Exam 1

Question 3

What is motor development?

Answer 3

Change in movement behaviour over the lifetime

Question 4

What is motor learning?

Answer 4

Relatively permanent gains in motor skill capability from practice or experience

Question 5

What is physical growth?

Answer 5

Quantitative increase in size or body mass

Question 6

What is physical maturation?

Answer 6

Qualitative advance in biological writeup (cell, organ or system advancement)

Question 7

What is aging?

Answer 7

Process occurring with passage of time
- leads to loss of adaptability or full function, eventually death

Question 8

What is Newell’s Model of Constraints?

Answer 8

Individual constraints (structural, functional)
Task constraints
Environmental constraints

Question 9

What are individual structural constraints?

Answer 9

Related to body’s structure
- height, muscle mass

Question 10

What are individual functional constraints?

Answer 10

related to behavioural function
- attention motivation, fear

Question 11

What are task constraints?

Answer 11

specific to task or skill
- goal of task
- rules guiding task performance
- equipment

Question 12

What are environmental constraints?

Answer 12

Constraint from outside of body, from the world around us
- physical (gravity, surface)
- sociocultural (gender roles, cultural norms)

Question 13

What is atypical development?

Answer 13

disabilities - differences in structural or functional individual constraints
- may result in delayed or different motor development
- in extreme cases - may arrest development and no further development in observed ex. cerebral palsy

Question 14

What is longitudinal research design?

Answer 14

Individual or group is observed over a period of time
- Requires long period of observation

Question 15

What is a cross-sectional research design?

Answer 15

Individuals or groups of different ages are observed
- Change is inferred not observed

Question 16

What is a sequential/mixed longitudinal research design?

Answer 16

Mini longitudinal studies with overlapping ages

Question 17

What is a meta-analysis research design?

Answer 17

Integrates effects observed in many studies

Question 18

What is a systematic review research design?

Answer 18

Many studies are compared and contrasted

Question 19

What is the paradox in motor development?

Answer 19

Universality - individuals in species show great similarities in development
Variability - individual differences exist

Question 20

What is a motor skill?

Answer 20

A function which involves the precise movement of muscles with the intent to perform a specific act

Question 21

What are the 4 common characteristics of a motor skill?

Answer 21

1. There is a goal to achieve
2. Performed voluntarily
3. Body/limb movement
4. Need to be learned

Question 22

What are the 1-dimensional classification systems for motor skills? (3)

Answer 22

1. Size of musculature (gross vs. fine)
2. Distinctiveness of movements (discrete, serial, continuous)
3. Stability of environment (closed vs. open)

Question 23

What is the difference between performance outcome measures and performance process measures?

Answer 23

Outcome - measures outcome or results of performing a motor skill
- doesn’t tell you how outcome was achieved
Process - How results were achieved

Question 24

What are the performance outcome measures? (3)

Answer 24

Reaction time, movement time, performance error

Question 25

What are performance process measures? (4)

Answer 25

Kinematics, Kinetics, Electromyography, Coordination

Question 26

What are the different reaction times? (3)

Answer 26

Simple RT - 1 signal, 1 response Choice RT - multiple signals, multiple responses Discrimination RT - multiple signals, 1 response

Question 27

What are the 2 parts of reaction time?

Answer 27

Pre-motor time - time between signal and first change in muscle activity (EMG) Motor time - time between first muscle EMG activity and observable movement

Question 28

What is movement time?

Answer 28

Time between start of a movement and its completion

Question 29

What are performance error measures? (3)

Answer 29

Absolute error - estimate overall size of error Constant error - overall direction of error Variable error - standard deviation of performance

Question 30

What are the kinematics measures?

Answer 30

Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration

Question 31

What does kinetics measure?

Answer 31

Internal and external forces acting on the body

Question 32

What does electromyography measure?

Answer 32

Electrical activity in the muscle

Question 33

What does coordination measure?

Answer 33

spatial and temporal relationships of limb segments - relationships of limbs in time and space

Question 34

What are the steps of the information processing model? (8)

Answer 34

Input, sensory system, perceptual system, processor, memory, response organization, effectors, output

Question 35

What is the difference between performance and learning?

Answer 35

Performance - observable behaviour Learning - inferred from performance

Question 36

What can affect performance other than learning?

Answer 36

reflexes, maturation, luck, strong teammates, motivation, incentives

Question 37

How can we know that learning has occurred? (3)

Answer 37

- Change over time - More consistent performance - Change is relatively permanent

Question 38

When might learning occur without performance getting better?

Answer 38

Cognitive stage

Question 39

What is the cognitive stage of learning?

Answer 39

Large number of errors - Gross errors - Highly variable performance - High cognitive involvement

Question 40

What is the associative stage of learning?

Answer 40

Fewer errors - ability to detect own errors - basic fundamentals have been learned - decreased variability - types of errors made are more consistent

Question 41

What is the autonomous stage of learning?

Answer 41

Skill becomes automatic - little error (errors often decisional ) - internal standard of performance

Question 42

What are the ways performance can occur? (3)

Answer 42

Real Imagery/Mental practice Observational/Vicarious