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KIN 280 > Midterm 3 > Flashcards

Midterm 3 Flashcards

1
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes does each human have?

A

23 = 46 chromosomes total
- 22 pairs of chromosomes (autosomes) and 1 pair of sex chromosomes
- Each pair contains 2 chromosomes, 1 from each parent

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2
Q

What are gametes?

A

Ovum (eggs) and sperm
- Contain 23 chromosomes
- When egg and sperm fertilize, it contains 23 pairs

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3
Q

What parent determines sex?

A

Father
- Females are XX, male is XY

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4
Q

What are disorders of sexual development?

A

Intersex
- chromosomal sex is inconsistent with phenotypic sex (reproductive organs)
- Some individuals have both female and male anatomy

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5
Q

What is prenatal development controlled by?

A

Genes
- Leads to normal development or abnormal development
- Sensitive to nutrients, viruses, drugs, physical activity

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6
Q

What is embryonic development?

A

Conception to 8 weeks
- Differentiation of cells to form specific tissues and organs
- Limbs formed and heartbeat begins at 4 weeks
- Human form noticeable at 8 weeks
- Eyes, ears, nose, mouth, fingers and toes are formed
- Size of a bean

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7
Q

What is fetal development?

A

8 weeks to birth
- Growth by hyperplasia (increase in cell number) and hypertrophy (cell size)
- Cephalocaudal (head to toe) - head and facial features grow fastest, followed by upper body and slower growing lower body
- Proximodistal (near to far) - trunk advances first, then nearest part of limbs, then distal parts of limb

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8
Q

What is fetal nourishment?

A

Oxygen and nutrients diffuse between fetal and maternal blood in placenta
- Poor maternal health status can affects fetus

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9
Q

What is genetic abnormal prenatal development?

A

Trisomy 21 - Down syndrome

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10
Q

What is structural abnormal prenatal development?

A

Congenital heart defects
- Often no clear cause
- Genetic, exposures, diet, maternal disease

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11
Q

What are congenital abnormalities?

A

Wide range of abnormalities of body structure or function that are present at birth and are of prenatal origin
- Can be genetic or external

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12
Q

What is an external exposure abnormal prenatal development?

A

Teratogen - agent or factor that causes abnormal prenatal development upon exposure
ex. Rubella virus - harmful if exposed during first 4 weeks. Earlier exposure = more serious abnormalities

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13
Q

What are external causes of abnormal development?

A

Pressure, temperature, Xrays, pollutants

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14
Q

What is physical growth?

A

quantitative increase in size

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15
Q

What is development?

A

Continuous process of change in functional capacity
- ability to live, move and excel in the world
- Humans are always developing but change may be more or less noticeable at certain points

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16
Q

What is Maturation?

A

developmental process leading to a state of full function
- An adult like state
- Maturation implies progress toward physical maturity, state of optimal functional integration of individual’s body systems and ability to reproduce

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17
Q

What figure does growth follow?

A

Sigmoid (S)
- Rapid growth after birth, followed by gradual but steady growth during childhood, then rapid growth during early adolescence

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18
Q

When is peak height velocity? When does growth stop?

A

Girls
- Peak height velocity - 11.5-12 years
- Tapers off around 14, ends around 18
Boys
- Peak height velocity - 13.5-14 years
- Tapers off around 17, ends around 18

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19
Q

What pattern does weight follow?

A

Sigmoid

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20
Q

What is weight susceptible to?

A

Diet and exercise

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21
Q

When is peak weight velocity?

A

Boys - 2.5-5 months
Girls - 3.5-10.5 months

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22
Q

What is menarche?

A

First menstruation

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23
Q

Why is the age of menarche decreasing?

A

Diet, sedentary behaviour, low physical activity
- Physical activity reduces estrogen

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24
Q

What are factors associated with early menarche?

A

Risky sexual behaviour, Obesity, Diabetes, Cardiovascular disease, Breast cancer

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25
Q

What is the Tanner and Marshall scale?

A

Male development

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26
Q

What are sex differences in brain development?

A

Prefrontal cortex matures 2 years later
- Impulse control, planning, self-regulation, decision-making, judgment
Cerebellum reaches full size for girls at 11 and 15 for boys
- Modulates emotional, cognitive and regulation capacity

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27
Q

What are the sex differences in play?

A

Boys - Weapons and competition, play fighting
Girls - Domestic toys and play

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28
Q

What are the sex differences in aggression in play?

A

Girls - relational aggression - intentional harm caused to others by damaging social relationships or feelings of peer acceptance
Boys - physical aggression

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29
Q

What are the physiological assessments of maturation?

A

Ossification (hardening) of bones

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30
Q

Why can height decrease older adulthood?

A

Compression of cartilage pads
Osteoporosis - bone density loss

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31
Q

When does ossification begin?

A

6th or 7th week

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32
Q

How many neutrons are created every minute? (prenatal)

A

250,000

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33
Q

What do compact and spongy bone develop from?

A

Sheets of connective tissue

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34
Q

Where does growth in bone length occur?

A

Secondary ossification centres - epiphyseal plates

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35
Q

When does muscle mass stop increases?

A

Girls - age 13
Boys - 17 years

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36
Q

What percentage of body weight does muscle account for?

A

Women - 45%
Men - 54%

37
Q

What is adipose tissue used for?

A

Energy storage, Insulation, Protection

38
Q

When does fat increase until?

A

Rapidly until 6 months
- Gradually until 8 years

39
Q

Children have more ____ fat while adults have more _____

A

visceral, subcutaneous

40
Q

What is growth hormone?

A

Secreted by anterior pituitary gland
- Necessary for normal growth
- Deficiency can result in growth abnormality

41
Q

What do thyroid hormones influence?

A

Whole body growth

42
Q

What are gonadal hormones?

A

Influence on growth, sexual maturation

43
Q

What percentage of the adult weight is the brain at birth and at 4 years?

A

Birth - 25%
4 years - 80%

44
Q

What does the first 1000 days influence?

A

Everything!
- poor nutrition can cause irreversible damage to a child’s growing brain
- child that is read to, talked to, sung to, etc has better cognitive capacity, lives fuller more productive life

45
Q

What does osteoporosis cause?

A

rib cage collapse, stooped posture, reduced height

46
Q

What percentage of muscle is lost by age 80

A

30%

47
Q

What is the average weight gain from adipose tissue?

A

1.1-2.2lbs/year
women - 22lbs
men - 19lbs

48
Q

What is strength?

A

ability to exert force

49
Q

What age are boys and girls similar strengths until?

A

13

50
Q

Is strength training good for children?

A

Yes

51
Q

At what age does strength start to decrease?

A

After 30s
- Associated with muscle atrophy and loss
- Called sarcopenia
- Caused by malnutrition, age, lack of physical activity, genetics

52
Q

How do adolescent boys and girls differ with growth?

A

Boys - experience large spurt of growth in strength
Girls - continue with steady increase

53
Q

What is flexibility?

A

Ability to move joints through full range of motion

54
Q

Why are infants and toddlers more flexible?

A

Babies have more flexible cartilage
- As child grows some cartilage hardens and turns to bone, some bones fuse together
- Kids are also more active

55
Q

Why are girls more flexible than boys?

A

Flexibility exercises are socially acceptable for girls
- Girls participate in activities stressing flexibility (yoga, dance)

56
Q

When do adults really start to lose flexibility and why?

A

Age 50
Little used joints

57
Q

What is PNF stretching?

A

Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation
- most effective for increasing ROM

58
Q

What are the types of stretching?

A

static, passive, PNF, dynamic

59
Q

Does stretching improve performance?

A

It can actually decrease
- Temporary strength deficit (reduces explosive force)
- sprintin/jumping
- static stretching

60
Q

Does stretching reduce injuries?

A

High flexibility can increase injury risk

61
Q

What is the trend with children and cardiorespiratory health?

A

Trending towards reduced fitness
- High percentage of children have risk factors for heart disease
- Cardio endurance reflects ability to sustain vigorous activity

62
Q

What is aerobic exercise?

A

exercising at an intensity which you are able to take in enough or more oxygen than you need
- continuous movement fuelled by oxygen from the air you breathe
- body uses oxygen to make ATP

63
Q

Why can some people sustain more aerobic exercise than others?

A

Cardiac output
- how much blood your heart can pump out in 1 minute
- supplies muscles, tissues and brain O2
- average healthy person is 5L/min at rest

64
Q

How to increase cardiac output?

A

Increase stroke volume or heart rate
- Training

65
Q

What is anaerobic exercise?

A

Oxygen reserves and energy stores are used without oxygen
- Brief intense activity
- Not more than 2-3 mins
- Produces ATP by breaking down glucose (glycolysis)

66
Q

What changes as children age in anaerobic performance?

A

Energy reserves increase (muscle mass)
Tolerance of lactic acid
Anerobic power improves

67
Q

Why do children have a smaller output of anaerobic power?

A

Less muscle mass
Energy reserves are smaller

68
Q

What changes in aerobic performance as children age?

A

Children have smaller stroke volume and smaller cardiac output
- Compensate with higher heart rate
- Lower concentrations of hemoglobin

69
Q

What happens as children age? (aerobic)

A

Heart size increases
Hemoglobin concentration occurs
- ability to sustain exercise is related to body size and maturity

70
Q

What affects anaerobic performance in older adulthood?

A

Loss of muscle mass and type 2 fibres

71
Q

How much does maximal oxygen uptake per kg of body weight fall after 20s?

A

1%

72
Q

What changes occur in structure and function in adulthood

A

Loss of cardiac muscle, loss of elasticity in cardiac muscle, Thickening of left ventricle, Fibrotic changes in valves, Loss of elasticity in major blood vessels

73
Q

What is human movement based on?

A

Information about the environment and one’s position or location in it

74
Q

What is the difference between sensation and perception?

A

Sensation - sensory receptors detect sensory stimuli
Perception - organization, interpretation, and conscious experience of sensations

75
Q

What are the sensory systems?

A

Visual, kinesthetics, auditory

76
Q

What is acuity?

A

Sharpness of sight

77
Q

What is acuity in first month of life, at age 5 and age 10?

A

First month - 20/400
5 - 20/30
10 - 20/20

78
Q

What is presbyopia? And what causes it?

A

Affects ability to see nearby images
- Becomes clinically significant ~40
- older adults need more light in dim environments
Caused by less flexible lens

79
Q

What does visual perception involve?

A

Perception of :
- space
-movement
-objects

80
Q

What is the perception of space?

A

Requires perception of depth and distance
- Often derived from eyes being in different locations or movement of head

81
Q

At what age can children perceive depth?

A

6 months
- May err in judging depth until near-adult levels are reached
- Number of older adults who fail depth perception tests is higher than young adults

82
Q

What is the kinesthetics system

A

Gives us body sense (where we are in space)
- vital to ability to position ourselves, move in environment, identify objects we contact
Kinethesis provides sense of force, heaviness and effort

83
Q

Where does kinesthesis come from?

A

Proprioceptors

84
Q

What are the types of proprioceptors?

A

Somatosensors - located under skin, in muscles, at muscle-tendon junctions, in joint capsules and ligaments
- make us feel touch, pain, temp.
Vestibular apparatus
- houses receptors located in inner ear
- allows I=us to detect position and movement of heead in space
- enable hand-eye coordination, posture, equilibrium

85
Q

What is tactile localization?

A

Ability to identify without sight the exact spot on the body that has been touched

86
Q

When does manipulation become methodical?

A

~6 years

87
Q

What is the difference between pure dominance and mixed dominance?

A

Pure - favoured side is same for all body parts
Mixed - not the same

88
Q

What are kinesthetics changes with aging?

A

Some sensitivity may be lost
Proprioceptive acuity declines
Impairments in lower limbs may play role in loss of balance

89
Q
A

KIN 280 (2 decks)

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