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PSC 135 - Cognitive Neuroscience > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is object recognition and what is it’s goal?

A

Analysis of the shape and form of something

The aim is to identify and determine the object and location

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2
Q

What is the hierarchical coding hypothesis?

A

Idea that we recognize objects by building up recognition of features.
Features > Conjunction of features > Component shape > Object

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3
Q

What is the grandmother cell theory and how credible is it as an explanation to how we recognize things?

A

Idea that specific neurons code for specific stimuli (such as your grandma)
Not accurate as we know activation of neurons isn’t specific to a stimulus

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4
Q

What is the ensemble theory?

A

Idea that collective of neurons code for stimulus

Much more accurate than the grandmother cell theory

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5
Q

Describe the Ventral pathway and the evidence that supports it

A

The What path, located along the Parietal

Responsible for object perception and recognition

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6
Q

Describe the Dorsal pathway and the evidence that supports it

A

The Where path, located along the Temporal

Responsible for spatial perception

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7
Q

How is the auditory system similar to pathways for object recognition?

A

Where and What are split
Anterior auditory cortex encodes patterns (What)
Posterior auditory cortex encodes spatial location (Where)

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8
Q

How does the motor system play a role in object recognition?

A

Our kinesthetic sense gives us an idea of how we can manipulate an object, giving us clues to what the object may be

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9
Q

What is category-based hypothesis of organization of semantic knowledge?

A

Idea that semantic knowledge is organized by categorization of objects (alive vs. dead, animate vs. inanimate)
Discovered to be less effective/accurate

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10
Q

What is property-based hypothesis of organization of semantic knowledge?

A

Idea that semantic knowledge is organized by the properties and qualities of objects
Found to be more accurate by computer simulations

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11
Q

What is agnosia?

A

Inability to interpret sensation and thus hinder recognition of things
Usually results from brain damage

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12
Q

What is visual agnosia?

A

Deficit in visual recognition

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13
Q

What is optic ataxia?

A

Inability to reach for something you are looking at

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14
Q

What is apperceptive agnosia?

A

Ability to recognize something but not at odd angles

Lesions in right hemisphere, parietal, occipital

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15
Q

What is integrative agnosia?

A

Cannot put features together to recognize the object

Lesions in extrastriate cortex

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16
Q

What is associative agnosia?

A

Most severe type of agnosia
Able to perceive objects but cannot assign meaning
Lesions in bilateral inferior occipitotemporal cortex

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17
Q

Which region of the brain is involved in facial recognition and why is it controversial?

A

Fusiform face area, found in the ventral temporal lobe

Controversial as not sure if it is face specific or expert specific

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18
Q

What is the parahippocampal area (PPA) and posterior parietal cortex responsible for in recognition?

A

Information about places and scenes

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19
Q

What is the lateral occipital cortex and anterior inferior temporal cortex responsible for in recognition?

A

Object recognition

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20
Q

What is the fusiform gyrus and the superior temporal sulcus responsible for in recognition?

A

Face recognition

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21
Q

What is the posterior parietal responsible for in recognition?

A

Visually guided actions

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22
Q

What is attention?

A

Process by which the mind chooses from various stimuli that strike the sense at any given moment

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23
Q

What is voluntary attention?

A

Attention we are manually controlling

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24
Q

What is reflective attention?

A

Attention we are not in control of (automatic)

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25
Q

What is covert attention?

A

Focusing on something while attending to something else discreetly

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26
Q

What is overt attention?

A

Actively attending to something

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27
Q

What is change blindness and what does it tell us about attention?

A

When you cannot remember something unless you pay attention to it
Shows that there is limited capacity to our attention system

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28
Q

Describe Broadbent’s early selection theory

A

Stimuli is filtered (selected to be attended to) at an early point in processing.
Problem was that unselected stimuli still get attention

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29
Q

Describe the late selection theory

A

Everything from sensory comes in, and only what we want is filtered through.
Problem in that a lot is taken in then thrown out

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30
Q

Describe Treisman’s attenuation theory

A

Things not attenuated are entered in but weaker

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31
Q

What is the cocktail party effect?

A

You are attending to a person and ignoring all the other conversations around you, but you can still attend to your name from other groups.

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32
Q

Describe the dichotic listening task

A

Subjects were asked to attend to one ear while distracting information plays in the other ear.
This task showed that much of unattended information is lost, but some information retained.
Proves that sensory processing is directed by attention and supports early selection models

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33
Q

Describe the symptoms of neglect and typical location of lesions

A

Patients tend to ignore one side of space (left side)
Lesions usually found on right parietal
Remember the failure is to attend not perceive
Also affects imagination and memory

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34
Q

What is Balint’s syndrome? Where is the lesion?

A

Severe disturbance in visual attention and awareness following bilateral damage to posterior parietal and occipital cortex
Simultanagnosia, Oculomotor apraxia, and Optic ataxia

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35
Q

What is simultagnosia?

A

A part of Balint’s syndrome, inability to perceive more than a single object at a time

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36
Q

What is Oculomotor apraxia?

A

A part of Balint’s syndrome, difficulty fixating the eyes

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37
Q

Describe ADHD statistics and facts

A

A neurodevelopment disorder associated with problems paying attention, excessive activity, or difficulty controlling behavior
Affects 5-7% children, 2-3% adults
Caused by genetics (dopamine receptor gene) and environment (exposure to teratogens reducing the size of prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex)
Treatment includes behavior therapy and stimulant drugs

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38
Q

Describe Posner’s spatial cueing paradigm

A

Participants fixate on a cross. An arrow cue indicates which part of the himishpere the participant should covertly attend to
The contralateral V3 and V4 were activated during the task

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39
Q

How does the visual system process visual information?

A

Color, shape, and motion are processed in parallel; but spatial attention is needed to bind the features that define an object

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40
Q

What is the frontal lobe’s role in attention?

A

Maintain vigilance

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41
Q

What is the Parietal (posterior) role in attention?

A

Orienting in space

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42
Q

What is the frontalparietal network role in attention?

A

Reorienting attention

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43
Q

What is the thalamic role in attention?

A

Reflective attention and attentional filtering

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44
Q

What is the superior colliculus role in attention?

A

Saccadic eye movement

45
Q

Does attention influence perception? Describe the study that demonstrates this

A

Yes

In a study involving radiologist, many did not perceive the gorilla when focusing on tumors

46
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction and how does it work?

A

a chemical synapse formed by the contact between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. It is at the neuromuscular junction that a motor neuron is able to transmit a signal to the muscle fiber, causing muscle contraction via release of ACh

47
Q

What is the role of primary motor cortex in motion?

A

Execution of movement

48
Q

What is the role of secondary motor cortex in motion?

A

Planning and control of movement

49
Q

What is the role of supplementary motor cortex in motion?

A

SMA (internally guided)

50
Q

What is the role of premotor cortex in motion?

A

PMC (externally guided)

51
Q

What is the role of association motor cortex posterior parietal cortex in motion?

A

Body position

52
Q

What is the role of prefrontal cortex in motion?

A

Deciding movement

53
Q

What is the role of area 8 in motion?

A

Eye movements

54
Q

What is the role of posterior cingulate in motion?

A

Executive motor control

55
Q

What is the role of primary somatosensory cortex in motion?

A

Body position

56
Q

What is the role of the basal ganglia in motion?

A

Important in selection and initiation of movement

Takes all options we have and looks for the option that gives us the most input

57
Q

What structures make up the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate (input), putamen, globus pallidus (output)

Also subthalamus and substantia nigra

58
Q

How is the cerebellum involved in motor function?

A

Cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth and balanced muscular activity
Unusual features is ipsilateral organization

59
Q

How does the stretch reflex in the knee work?

A

When the knee is stretched and then hammer causes quad to contract
This helps maintain stability of legs after unexpected impact (not under cognitive control, though can control whether it happens consciously)

60
Q

What are central pattern generator ?

A

Circuits that can generate an entire sequence of actions without any external feedback signals (walking, breathing, etc.)

61
Q

Describe the symptoms and location of lesions in hemiplegia

A

Disorder resulting from contralateral loss of voluntary movement (loss of movement to one side of body)
Due to lesions to primary motor cortex

62
Q

Describe the symptoms and location of lesions in apraxia

A

Impaired motor planning, normal strength but cannot link gestures to meaningful actions
Due to left hemisphere secondary motor cortex lesions

63
Q

Cause, symptoms, and treatment of Huntington’s disease

A

Caused by autosomal dominant gene
Symptoms include severe, involuntary jerking movement (chorea), hyperkinsia (excessive movement), dementia, and finally death
No treatment

64
Q

Cause, symptoms, and treatment of Parkinson’s disease

A

Caused by genetics, aging
Symptoms include reduced movement, slowness of movement, restin tremor, posural instability
L-DOPA, stem cells for treatment

65
Q

Cause, symptoms, and treatment of Multiple sclerosis

A

Caused by genetics or environment
Symptoms include muscle spasms, vision problems, difficulty walking
Drugs that inhibit immune system can manage symptoms

66
Q

What are mirror neurons?

A

Distributed network of neurons that respond when we do something and when we see it done

67
Q

What is the relationship between memory and learning?

A

Learning is the process of acquiring new information while memory is the outcome of learning (how changes are stored and subsequently reactivated)

68
Q

Describe the Atkinson and Shiffrin model of memory

A

Sensory input enters sensory registry, converted to short term storage depending on attention, then to long term with rehersal

69
Q

What is iconic memory?

A

Immediate memory

lasts less than a second

70
Q

What is echoic memory?

A

Longer than iconic

lasts 3 seconds

71
Q

What’s the duration and capacity of sensory memory?

A

Brief transient sensory store
<1 sec to <3 sec
high capacity

72
Q

What’s the duration and capacity of short term memory?

A

Area to rehearse information so it can be recalled from LTM
seconds to minutes
capacity: 7 +/- 2 chunks

73
Q

What’s the duration and capacity of LTM?

A

Categorized into implicit and explicit

capacity is high and can last years

74
Q

What is the difference between implicit and explicit memory?

A

Implicit is nonconscious memoy also known as nondeclarative

Explicit or declarative memory is the conscious memory further split into semantic and episodic.

75
Q

What’s the difference between semantic and episodic memory?

A

Semantic is the facts and knowledge

Episodic is the experience-based memory

76
Q

What is working memory?

A

A limited capacity store for retaining information over the short term

77
Q

What is chunking?

A

Remembering chunks of information to increase maximum retention in short term memory

78
Q

What is encoding?

A

Forming a memory representation in the brain

79
Q

What is acquisition?

A

Sensory stimuli make the cut into STM

80
Q

What is consolidation?

A

Changes in the brain stabilize a memory over time, resulting in LTM storage (maintenance of information)

81
Q

What is retrieval?

A

Process of accessing stored memories

82
Q

What is recollection?

A

Retrieval of information out of storage to consciousness

83
Q

What is familiarity?

A

Identifying items you previously learned

84
Q

What is relearning?

A

Learning something more quickly when you’ve learned it before

85
Q

What is serial position effect?

A

Tendency of a person to recall the first and last items in a series best compared to middle

86
Q

What are false memories?

A

Memory that has been put in your mind through priming words, but wan’t actually said. Words similar to needle, and you recall needle despite it never being said

87
Q

Describe HM case study

A

Removed medial temporal lobes including the hippocampus, amygdala, and some cortex
He was unable to make new long-term episodic memories

88
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

Can’t recall past memories

89
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Short term memory intact but cannot make new long-term memories
More common

90
Q

What is infantile amnesia?

A

Inability of adults to retrieve episodic memories before the age of 2-4 years
Nature: due to progressive brain development
Nurture: cultural differences in the age ar first memory

91
Q

What structures in the brain are invovled in declarative memory?

A

MTL including hippocampus

92
Q

What structures of the brain are involved in nondeclarative memory?

A

Cerebellum and basal ganglia

93
Q

What is dementia?

A

A loss of cognitive abilities such as memory, perception, verbal ability, and judgement

94
Q

Describe the cause, symptoms, brain changes, and treatment for Alzheimer’s disease

A

Cause: genetics, aging, cerebrovascular
Symptoms include slowly progressive memory loss, motor deficits, and eventual death
Brain change: atrophy in hippocampus
No treatment

95
Q

What is PIB imaging?

A

Radioactive analog of thioflavin T used in tomography scans through neurotissue
Allows investigation into Alzheimer’s

96
Q

How does episodic memory change with age?

A

Retrieval gets worse due to an increase in white matter disease as age increases

97
Q

What is the delayed match to sample task?

A

Having a monkey find where food is under an object to study memory

98
Q

Does the tissue surrounding the hippocampus contribute to memory functions?

A

Yes

parahippocampus, it is associated with successful memory retrieval

99
Q

How is the MTL involved in encoding of declarative memories?

A

Encoding long term activity in the hippocampus, parahippocampal and frontal cortex is necessary for long term memory

100
Q

How is the MTL involved in retrieval of declarative memories?

A

Hippocampus was selectively active for items corrtectly recollected

101
Q

What structure is involved in familiarity memory?

A

Perirhinal and entorhinal cortex

102
Q

How is the frontal cortex involved in memory?

A

Left frontal cortex houses episodic encoding or linguistic memory
Right frontal cortex houses episodic retrieval or spatial memory task

103
Q

What is the frontal aging hypothesis?

A

Normal age related cognitive deficits are mediated by cognitive deficits associated with prefrontal cortex dysfunction. PFC myelinates last and degrades first

104
Q

Is the parietal cortex involved in memory?

A

Yes

Successful memory retrieval is associated with activity in posterior parietal cortex

105
Q

Where are memories stored in the brain?

A

Memories are stored as distributed representations throughout the cortex, involving the areas in which they were perceived

106
Q

What is consolidation?

A

Process by which immediate memories are transformed into LTM

107
Q

What is the standard consolidation theory?

A

Hippocampus is used to form memories that become LTM, but it isn’t used for retrieval once it becomes LTM

108
Q

What is the Multiple trace theory?

A

Hippocampus is used to encode and store memories but not used in retrieval except for highly contextual episodic memories

109
Q

What is LTP (long term potentiation)?

A

A long lasting strenghening of the response of a postsynaptic nerve cell to stimulation across the synapse that occurs with repeated stimulation and id thought to be related to learning and long-term memory

PSC 135 - Cognitive Neuroscience (3 decks)

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