DSCI 230 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

mastitis

A

inflammation of the mammary gland

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2
Q

4 classic symptoms of mastitis

A
  • swelling
  • heat
  • redness (or becomes bruise)
  • tenderness (pain)
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3
Q

annual dollar loss due to mastitis

A

$ 1.5 - 2 billion

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4
Q

cost dollar loss due to

A
  • milk income loss (65%)
  • treatment costs
  • culling losses
  • discarded milk
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5
Q

clinical mastitis

A

observable (SHRT)

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6
Q

subclinical mastitis

A

unobservable

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7
Q

mild clinical degree of mastitis

A
  • milk altered: no
  • udder affected: maybe
  • cow abnormal: no
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8
Q

severe clinical degree of mastitis

A
  • milk altered: yes
  • udder affected: yes
  • cow abnormal: maybe
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9
Q

parachute (systemic) mastitis

A
  • milk altered: yes
  • udder affected: yes
  • cow abnormal: yes
  • caused by coliform and s. aureus
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10
Q

major mastitis causing pathogens

A
  • coliform organisms
  • environmental strep
  • staph aureus (MRSA)
  • strep ag
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11
Q

environmental organisms

A
  • live in cows environment/ bed/ water/ fecal
  • most often occur inbtwn milkings
  • strep dysgalactiae
  • strep uberis
  • coliform organisms (fecal/ ecoli)
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12
Q

contagious organisms

A
  • spread from poor milking techniques, faulty milking equipment, or improper sanitation
  • staph aureus
  • strep ag
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13
Q

strep ag

A
  • only pathogen that can permanently be eliminated from herd

- can only survive outside of cow for few seconds

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14
Q

how many somatic cells does normal milk have

A

100,000 - 200,000 cells/ml

more in mastitis milk

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15
Q

macrophage

A
  • white blood cell / leucocyte
  • gate keeper/ 1st responder, signals to PMN
  • found in uninfected mammary gland
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16
Q

PMN (polymorphonuclear neutrophils)

A
  • white blood cell / leucocyte
  • get called in by macrophages after infection to destroy pathogens
  • found in infected mammary gland
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17
Q

dead secretory cells

A
  • productive cells dying off
  • not defensive
  • fewest number of cells
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18
Q

how many somatic cells does mastitic milk have

A

500,000 - 4,000,000 cells/ml (salty)

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19
Q

mastitic milk vs normal

A

mastitic:
-more PMN than macrophage somatic cell count
normal:
-more macrophages than PMN

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20
Q

phagocytosis

A

-process of phagocytes (macrophages and PMN) searching out, ingesting and killing foreign bacteria

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21
Q

why do cows get infections

A
  • insufficient number of leucocytes (previous or current infection, stress with calving)
  • leukocytes not functioning properly (blood vs milk differences, hormone influence)
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22
Q

mastitis detection tests

A
  • evaluate blood mammary gland leakage

- somatic cell count (SCC)

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23
Q

high scc / mastitic milk

A
  • decrease because produce ate a lower rate (fat, lactose, total casein)
  • increase of blood born components (sodium, chloride)
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24
Q

tests on bulk milk

A
  • SCC (can detect bug, but not specifically which one)
  • direct bacteriological screening (grow bacteria to tell pic bug) $$
  • conductivity, lactose, NAGase, BSA tests
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25
cow factors of mastitis
- udder / teat conformation - age - stage of lactation (dried off week, calving week) - heredity
26
environmental factors of mastitis
- feeding times / content (will lay down after milking unless food out) - housing - general sanitation
27
microbial factors of mastitis
- general sanitation | - minimizes but does not eradicate mastitis
28
5 point plan mastitis prevention
1. use good milking machines in correct manner 2. dip teats after milking 3. administer full series of antibiotics 4. treat each quarter 5. cull chronically infected animals (kill)
29
milk components that decrease due to mastitis (decreased synthesis)
- casein (2.8 -> 2.3) - lactose (4.7 -> 4.0) - fat (4.2 -> 3.7)
30
milk components that increase due to mastitis (leakage form blood)
- whey protein (.8 -> 1.3) - chloride (.091 -> .147) - sodium (.044 -> .06)
31
functional type traits
- feet, leg - udder - structure with reproduction
32
guidelines to evaluate dairy cows
1. cow sense / knowledge of cow parts 2. knowledge of ideal type for each breed 3. remember cows 4. fairness and honesty 5. patience with cows 6. fluent in dairy terms 7. dedication to practice
33
frame
- 15 % - silhouette of top line (withers to tail head) - wide rump - breed character - strength in front end - hooks to pins slope
34
rear feet and legs
- 20 % - strong feet and legs placed right - not puffy hocks - short strong flexible pasterns
35
dairy strength
- 25 % - cleanliness, sharpness, angles - strong looking - flat open ribs at angle
36
udder
- 40 % - smooth/ flat/ thick fore attachment - depth relative to hock (above hock good) - deeper crease/ cleft = stronger median suspensory ligament - teat placement
37
when are herds judged / classified
7 month intervals to see cows in different stages of lactations
38
animal analysis association (aAa)
- takes bull strength and cow weakness to produce desired offspring (corrective mating) - bull value resides in his daughters
39
puberty
period wen animal reaches sexual maturity
40
estrous cycle
- 21 days | - cycle of egg development, ovulation, migration, regression
41
etrus
- 12-18 hrs | - specific time during estrous when female is receptive to male
42
open vs. settled
open: not pregnant settled: recently diagnosed pregnant (40-60 days)
43
primary sex organ of male
testes
44
testes
- 1-4 degrees cooler tan body - drop when hot, hide when cold - produce testosterone (male sex hormone that develops secondary sex characteristics)
45
epididymus
- duct leading out of testes - absorbes (reducing fluid volume) - secretes (maintains sperm viability)
46
vas deferens
- duct connecting epididymis and ampulla | - ductus deferens
47
ampulla
- passageway for sperm - powerful muscle tissue - expulsion of semen from ductus deferens into urethra
48
urethra
passageway for urine and reproductive systems
49
accessory sex glands
1. seminal vesicles 2. prostate 3. cowper's gland (bulbourethral gland) - secrete fluid to increase sperm viability - secrete fructose and citric acid (buffers to resist changes in pH)
50
penis
-sigmoid flexure (s-saped curve) straightens wen excited to allow extension into vagina
51
sheath
- protective covering of penis in relaxed state | - grasped in AI (not penis!)
52
sperm secretion of bull
- 5 cc - 2 billion sperm per cc - 10 billion sperm overall
53
sperm secretion least to greatest
- ram (.8 - 1.2) - human (2 - 6) - bull (5) - stallion (40 - 100) - boar (150 - 200)
54
spermatogenesis
- bull produces less than stallion and boar | - total sperm productivity increases up until age 7
55
bull puberty
- occurs at 6-12 months (jerseys earlier than holsteins) | - used for regular collection at 18-20 months
56
ovary
- primary female reproductive organ - produces eggs, hormones, secondary sex characteristics - estrous cycle - maintains pregnancy (secreting progesterone)
57
graafian follicle
- blisters on surface of ovary - fluid filled cavity - produces estrogen
58
corpus luteum
- produces progesterone - thick yellow - maintains pregnancy
59
ovulation
- release of egg from ovary - 1 egg released per estrous cycle - born with all eggs
60
fallopian tube / oviducts
- where fertilization occurs | - sperm meet egg
61
uterine horns
where calf forms
62
uterine body
where AI straw is administered (just after cervix)
63
cervix
- physical barrier against outside entities - affects pregnancy bc many sperm cells die here - separates vagina and uterus - "non heat days" covered in thick mucus - estrus hours mucus is thin, clear, stringy
64
vulva
only visible part of cow
65
polyestrous
- year round ovulation, cyclic | - ex. cows, sow, rats
66
seasonally polyestrous
- ovulation on a regular cycle for a portion of the year | - ex. mare, ewe
67
diestrous
- twice a year | - ex. dogs
68
monoestrous
- one fertile period per year | - some birds, whales
69
signs of estrus
- mucus - mounting and riding other cows - standing to be ridden - off feed / milk production - bawling - nervous, excitable (pedometer track steps)
70
follicular phases of estrous cycle
- proestrous (1 day) - estrus (12 - 18 hrs) - ovulation 12 hrs after estrus (breed AI to match)
71
luteal phases of estrous cycle
- metestrus (7 days) | - diestrus (11 - 11.5 days)
72
cow puberty
- 6 - 9 months if fed correctly | - 800 - 850 lbs by 13-15 months old
73
gestation
283 days
74
parturition
- calving - holstein calf: 80-120 lbs - jersey calf: 45-80 lbs
75
1 ejaculate can impregnate ____ cows AI
300 cows
76
history of AI
- arabs started with mare - italians with dogs - russians with horses - denmark with cows (1936) - E.J Perry first us bull stud NJ
77
methods of AI
- copulation (spoon) - massage - electroejaculator - artificial vagina
78
electroejaculator
- most common in majority species, exotic animals, untrained | - disadvantage: muscle tremors, injury to bull, spermless ejaculate
79
artificial vagina
- preparation and procedure try to imitate natural conditions - temp (106-110 degrees) - lube - texture
80
semen evaluation
- concentration (enumeration) - motility (ability to move effectively) - viability (alive= clear, dead = blue / 85% live typical) - morphology (shape and form)
81
extender / semen dilute
- egg yoke (nutrients for sperm) - citric acid (prevents pH changes) - antibiotics (protect against disease) - glycerol (protect in negative effects of cooling and freezing in liquid nitrogen)
82
advantages of AI
- wider use / more daughters - higer quality semen - cost - disease control - injured bulls can do it - bull proving (through daughters) - danger w bulls
83
disadvantages of AI
- observe heats - semen care and handling - record keeping (cheats, semen inventory) - time - training
DSCI 230
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