Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSC 135 - Cognitive Neuroscience > Midterm 3 > Flashcards

Midterm 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an emotion?

A

Responses that vary in “goodness” to external stimuli and internal representations based on physiological reaction, begavioral response, and feeling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

List 10 emotions defined by Izard

A 
Joy
Interest/excitement
Surprise
Sadness
Anger
Disgust
Contempt
Fear
Shame
Guilt
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the James-Lange theory of emotion

A

Physiological arousal comes before emotion

ex: racing heartbeat followed by feeling of fear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the and Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

A

Physiological arousal and emotion happen at the same time

ex: racing heartbeat as experiencing fear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe two-factor theory

A

Also known as Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory, postulates that emotions have 2 ingredients: physical arousal and cognitive appraisal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the low road and high rode theories?

A

Low road theory is the idea of feelings before thinking (emotional reactions seperate from cognitive appraisa)
High road theory is the idea of thinking before feelings (we appraise an event as harmless or dangerous before emotions arise)
Low is more reactionary than High road

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the lesion and deficits of patient S.M.

A

Bilateral amygdala atrophy due to genetic disorder
Unable to identify fear in faces and has a selective reduced experience of fear
Therefore unable to avoid dangerous situations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where is the lesion located in the human patients with Kluver-Bucy syndrome? What are their symptoms?

A

Damage in anterior temporal lobe in monkeys
Damage in amygdala in humans
Symptoms: Docility, hyperroality, dietary changes, visual agnosia, amnesia, hypersexuality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is the amygdala involved in implicit memory as well as explicit memory?

A

Implicit
critical for acquisition and expression of an implicitly conditioned fear response
Explicit
necessary for normal, indirect emotional responses to stimuli where emotional properties are learned explicitly
can enhance the strength of explicit memories for emotional events by modulating storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is the amygdala and the orbitofrontal cortex involved in decision-making?

A

OFC damage leads to trouble in anticipating consequences of their actions and learning from mistakes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are all the emotional processes that the amygdala has been shown to be involved in?

A 
Implicit emotional learning
Explicit emotional learning
Dicision making, attention, and perception
Social interactions (eyes)
Fear (possibly other emotions)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is the insula involved in emotional processing?

A

Necessary to be aware of our body states (thirst, itch, sensual touch, etc.) to experience emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which brain areas have been implicated in processing of anger?

A

Anterior cingulage cortex and the orbitofrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Has a single brain area been identified to be invovled in all emotions?

A

No single area is responsible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is receptive and expressive language?

A

Receptive: brain derives meaning from auditory speech or visual language input (also called comprehensive)
Expressive: brain produces spoken or written language output to communicate meamning (also called productive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is anomia?

A

Difficulty finding words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is Dysarthia?

A

Difficulty controlling the muscles in speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Apraxia?

A

Impairment of motor planning of speech articulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is Aphasia?

A

Deficit in language comprehension or production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Broca’s area has been associated with speech production. What new information do we have on this topic?

A

Broca’s area may not play a role in individual word production, but coordinates the transformation of information processing actross large-scale cortical netwroks invovled in spoken word production

Basically connects representations of words in temporal cortex to motor areas for articulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Wernicke’s area has been associated with speech comprehension deficits. How has this view changed?

A

No clear association with lesions in Wernicke’s area and Wernicke’s aphasia, including surrounding tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the mental lexicon?

A

The collective store of information about the semantics, syntax, orthography, and the phonology of words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the mental correlate of the mental lexicon?

A

Supports the idea that mental lexicon contains semantic networks of related meanings clustered together that may involve the temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is cognitive control? Executive function?

A

Processes that allow information processing and behavior to vary adaptively from moment to moment depending on current goals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is executive function?

A

Set of processes that have to do with managing oneself and one’s resources in order to achieve a goal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Give an example of decision making

A

choosing between two different things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Five an example of selective attention

A

Listening to one conversation while tuning out others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Give an example of cognitive inhibition

A

Studying for a test and only focusing on certain information

29
Q

Give an example of response inhibition

A

Wanting to eat a marshmallow, but halting so you can eat two later

30
Q

Describe the AX-continuous performance task

A

AX-Continuous: clients are told that they will see or gear “one” or “two” and are to click the mouse when presented with a visual or auditory “one” and stop when presented with “two”. There were different frequency of presentation, leading to differing “brakes” on actions.
This tests selective and sustained attention

31
Q

Describe the Stroop task

A

Names of colors in different colors, observe that it takes longer to process than normal

32
Q

In an fMRI study of the Stroop task, which brain area was associated with maintenance of task goals and which area was associated with response conflict?

A

Lateral PFC represents task goal and the ACC monitors whether the goal is being achieved

33
Q

Are subcortical areas involved in cognitive control?

A

Yes

34
Q

What cognitive function is associated with the lateral PFC?

A 
Short-term memory
Inhibition of prepotent responses
Selective Attention
Behavior planning
Setting behavior goals
35
Q

What cognitive function is associated with the Frontal pole?

A

Memory retrieval

Multiple task cooperation

36
Q

What cognitive function is associated with the Ventromedial PFC

A

Decision making
Emotion and reward
also referred to as OFC

37
Q

What cognitive function is associated with the Medial frontal cortex: Anterior cingulate involvement

A

Error detection
Resolving conflict
Reward anticipation

38
Q

Which disorders are associated with cognitive control deficits?

A 
Addiction
ADHD
Autism
Aging
PFC lesions
Neurological disorders
39
Q

Describe deficits associated with PFC lesions

A

Deficits in planning complex behaviors: disorganized actions and strategies
Persevation: tendency to continue giving a particular response despite the change of context
Disruption of working memory

40
Q

What is social cognition?

A

How the brain functions to support cognitive processes underlying social behavior
(How the brain supports the ability to know ourselves and other as well as make decisions about our social world)

41
Q

Describe the positive symptoms of schizophrenia

A

asdf

42
Q

What area of the brain shows reduced activity in Schizophrenia?

A

Frontal cortex

43
Q

Describe the hallmark behaviors in Autism Spectrum Disorder

A

Shows little interest in other individuals or social interactions, choosing to focus instead on internal thoughts or inanimate objects
Prefer routines and repetitive behavior
Hypersensative

44
Q

Is ASD associated with deficits in theory of mind?

A

Deficits in theory of mind (ability to infer the mental states of others) Do not distinguish eye gaze as a meaningful cue

45
Q

Describe brain abnormalities in ASD

A

Head circumference
Birth versus first birthday
Reduced volume in frontal lobes, superior temporal sulcus, amygdala, cerebellu and hippocampus, hyperconnectivity in frontal lobe but decreased long rande connectivity

46
Q

What is the default network and what cognitive function is it thought to serve?

A

Areas of the brain that are actibve at “rest” when not actively engaged in a task

47
Q

What is theory of mind? What area of the brain is associated with theory of mind in terms of mental states

A

Ability of infer the mental states of others

Right TPJ

48
Q

Describe the Sally-Anne False-Belief task

A

For a participant to pass this test, they must answer the Belief Question correctly by indicating that Sally believes that the marble is in her own basket. This answer is continuous with Sally’s perspective, but not with the participant’s own. If the participant cannot take an alternative perspective, they will indicate that Sally has cause to believe, as the participant does, that the marble has moved.

49
Q

What area of the brain is involved in non-verbal cues and mental states?

A

Superior Temporal Sulcus: may be involved in integrating non-verbal cues and mental states

50
Q

What is the self-reference effect?

A

Enhanced memory for information processed in relation to the self

51
Q

What behavioral deficits are seen in patients with orbitofrontal damage by lesion or degenerative disease?

A

Likely to introduce impolite conversation topics in a structured conversation with a stranger

52
Q

What role is the orbitofrontal cortex thought to play in cognition?

A

Understanding complex social rules

53
Q

What is neuroeconomics?

A

Integrative field studying how people make value-based decisions

54
Q

Describe the trolley and the footbridge problem

A

Scenario that tests whether a person would pull a lever to save multiple people’s lives by sacrificing a single life or whether they wouldn’t pull the lever.

55
Q

Is brain activation the same or different when the moral dilemma involves a personal or an impersonal situation?

A

Personal dilemmas and impersonal dilemmas are associated with distinct patterns of activation

56
Q

What is dualism?

A

Idea that the mind and body are two distinct entities that interact with eachother to make a person. Descartes reasoned that the mind and the body communicate with each other through a small structure at the base of the brain called the pineal gland

57
Q

What is consciousness?

A

Awareness of ourselves and our environment

Wakefulness is necessary for consciousness (except in dreaming), but consciousness is not necessary for wakefulness

58
Q

Describe core consciousness and extended consciousness

A

Core consciousness: overall arousal state of wakefulness

Extended consciousness: content of processing in the aroused/awake state providing a sense of self

59
Q

Describe altered state of consciousness

A

Dreaming, drug/alcohol, meditation, hypnosis, persistent vegetative state

60
Q

In what states do we lack consciousness?

A

Lack of consciousness: undreaming sleep, coma, general anesthesia, death

61
Q

What do split-brain patients tell us about consciousness?

A

There is no one system generating our consciousness, right brain has a narrower state of awareness without access to language

62
Q

What does blindsight reveal about consciousness?

A

There is a difference between being able to act on information entering the brain and being consciously aware of it

63
Q

What does neglect reveal about consciousness?

A

That the right parietal lobe is important for spatial awareness

64
Q

What does Clive Wearing’s amnesia case tell us about consciousness?

A

The hippocampus is important for extended consciousness
Implicit memory is outside the real of consciousness
Explicit memory is linked to consciousness

65
Q

Do normal individuals have unconscious cognitive processes?

A

Yes, such as implicit memory, cognitive control, dreams, problem solving, motor control, and language

66
Q

Describe subliminal perception and unconscious priming

A

Subliminal perception: photos flashed quickly, below the threshold for awareness. When the subject is asked to describe the neutral picture below, they are biased by the precious photo

67
Q

What allows a stimulus to enter our conscious awareness?

A

Stimulus has to be sufficiently strong, the signals must be amplified by goal-driven attention to reach threshold of awareness

68
Q

Describe neruoethical problems associated with consciousness

A

Can people really be held accountable for their actions if an action was out of theri conscious control?

PSC 135 - Cognitive Neuroscience (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions