the transformation of information processing actross large-scale cortical netwroks invovled in spoken word production
Basically connects representations of words in temporal cortex to motor areas for articulation
Wernicke’s area has been associated with speech comprehension deficits. How has this view changed?
No clear association with lesions in Wernicke’s area and Wernicke’s aphasia, including surrounding tissue
What is the mental lexicon?
The collective store of information about the semantics, syntax, orthography, and the phonology of words
What is the mental correlate of the mental lexicon?
Supports the idea that mental lexicon contains semantic networks of related meanings clustered together that may involve the temporal lobe
What is cognitive control? Executive function?
Processes that allow information processing and behavior to vary adaptively from moment to moment depending on current goals
What is executive function?
Set of processes that have to do with managing oneself and one’s resources in order to achieve a goal
Give an example of decision making
choosing between two different things
Five an example of selective attention
Listening to one conversation while tuning out others
Give an example of cognitive inhibition
Studying for a test and only focusing on certain information
Give an example of response inhibition
Wanting to eat a marshmallow, but halting so you can eat two later
Describe the AX-continuous performance task
AX-Continuous: clients are told that they will see or gear “one” or “two” and are to click the mouse when presented with a visual or auditory “one” and stop when presented with “two”. There were different frequency of presentation, leading to differing “brakes” on actions.
This tests selective and sustained attention
Describe the Stroop task
Names of colors in different colors, observe that it takes longer to process than normal
In an fMRI study of the Stroop task, which brain area was associated with maintenance of task goals and which area was associated with response conflict?
Lateral PFC represents task goal and the ACC monitors whether the goal is being achieved
Are subcortical areas involved in cognitive control?
Yes
What cognitive function is associated with the lateral PFC?
Short-term memory Inhibition of prepotent responses Selective Attention Behavior planning Setting behavior goals
What cognitive function is associated with the Frontal pole?
Memory retrieval
Multiple task cooperation
What cognitive function is associated with the Ventromedial PFC
Decision making
Emotion and reward
also referred to as OFC
What cognitive function is associated with the Medial frontal cortex: Anterior cingulate involvement
Error detection
Resolving conflict
Reward anticipation
Which disorders are associated with cognitive control deficits?
Addiction ADHD Autism Aging PFC lesions Neurological disorders
Describe deficits associated with PFC lesions
Deficits in planning complex behaviors: disorganized actions and strategies
Persevation: tendency to continue giving a particular response despite the change of context
Disruption of working memory
What is social cognition?
How the brain functions to support cognitive processes underlying social behavior
(How the brain supports the ability to know ourselves and other as well as make decisions about our social world)
Describe the positive symptoms of schizophrenia
asdf
What area of the brain shows reduced activity in Schizophrenia?
Frontal cortex
Describe the hallmark behaviors in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Shows little interest in other individuals or social interactions, choosing to focus instead on internal thoughts or inanimate objects
Prefer routines and repetitive behavior
Hypersensative
Is ASD associated with deficits in theory of mind?
Deficits in theory of mind (ability to infer the mental states of others) Do not distinguish eye gaze as a meaningful cue
Describe brain abnormalities in ASD
Head circumference
Birth versus first birthday
Reduced volume in frontal lobes, superior temporal sulcus, amygdala, cerebellu and hippocampus, hyperconnectivity in frontal lobe but decreased long rande connectivity
What is the default network and what cognitive function is it thought to serve?
Areas of the brain that are actibve at “rest” when not actively engaged in a task
What is theory of mind? What area of the brain is associated with theory of mind in terms of mental states
Ability of infer the mental states of others
Right TPJ
Describe the Sally-Anne False-Belief task
For a participant to pass this test, they must answer the Belief Question correctly by indicating that Sally believes that the marble is in her own basket. This answer is continuous with Sally’s perspective, but not with the participant’s own. If the participant cannot take an alternative perspective, they will indicate that Sally has cause to believe, as the participant does, that the marble has moved.
What area of the brain is involved in non-verbal cues and mental states?
Superior Temporal Sulcus: may be involved in integrating non-verbal cues and mental states
What is the self-reference effect?
Enhanced memory for information processed in relation to the self
What behavioral deficits are seen in patients with orbitofrontal damage by lesion or degenerative disease?
Likely to introduce impolite conversation topics in a structured conversation with a stranger
What role is the orbitofrontal cortex thought to play in cognition?
Understanding complex social rules
What is neuroeconomics?
Integrative field studying how people make value-based decisions
Describe the trolley and the footbridge problem
Scenario that tests whether a person would pull a lever to save multiple people’s lives by sacrificing a single life or whether they wouldn’t pull the lever.
Is brain activation the same or different when the moral dilemma involves a personal or an impersonal situation?
Personal dilemmas and impersonal dilemmas are associated with distinct patterns of activation
What is dualism?
Idea that the mind and body are two distinct entities that interact with eachother to make a person. Descartes reasoned that the mind and the body communicate with each other through a small structure at the base of the brain called the pineal gland
What is consciousness?
Awareness of ourselves and our environment
Wakefulness is necessary for consciousness (except in dreaming), but consciousness is not necessary for wakefulness
Describe core consciousness and extended consciousness
Core consciousness: overall arousal state of wakefulness
Extended consciousness: content of processing in the aroused/awake state providing a sense of self
Describe altered state of consciousness
Dreaming, drug/alcohol, meditation, hypnosis, persistent vegetative state
In what states do we lack consciousness?
Lack of consciousness: undreaming sleep, coma, general anesthesia, death
What do split-brain patients tell us about consciousness?
There is no one system generating our consciousness, right brain has a narrower state of awareness without access to language
What does blindsight reveal about consciousness?
There is a difference between being able to act on information entering the brain and being consciously aware of it
What does neglect reveal about consciousness?
That the right parietal lobe is important for spatial awareness
What does Clive Wearing’s amnesia case tell us about consciousness?
The hippocampus is important for extended consciousness
Implicit memory is outside the real of consciousness
Explicit memory is linked to consciousness
Do normal individuals have unconscious cognitive processes?
Yes, such as implicit memory, cognitive control, dreams, problem solving, motor control, and language
Describe subliminal perception and unconscious priming
Subliminal perception: photos flashed quickly, below the threshold for awareness. When the subject is asked to describe the neutral picture below, they are biased by the precious photo
What allows a stimulus to enter our conscious awareness?
Stimulus has to be sufficiently strong, the signals must be amplified by goal-driven attention to reach threshold of awareness
Describe neruoethical problems associated with consciousness
Can people really be held accountable for their actions if an action was out of theri conscious control?
