Midterm 3 Flashcards
monogastric
- one stomach
- ex. humans, pigs, horses
polygastric / ruminant
- multiple stomachs
- ex. cow, goat, sheep, deer
- utilizes lower quality forages, higher fiber feeds
rumen capacity of an adult cow
- 50 gal
- largest chamber (80%)
rumen capacity of calf
- rumen less developed
- 20% of stomach volume
rumen fermentation
microbes in rumen break down cellulose, lignin, and less digestible feed
rumen synthesis
- microbes get a constant, hospitable environment
- cow can digest more types of feed
reticulum
- “catch-all” / grabs accidentally ingested materials
- ex. metallic items would drop in it wen eaten
hardware disease
- too much metal was ingested and sitting in reticulum near heart
- prevention: insert magnets into reticulum
omasum
- “many plies”
- retrieves water from digestive material
abomasum
- “true stomach”
- protein digestion with pepsin and rennin
- hydrochloric acid denatures by lowering pH
- acidic / low pH
lower digestive tract
- protein, fat digestion
- compaction of feces
calf abomasum
- largest chamber
- 72%
nutrient requirements for maintenance
- nutrients maintain basic level of existence (heart, muscle movement, temp, digestion)
- depend on body size (bigger animal = more maintenance)
nutrient requirements for growth
- necessary for laying down new bone / muscle tissue
- depend on age / lactation stage (1st (20%) and 2nd (10%) lactation = more nutrients)
nutrient requirements for reproduction
- necessary to develop growing fetus
- depend on stage of pregnancy (only up food on last 2 months/ 7 months or greater)
nutrient requirements for milk production
- necessary to provide energy, minerals, protein to produce milk
- depend on high milk production and % butterfat being produced (high = more nutrients)
what is the single largest contributor to cost of producing milk?
feed ration
characteristics of a desirable ration
- penns v bf
- palatability
- economical
- nutritionally balanced
- no adverse effects (toxicity)
- succulence
- variety
- bulk
- fiber / laxative
essential nutrients
- proteins
- energy
- vitamins
- minerals
- water
commonly used concentrate feeds
-concentrated forms of energy:
-corn
-oats
-barely
-cottonseed (whole or meal)
soybeans (whole or meal)
roughages (forages)
- > 18% fiber
- alfalfa hay
- oat hay
- pasture
- corn silage
- green chop
other novelty feeds
- brewer’s grains, byproducts
- beet pulp
- citrus pulp
- almond hulls
- bakery waste
nutritional benefit
what does it cost vs what does it give you
milk fever
- nutritional disturbance not disease
- happens around calving
- limit calcium feeding when dry
milk fever symptoms
- cold ears
- muscle shivers
- stumbling
- can’t get up
DCAD
dietary anion cation difference
% of body weight cow will eat in roughages fed as hay
1-2%
1 lb hay =
- 3 lbs silage
- 4 lbs green chop
DA
- displaced abomasum
- too much concentrate is fed
dry matter to concentrate ratio
no less than 40% dry matter as roughage and no more than 60% from concentrates
urea
- non-protien nitrogen source
- inorganic (not carbon based)
- supplies 2.8 times more nitrogen than proteins
- do not use more than 200 g/cow/day
- bad taste
parturition
- giving birth
- remember good calf management comes before birth
signs of approaching calving date
- restlessness
- discharge from vulva
- pelvic area relaxes (relaxin)
- swelling (edema)
- leaking milk (oxytocin)
calving area requirements
- celan
- dry
- draft-free
- adequate ventilation
- open air best
dystocia
- difficult birthing
- large calf, twins, bad birthing positions
what do you do right after calf is born
-make sure it’s breathing
-tickle nose
drain airway with gravity
what do you do within 30 min of calf birth
- feed calf colostrum (10% of calf’s body weight in colostrum)
- dip navel in disinfectant
care for dam after calving
- make sure cow gets up
- give cow water
- check for expulsion of placenta (4-48hr after)
- watch for milk fever or metabolic probs
which cow gives the best colostrum
colostrum from older cow is better tan colostrum from 1st calf cow
about ___% of the time no assistance is needed for heifers
65%
about ___% of the time no assistance is needed for cows after 2 calves
80%
colostrum % solids and protein
- 23.9% solids
- 14% protein
whole milk % solids and protein
- 12.9% solids
- 4% protein
more colostrum fed to newborn calves =
more calves live / better mortality rate
calf identification
- ear tags (NP)
- tattoos (P)
- branding (P)
- photos and drawing
- registration certificates
Poly Blackstar Rose
Poly (always same) Blackstar (sire) Rose (dam)
top side of pedigree
- sire
- paternal
- paternal grand sire
bottom side of pedigree
- dam
- maternal
- maternal grand dam
calve’s mom’s dad?
maternal grandsire
management activities
- dehorning
- removal of extra teats
- vaccinations
- magnets
dehorning
-for safety of humans and other cows
electric iron dehorning
- less than 8 weeks old
- adv: bloodless, less infection opportunity
- disadv: slow
chemical paste dehorning
- chemically burns horn producing tissue
- adv: little/no bleeding
- disadv: other areas/ things could get burned
barnes dehorner
- pulls out horn like fencing
- adv: quick, can be used on older calves
- disadv: excessive bleeding, scars, open-wound / infection
tube scoop dehorning
- gouges out horns with pressure and twisting motion
- adv: ??
- disadv: bloody, easy to make mistakes, horn scum (misdirected bone growth after horn removal)
removal of extra teats
- supernumerary teats
- reason: get in the way of milking, unsightly
- clip off with scissors or scalpel
magnets
- prevent hardware disease
- insert in reticulum
- put in around 6 months after dehorning
cost to raise heifers
$50 per calf per month
contract heifer raising advantages
- expansion possibilities
- invest variety over more productive stock
- concentration of labor and management efforts
- might reduce replacement costs
contract heifer raising disadvantages
- finding a qualified, compatible contractor
- disease
- may not increase net income
contract heifer raising considerations
- be specific
- make sure vaccinations are updated
- permanently identify heifers
the contract for heifer raising could provide for
- kind, amount of feed, water, housing
- length of contract
- termination, repossession
- arbitration of disbutes
what is the #1 milk producing state in the US?
- CA (produces 19.5%)
- bring in more than we send out
how many dairy cows are in CA?
1.76 million
how many licensed dairy cow operations in CA?
1,420
how many pounds of milk are produced in CA?
greater than 40 billion
how many processing plants are in CA?
110
Dairy Council of California (DCC)
- dairy council of California
- mission: educate people about good nutrition and food pyramid
- funding: based on creamery product usage; several million $/yr
- target groups: teens, elderly, pregos, health professional
California Milk Advisory Board (CMAB)
- mission: generic advertising, sales of all dairy products, “real” CA cheese
- funding: $0.10/cwt of milk produced
- started in 1969
- budget: $40 million/ yr
- direction: dairymen from 11 districts plus one consumer advocate
- effects on milk sales: pos
- highest priorities: fluid milk, yogurt, cheese
organizations promoting dairy products
- dairy council of CA (DCC)
- california milk advisory board
- national, state dairy boards
- regional cooperatives, producers
- individual labels
class usage
processors must pay for milk according to what class it is being made from
grade A
milk eligible for any dairy product
grade B
milk eligible for non-drinkable dairy product
federal milk standards vs. CA milk standards
- CA standards exceed fed
- CA advantage
- more protein and calcium
state milk pool
-handles difference processors must pay for milk and what it is worth to them
quota
- determines profit dairy producers make
- highest price paid to diary producer for milk
- not dependent on what milk is being made into
- more quota = more product sold at premium price
- allocated in 1966-67
dairyman vs. processor
offer milk at different prices depending on which one
what the processor pays for vs. what the producer pays for
- processor: what they do with the milk (class)
- producer: quota
class 1
- fluid milk products
- lactose reduced products
- drinkable of any kind
class 2
- fluid creams
- sour cream
- yogurt
- buttermilk
- cottage cheese
- whipping cream
class 3
- frozen dairy products
- ice cream
- frozen yogurt
class 4a
- butter
- non fat dry milk
- powder
class 4b
- hard cheeses
- cream cheese
which class is the reference price
- class 1
- wholesale revenue
- highest income of all classes (4ab lowest)
reasons for quota to go up
- class 1 consumption goes up substantially
- new producers petition the state
- initial allocation was 110% of class 1 usage
if you know class 4 you know how to find _____
classes 2 and 3
base over base (B/OB)
-$ 1.70 less than quota
blend price
-weighted average price they get
production base
- equals original milk production for each dairyman during reference yr (66-67)
- fixed
overbase
- any milk shipped above and over production base
- generally lowest price level
federal support price
- intent to ensure constant access to dairy products
- served as a price floor
- replaced by margin protection plan
margin protection plan (MPP)
- replaced federal support price
- insurance for when difference between milk income and feed costs is really bad
milk pooling advantages
- payed based on quota not class (producer doesn’t worry what milk is getting made into)
- producer security trust fund (short term)
- independent agencies can administer pavements
- quota is freely transferable within 6 months
milk pooling disadvantages
- complicated
- discriminates against new producers
quality premiums
- milk with extra bonus
- ex. grass fed, Rbst free
- allows for producers to add to quota
how do you lose quota
don’t use it or sell it
transgenic
- animal that carries DNA from 2 different species
- ex. cows wit human DNA to excrete insulin in milk
transgenic applications on human medicine
- human insulin production
- TPA (prevent heart attacks)
- protein C (blood anticoagulant)
- significant antibodies
transgenic applications on host species
- genetic disease resistance
- improved production traits
genetic mapping
linking milk, semen, blood, or tissue with animal’s future production based on on DNA strands
success rate of transgenic animals
- now 1/100
- was 1/700
3 gene identified by genetic mapping so far
- casein
- lactoglobulin
- prolactin
K - casein
- AA, AB, BB
- BB associated with 3-12% more protein and cheese (B gene in jerseys more)
clone
group of genetically identical cells or organism derived from a single cell or organism
benefits of cloning
- clone most efficient producers for better production
- if all cattle cloned, observable differences could only be attributed to management flaws
- saves genetic potential
gender pre-selection with sperm
- sort X and Y sperm into separate tubes / flow cytometers
- X: florescent, greater mass
- Y: less glow after dye
infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IDR, Rednose)
- acute contagious respiratory disease
- not fatal unless phenomena develops
- can cause abortion in mature cattle
parainfluenza (PI 3, shipping fever)
- pasturella bacteria
- PI 3 virus
- stressful conditions
respiratory syncytial virus
- attacks lining of lungs
- causing pneumonia like condition
leptospirosis
- bacterial organism epic can be fatal in calves
- in cows, causes abortion and still birth
vibriosis
- venereal disease (transmitted at mating)
- can cause infertility, irregular estrus, early embryonic death
brucellosis (bang’s disease)
- contagious to humans/ zoonotic (Undulant Fever in humans)
- in cows, causes infertility and abortion
- vaccinated by vet only
- tattooed in ear for 1/4 and 1 yr vaccines
- vaccinated at 6 months
- # 1 mandated disease
passive immunity
- antibodies directly injected into animal
- ex. drinking colostrum
active immunity
- stimulates own immune system to actively create antibodies
- ex. vaccine
opsonization
process of B-lymphh making antibodies to coat bacteria making handles so it is easier for PMN to grad and eat the bacteria
opsonized bacteria
when antibodies coat the bacteria
how many pounds in a kilo
2.2 lbs
20% (multiply by .2)
- 2 yrs old (maintenance)
- 1st lactation (repro)
10% (multiply by .1)
- 3 yrs old
- 2nd lactation
