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KIN 280 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q
A
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3
Q

What is motor development?

A

Change in movement behaviour over the lifetime

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4
Q

What is motor learning?

A

Relatively permanent gains in motor skill capability from practice or experience

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5
Q

What is physical growth?

A

Quantitative increase in size or body mass

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6
Q

What is physical maturation?

A

Qualitative advance in biological writeup (cell, organ or system advancement)

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7
Q

What is aging?

A

Process occurring with passage of time
- leads to loss of adaptability or full function, eventually death

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8
Q

What is Newell’s Model of Constraints?

A

Individual constraints (structural, functional)
Task constraints
Environmental constraints

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9
Q

What are individual structural constraints?

A

Related to body’s structure
- height, muscle mass

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10
Q

What are individual functional constraints?

A

related to behavioural function
- attention motivation, fear

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11
Q

What are task constraints?

A

specific to task or skill
- goal of task
- rules guiding task performance
- equipment

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12
Q

What are environmental constraints?

A

Constraint from outside of body, from the world around us
- physical (gravity, surface)
- sociocultural (gender roles, cultural norms)

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13
Q

What is atypical development?

A

disabilities - differences in structural or functional individual constraints
- may result in delayed or different motor development
- in extreme cases - may arrest development and no further development in observed ex. cerebral palsy

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14
Q

What is longitudinal research design?

A

Individual or group is observed over a period of time
- Requires long period of observation

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15
Q

What is a cross-sectional research design?

A

Individuals or groups of different ages are observed
- Change is inferred not observed

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16
Q

What is a sequential/mixed longitudinal research design?

A

Mini longitudinal studies with overlapping ages

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17
Q

What is a meta-analysis research design?

A

Integrates effects observed in many studies

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18
Q

What is a systematic review research design?

A

Many studies are compared and contrasted

19
Q

What is the paradox in motor development?

A

Universality - individuals in species show great similarities in development
Variability - individual differences exist

20
Q

What is a motor skill?

A

A function which involves the precise movement of muscles with the intent to perform a specific act

21
Q

What are the 4 common characteristics of a motor skill?

A
  1. There is a goal to achieve
  2. Performed voluntarily
  3. Body/limb movement
  4. Need to be learned
22
Q

What are the 1-dimensional classification systems for motor skills? (3)

A
  1. Size of musculature (gross vs. fine)
  2. Distinctiveness of movements (discrete, serial, continuous)
  3. Stability of environment (closed vs. open)
23
Q

What is the difference between performance outcome measures and performance process measures?

A

Outcome - measures outcome or results of performing a motor skill
- doesn’t tell you how outcome was achieved
Process - How results were achieved

24
Q

What are the performance outcome measures? (3)

A

Reaction time, movement time, performance error

25
Q

What are performance process measures? (4)

A

Kinematics, Kinetics, Electromyography, Coordination

26
Q

What are the different reaction times? (3)

A

Simple RT - 1 signal, 1 response
Choice RT - multiple signals, multiple responses
Discrimination RT - multiple signals, 1 response

27
Q

What are the 2 parts of reaction time?

A

Pre-motor time - time between signal and first change in muscle activity (EMG)
Motor time - time between first muscle EMG activity and observable movement

28
Q

What is movement time?

A

Time between start of a movement and its completion

29
Q

What are performance error measures? (3)

A

Absolute error - estimate overall size of error
Constant error - overall direction of error
Variable error - standard deviation of performance

30
Q

What are the kinematics measures?

A

Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration

31
Q

What does kinetics measure?

A

Internal and external forces acting on the body

32
Q

What does electromyography measure?

A

Electrical activity in the muscle

33
Q

What does coordination measure?

A

spatial and temporal relationships of limb segments
- relationships of limbs in time and space

34
Q

What are the steps of the information processing model? (8)

A

Input, sensory system, perceptual system, processor, memory, response organization, effectors, output

35
Q

What is the difference between performance and learning?

A

Performance - observable behaviour
Learning - inferred from performance

36
Q

What can affect performance other than learning?

A

reflexes, maturation, luck, strong teammates, motivation, incentives

37
Q

How can we know that learning has occurred? (3)

A
  • Change over time
  • More consistent performance
  • Change is relatively permanent
38
Q

When might learning occur without performance getting better?

A

Cognitive stage

39
Q

What is the cognitive stage of learning?

A

Large number of errors
- Gross errors
- Highly variable performance
- High cognitive involvement

40
Q

What is the associative stage of learning?

A

Fewer errors
- ability to detect own errors
- basic fundamentals have been learned
- decreased variability
- types of errors made are more consistent

41
Q

What is the autonomous stage of learning?

A

Skill becomes automatic
- little error (errors often decisional )
- internal standard of performance

42
Q

What are the ways performance can occur? (3)

A

Real
Imagery/Mental practice
Observational/Vicarious

43
Q
A

KIN 280 (2 decks)

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