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DSCI 230 > Midterm 3 > Flashcards

Midterm 3 Flashcards

1
Q

monogastric

A
  • one stomach

- ex. humans, pigs, horses

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2
Q

polygastric / ruminant

A
  • multiple stomachs
  • ex. cow, goat, sheep, deer
  • utilizes lower quality forages, higher fiber feeds
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3
Q

rumen capacity of an adult cow

A
  • 50 gal

- largest chamber (80%)

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4
Q

rumen capacity of calf

A
  • rumen less developed

- 20% of stomach volume

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5
Q

rumen fermentation

A

microbes in rumen break down cellulose, lignin, and less digestible feed

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6
Q

rumen synthesis

A
  • microbes get a constant, hospitable environment

- cow can digest more types of feed

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7
Q

reticulum

A
  • “catch-all” / grabs accidentally ingested materials

- ex. metallic items would drop in it wen eaten

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8
Q

hardware disease

A
  • too much metal was ingested and sitting in reticulum near heart
  • prevention: insert magnets into reticulum
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9
Q

omasum

A
  • “many plies”

- retrieves water from digestive material

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10
Q

abomasum

A
  • “true stomach”
  • protein digestion with pepsin and rennin
  • hydrochloric acid denatures by lowering pH
  • acidic / low pH
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11
Q

lower digestive tract

A
  • protein, fat digestion

- compaction of feces

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12
Q

calf abomasum

A
  • largest chamber

- 72%

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13
Q

nutrient requirements for maintenance

A
  • nutrients maintain basic level of existence (heart, muscle movement, temp, digestion)
  • depend on body size (bigger animal = more maintenance)
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14
Q

nutrient requirements for growth

A
  • necessary for laying down new bone / muscle tissue

- depend on age / lactation stage (1st (20%) and 2nd (10%) lactation = more nutrients)

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15
Q

nutrient requirements for reproduction

A
  • necessary to develop growing fetus

- depend on stage of pregnancy (only up food on last 2 months/ 7 months or greater)

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16
Q

nutrient requirements for milk production

A
  • necessary to provide energy, minerals, protein to produce milk
  • depend on high milk production and % butterfat being produced (high = more nutrients)
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17
Q

what is the single largest contributor to cost of producing milk?

A

feed ration

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18
Q

characteristics of a desirable ration

A
  • penns v bf
  • palatability
  • economical
  • nutritionally balanced
  • no adverse effects (toxicity)
  • succulence
  • variety
  • bulk
  • fiber / laxative
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19
Q

essential nutrients

A
  • proteins
  • energy
  • vitamins
  • minerals
  • water
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20
Q

commonly used concentrate feeds

A

-concentrated forms of energy:
-corn
-oats
-barely
-cottonseed (whole or meal)
soybeans (whole or meal)

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21
Q

roughages (forages)

A
  • > 18% fiber
  • alfalfa hay
  • oat hay
  • pasture
  • corn silage
  • green chop
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22
Q

other novelty feeds

A
  • brewer’s grains, byproducts
  • beet pulp
  • citrus pulp
  • almond hulls
  • bakery waste
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23
Q

nutritional benefit

A

what does it cost vs what does it give you

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24
Q

milk fever

A
  • nutritional disturbance not disease
  • happens around calving
  • limit calcium feeding when dry
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25
Q

milk fever symptoms

A
  • cold ears
  • muscle shivers
  • stumbling
  • can’t get up
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26
Q

DCAD

A

dietary anion cation difference

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27
Q

% of body weight cow will eat in roughages fed as hay

A

1-2%

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28
Q

1 lb hay =

A
  • 3 lbs silage

- 4 lbs green chop

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29
Q

DA

A
  • displaced abomasum

- too much concentrate is fed

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30
Q

dry matter to concentrate ratio

A

no less than 40% dry matter as roughage and no more than 60% from concentrates

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31
Q

urea

A
  • non-protien nitrogen source
  • inorganic (not carbon based)
  • supplies 2.8 times more nitrogen than proteins
  • do not use more than 200 g/cow/day
  • bad taste
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32
Q

parturition

A
  • giving birth

- remember good calf management comes before birth

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33
Q

signs of approaching calving date

A
  • restlessness
  • discharge from vulva
  • pelvic area relaxes (relaxin)
  • swelling (edema)
  • leaking milk (oxytocin)
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34
Q

calving area requirements

A
  • celan
  • dry
  • draft-free
  • adequate ventilation
  • open air best
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35
Q

dystocia

A
  • difficult birthing

- large calf, twins, bad birthing positions

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36
Q

what do you do right after calf is born

A

-make sure it’s breathing
-tickle nose
drain airway with gravity

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37
Q

what do you do within 30 min of calf birth

A
  • feed calf colostrum (10% of calf’s body weight in colostrum)
  • dip navel in disinfectant
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38
Q

care for dam after calving

A
  • make sure cow gets up
  • give cow water
  • check for expulsion of placenta (4-48hr after)
  • watch for milk fever or metabolic probs
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39
Q

which cow gives the best colostrum

A

colostrum from older cow is better tan colostrum from 1st calf cow

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40
Q

about ___% of the time no assistance is needed for heifers

A

65%

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41
Q

about ___% of the time no assistance is needed for cows after 2 calves

A

80%

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42
Q

colostrum % solids and protein

A
  • 23.9% solids

- 14% protein

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43
Q

whole milk % solids and protein

A
  • 12.9% solids

- 4% protein

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44
Q

more colostrum fed to newborn calves =

A

more calves live / better mortality rate

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45
Q

calf identification

A
  • ear tags (NP)
  • tattoos (P)
  • branding (P)
  • photos and drawing
  • registration certificates
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46
Q

Poly Blackstar Rose

A

Poly (always same) Blackstar (sire) Rose (dam)

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47
Q

top side of pedigree

A
  • sire
  • paternal
  • paternal grand sire
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48
Q

bottom side of pedigree

A
  • dam
  • maternal
  • maternal grand dam
49
Q

calve’s mom’s dad?

A

maternal grandsire

50
Q

management activities

A
  • dehorning
  • removal of extra teats
  • vaccinations
  • magnets
51
Q

dehorning

A

-for safety of humans and other cows

52
Q

electric iron dehorning

A
  • less than 8 weeks old
  • adv: bloodless, less infection opportunity
  • disadv: slow
53
Q

chemical paste dehorning

A
  • chemically burns horn producing tissue
  • adv: little/no bleeding
  • disadv: other areas/ things could get burned
54
Q

barnes dehorner

A
  • pulls out horn like fencing
  • adv: quick, can be used on older calves
  • disadv: excessive bleeding, scars, open-wound / infection
55
Q

tube scoop dehorning

A
  • gouges out horns with pressure and twisting motion
  • adv: ??
  • disadv: bloody, easy to make mistakes, horn scum (misdirected bone growth after horn removal)
56
Q

removal of extra teats

A
  • supernumerary teats
  • reason: get in the way of milking, unsightly
  • clip off with scissors or scalpel
57
Q

magnets

A
  • prevent hardware disease
  • insert in reticulum
  • put in around 6 months after dehorning
58
Q

cost to raise heifers

A

$50 per calf per month

59
Q

contract heifer raising advantages

A
  • expansion possibilities
  • invest variety over more productive stock
  • concentration of labor and management efforts
  • might reduce replacement costs
60
Q

contract heifer raising disadvantages

A
  • finding a qualified, compatible contractor
  • disease
  • may not increase net income
61
Q

contract heifer raising considerations

A
  • be specific
  • make sure vaccinations are updated
  • permanently identify heifers
62
Q

the contract for heifer raising could provide for

A
  • kind, amount of feed, water, housing
  • length of contract
  • termination, repossession
  • arbitration of disbutes
63
Q

what is the #1 milk producing state in the US?

A
  • CA (produces 19.5%)

- bring in more than we send out

64
Q

how many dairy cows are in CA?

A

1.76 million

65
Q

how many licensed dairy cow operations in CA?

A

1,420

66
Q

how many pounds of milk are produced in CA?

A

greater than 40 billion

67
Q

how many processing plants are in CA?

A

110

68
Q

Dairy Council of California (DCC)

A
  • dairy council of California
  • mission: educate people about good nutrition and food pyramid
  • funding: based on creamery product usage; several million $/yr
  • target groups: teens, elderly, pregos, health professional
69
Q

California Milk Advisory Board (CMAB)

A
  • mission: generic advertising, sales of all dairy products, “real” CA cheese
  • funding: $0.10/cwt of milk produced
  • started in 1969
  • budget: $40 million/ yr
  • direction: dairymen from 11 districts plus one consumer advocate
  • effects on milk sales: pos
  • highest priorities: fluid milk, yogurt, cheese
70
Q

organizations promoting dairy products

A
  • dairy council of CA (DCC)
  • california milk advisory board
  • national, state dairy boards
  • regional cooperatives, producers
  • individual labels
71
Q

class usage

A

processors must pay for milk according to what class it is being made from

72
Q

grade A

A

milk eligible for any dairy product

73
Q

grade B

A

milk eligible for non-drinkable dairy product

74
Q

federal milk standards vs. CA milk standards

A
  • CA standards exceed fed
  • CA advantage
  • more protein and calcium
75
Q

state milk pool

A

-handles difference processors must pay for milk and what it is worth to them

76
Q

quota

A
  • determines profit dairy producers make
  • highest price paid to diary producer for milk
  • not dependent on what milk is being made into
  • more quota = more product sold at premium price
  • allocated in 1966-67
77
Q

dairyman vs. processor

A

offer milk at different prices depending on which one

78
Q

what the processor pays for vs. what the producer pays for

A
  • processor: what they do with the milk (class)

- producer: quota

79
Q

class 1

A
  • fluid milk products
  • lactose reduced products
  • drinkable of any kind
80
Q

class 2

A
  • fluid creams
  • sour cream
  • yogurt
  • buttermilk
  • cottage cheese
  • whipping cream
81
Q

class 3

A
  • frozen dairy products
  • ice cream
  • frozen yogurt
82
Q

class 4a

A
  • butter
  • non fat dry milk
  • powder
83
Q

class 4b

A
  • hard cheeses

- cream cheese

84
Q

which class is the reference price

A
  • class 1
  • wholesale revenue
  • highest income of all classes (4ab lowest)
85
Q

reasons for quota to go up

A
  • class 1 consumption goes up substantially
  • new producers petition the state
  • initial allocation was 110% of class 1 usage
86
Q

if you know class 4 you know how to find _____

A

classes 2 and 3

87
Q

base over base (B/OB)

A

-$ 1.70 less than quota

88
Q

blend price

A

-weighted average price they get

89
Q

production base

A
  • equals original milk production for each dairyman during reference yr (66-67)
  • fixed
90
Q

overbase

A
  • any milk shipped above and over production base

- generally lowest price level

91
Q

federal support price

A
  • intent to ensure constant access to dairy products
  • served as a price floor
  • replaced by margin protection plan
92
Q

margin protection plan (MPP)

A
  • replaced federal support price

- insurance for when difference between milk income and feed costs is really bad

93
Q

milk pooling advantages

A
  • payed based on quota not class (producer doesn’t worry what milk is getting made into)
  • producer security trust fund (short term)
  • independent agencies can administer pavements
  • quota is freely transferable within 6 months
94
Q

milk pooling disadvantages

A
  • complicated

- discriminates against new producers

95
Q

quality premiums

A
  • milk with extra bonus
  • ex. grass fed, Rbst free
  • allows for producers to add to quota
96
Q

how do you lose quota

A

don’t use it or sell it

97
Q

transgenic

A
  • animal that carries DNA from 2 different species

- ex. cows wit human DNA to excrete insulin in milk

98
Q

transgenic applications on human medicine

A
  • human insulin production
  • TPA (prevent heart attacks)
  • protein C (blood anticoagulant)
  • significant antibodies
99
Q

transgenic applications on host species

A
  • genetic disease resistance

- improved production traits

100
Q

genetic mapping

A

linking milk, semen, blood, or tissue with animal’s future production based on on DNA strands

101
Q

success rate of transgenic animals

A
  • now 1/100

- was 1/700

102
Q

3 gene identified by genetic mapping so far

A
  • casein
  • lactoglobulin
  • prolactin
103
Q

K - casein

A
  • AA, AB, BB

- BB associated with 3-12% more protein and cheese (B gene in jerseys more)

104
Q

clone

A

group of genetically identical cells or organism derived from a single cell or organism

105
Q

benefits of cloning

A
  • clone most efficient producers for better production
  • if all cattle cloned, observable differences could only be attributed to management flaws
  • saves genetic potential
106
Q

gender pre-selection with sperm

A
  • sort X and Y sperm into separate tubes / flow cytometers
  • X: florescent, greater mass
  • Y: less glow after dye
107
Q

infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IDR, Rednose)

A
  • acute contagious respiratory disease
  • not fatal unless phenomena develops
  • can cause abortion in mature cattle
108
Q

parainfluenza (PI 3, shipping fever)

A
  • pasturella bacteria
  • PI 3 virus
  • stressful conditions
109
Q

respiratory syncytial virus

A
  • attacks lining of lungs

- causing pneumonia like condition

110
Q

leptospirosis

A
  • bacterial organism epic can be fatal in calves

- in cows, causes abortion and still birth

111
Q

vibriosis

A
  • venereal disease (transmitted at mating)

- can cause infertility, irregular estrus, early embryonic death

112
Q

brucellosis (bang’s disease)

A
  • contagious to humans/ zoonotic (Undulant Fever in humans)
  • in cows, causes infertility and abortion
  • vaccinated by vet only
  • tattooed in ear for 1/4 and 1 yr vaccines
  • vaccinated at 6 months
  • # 1 mandated disease
113
Q

passive immunity

A
  • antibodies directly injected into animal

- ex. drinking colostrum

114
Q

active immunity

A
  • stimulates own immune system to actively create antibodies
  • ex. vaccine
115
Q

opsonization

A

process of B-lymphh making antibodies to coat bacteria making handles so it is easier for PMN to grad and eat the bacteria

116
Q

opsonized bacteria

A

when antibodies coat the bacteria

117
Q

how many pounds in a kilo

A

2.2 lbs

118
Q

20% (multiply by .2)

A
  • 2 yrs old (maintenance)

- 1st lactation (repro)

119
Q

10% (multiply by .1)

A
  • 3 yrs old

- 2nd lactation

DSCI 230 (3 decks)

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