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Drugs and the Brain > Midterm 3 > Flashcards

Midterm 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 3 sources of caffeine?

A
  1. tea
  2. coffee
  3. chocolate/ cocoa
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2
Q

what is the scientific name of tea?

A

camellia sinesis

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3
Q

what is the scientific name for coffee?

A

coffea arabica

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4
Q

what is the scientific name for chocolate/ cocoa?

A

Theobroma cocoa

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5
Q

origin of tea?

A

southeast asia

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6
Q

origin of coffee?

A

northeast africa

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7
Q

origin of cocoa?

A

central and south america

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8
Q

what was caffeine first isolated from and when?

A

1820 from coffee

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9
Q

what are the effects of caffeine and other xanthines?

A
  1. increase arousal, alterness, and wakefulness
  2. increase heart rate
  3. increase blood pressure
  4. bronchial dilation
  5. increased kidney output (diuretic)
  6. increased metabolic rate
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10
Q

how are the effects of caffeine and other xanthines activated?

A

dose dependent and there is individual variability and tolerance

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11
Q

what happens with less than 500mg?

A

increased arousal

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12
Q

more than 500mg?

A

anxiety, irritability, insomnia, tachycardia, arrhythmia

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13
Q

more than 10g?

A

tachycardia, arrhythmia, heart attack, stroke, seizure, lethal dose range in humans

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14
Q

what does increased kidney output lead to?

A

dehydration

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15
Q

what is the lethal dose of caffeine?

A

10mg

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16
Q

what is tachycardia?

A

rapid heart rate

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17
Q

what is arrythmia?

A

irregular heart rate

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18
Q

what are the withdrawal symptoms of caffeine?

A

headache
fatigue
irritability

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19
Q

what neurotransmitter does caffeine affect?

A

adenosine

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20
Q

what does adenosine do?

A

inhibitory effects in the brain

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21
Q

what sort of affects does adenosine have in the cardiovascular system?

A

vasodilation ( opens up the blood vessels)

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22
Q

caffeine and other xanthines are..

A

adenosine receptor antagonists

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23
Q

what leaves is tea made of?

A

Camellia sinensis

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24
Q

where is tea native to?

A

Southeast Asia and China

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25
Q

what are best quality teas

A

buds and young leaves

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26
Q

roasted leaves

A

most teas are roasted leaves, but unroasted exists as well. It is just not as tasty

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27
Q

where are teas grown today?

A

India, Sri Lanka, Japan, Africa, South America

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28
Q

how is tea made to consume?

A

hot water infusion from roasted leaves

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29
Q

can tea be made unroasted?

A

yes, but it is not as flagrant or tasty

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30
Q

how are green teas made?

A

leaves are briefly heated after picking to destroy enzymatic and microbial activity, then rolled to break internal cell walls and release essential oils

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31
Q

how are black teas made?

A

leaves are rolled to break internal cell walls and release essential oils, then spread out in a cool, humid place, to allow fermentation and oxidization

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32
Q

what did Lannaeus think if green and black teas?

A

he thought they come from different plants

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33
Q

how far back does tea consumption go?

A

3000 years in China

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34
Q

where did tea consumption flourish?

A

in Buddhist temples and monasteries

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35
Q

who introduces teas to Japan?

A

Buddhist monks

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36
Q

when as tea introduced to europe?

A

1500’s

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37
Q

how did tea get to protugal

A

brought from Japan in 1850

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38
Q

who supplied tea in europe when it became popular in the 1600’s?

A

Dutch East Indian Company

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39
Q

The riches company in the world in the 1600’s

A

Dutch East Indian company

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40
Q

the Dutch East Indian Company at its peak

A

20,000 sailors, 10,000 soldiers, and 50,000 civilians

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41
Q

what did the Dutch East Indian Company want/ trade?

A

spices ( black pepper, cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg), tea, silk,

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42
Q

what was the year the Dutch East Indian company became completely dissolved?

A

1798

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43
Q

T or F: the Dutch East Indian company was granted exclusive rights by the Dutch to trade in Asia

A

T

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44
Q

when was the Dutch East Indian Company established?

A

1602

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45
Q

what year was the british east indian company established?

A

1600

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46
Q

t or F: the british east indian company began to establish a strong presence in india around the 1600;s

A

true

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47
Q

what happened to the british east indian company and taxing tea?

A

taxation without representatin

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48
Q

what was the affect of taxation without reperesnetation

A

tea smuggling became a large industry

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49
Q

what was the result of tea smuggling?

A

British East Indian Company accumulated unsold tea

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50
Q

In 1773, British government gave permission to the company to sell tea in the American colonies
without paying taxes and bypassing American merchants
causing?

A

Boston Tea Party in December 1773

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51
Q

What was the effect of the Boston Tea Party?

A

helped set the stage for American Declaration of Independence from Britain and contributed to the social rejection of tea in America

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52
Q

What was the British East India Company responsible for in the 1800s?

A

developing opium industry in India and forcing the importation of opium by China

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53
Q

When was the British East India Company formally dissolved?

A

1874

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54
Q

What is the family of coffee arabica?

A

Rubiaceae

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55
Q

How many pounds of coffee are annually produced?

A

~10 billion pounds

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56
Q

How is coffee prepared?

A

Beans are roasted, volatile essential oils released which enhance flavor

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57
Q

How much essential oil does 1 pound of coffee beans produce?

A

less than 100mg of essential oil (~.02%)

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58
Q

Characteristics of coffee?

A

taste, smell/aroma/fragrance,

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59
Q

flavor of coffee

A

taste and smell

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60
Q

texture of coffee

A

mouth feel

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61
Q

What happens after you roast coffee?

A

rapid deterioration, loss of volatile aromatic molecules, oxidation, light-catalyzed destructive chemistry, absorption of other flavors

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62
Q

scientific name for coffee

A

coffee arabica

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63
Q

where was the coffee plant originally native to

A

northeast Africa

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64
Q

how many coffee plants are in the genera?

A

500

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65
Q

how many species are in the coffee?

A

600

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66
Q

how many pounds of coffee are produced annually?

A

10 billion pounds

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67
Q

in how many different countries is coffee produced?

A

50

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68
Q

where and when was coffee first mentioned in history?

A

900 AD in Arab writings

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69
Q

Coffee 1400s

A

first coffee house in Persia (India), Egypt, Constantinople (Istanbul)

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70
Q

Coffee 1600s

A

coffee spreads throughout Europe

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71
Q

Coffee 1500s

A

Islamic religious debate

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72
Q

Coffee 1650

A

first coffee house in England, Oxford

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73
Q

Coffee 1652

A

first cafe in London

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74
Q

Coffee 1662

A

300 cafes in london

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75
Q

coffee 1700

A

3000 cafes in London

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76
Q

what was new to Europe?

A

hot beverages

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77
Q

what were coffee houses used for

A

relaxation , news, politics

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78
Q

What did Lloyd’s coffee house eventually become?

A

Llyod’s of London

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79
Q

What are other thing coffee houses became?

A

English stock exchange and banks

80
Q

what is espresso?

A

alchemical essense of coffee

81
Q

things that influence the taste of espresso

A

grind, quantity, pressing/tamping, water temperature and time

82
Q

polyphasic nature of esspresso

A

liquid solution
emulsion of oil droplets
foam/crema of gas bubbles

83
Q

cocao plant (scientific name)

A

Theobroma Cacao

84
Q

where is cocao plant found

A

central and south america

85
Q

what do cocao contain?

A

caffeine and theobromine

86
Q

what are botanical xanthines?

A

caffeine
theophylline
theorbromine

87
Q

Xanthine content in dried beans of cacao?

A

~.5% caffeine

~1-3% theobromine

88
Q

100 grams 50% cacao chocolate:

A

25 mg caffeine and 100 mg theobromine

89
Q

Greek “theos’

A

God

90
Q

Greek “broma”

A

food

91
Q

How is cacao different from coffee?

A

cacao does not need to be roasted

92
Q

Cocos nucifera

A

coconut palm, source of coconut, called “coco” in tropical America

93
Q

Erythroxylum coca

A

called “coca”, source of cocaine

94
Q

What is dried, defatted cacao called?

A

cocoa

95
Q

Greek ‘bromos’

A

stink (NOT THE NAME)

source name for Bromine

96
Q

Historical preparation of cacao.

A

crushed beans in eater
chili, vanilla bean, flowers
ground corn, sometime honey added,
not heated

97
Q

Where could we see cacao in historic times?

A

Olmec, Toltec, Maya, Inca, Aztec

98
Q

Chemistry of cacao.

A

xanthines (stimulants)
flavonoids (antioxidant)
anadaminde

99
Q

Health benefits of cacao.

A

cardiovascular

anticancer

100
Q

Where does 70% of the worlds chocolate come from?

A

west africa

101
Q

What was an ancient use of cacao?

A

money

102
Q

cacao v. coco, coca, cocoa

A

coco = coconut; coca = cocaine; cocoa = dried, defatted cacao

103
Q

caffeine (was isolated from what, is it an alkaloid?)

A

is an alkaloid (has basic nitrogen), was first isolated from coffee (one of the first molecules to be isolated), is in a class called xanthine

104
Q

xanthine

A

a stimulant - includes: caffeine and theobromine (there’s theobromine in xanthine, but we know caffeine more b/c more potent)

105
Q

flavonoids & anadamide

A

both are found in cacao, along w/xanthine; flavonoids = antioxidants; anandamide is in chocolade & is an endocannabinoid (so chocolate is like cannabinoids)

106
Q

cacao pods and beans

A

pods each contain about 30 beans, which are embedded in the pulp; you can eat the beans or roast it - called cocao nibs; beans taste bitter b/c its an alkaloid, doesn’t taste like chocolate - tastes fruity

107
Q

cacao as money

A

leaders of Mayan & Aztecs culture used cacao beans as money

108
Q

historic cacao beverage preparation

A

brushed beans in water; added chili, vanilla beans, flowers, or ground corn, or honey; NOT heated

109
Q

Scharffen Berger

A

was a chocolate factory in Berkeley, but no longer; roasted cacao beans at the factory; Robert Steinberg was the chocolatier (doctor turned chocolatier)

110
Q

cocoa butter, white chocolate

A

white chocolate is just the fat of the cacao beans with a lot of sugar added and maybe some vanilla

111
Q

chemical composition: xanthines, anandamide, flavonoids

A

xanathines (stimulants), flavonoids (antioxidants), anandamide is an endocannabinoid; all found in chocolate/cacao

112
Q

adenosine

A

inhibitory effect in the brain; the A in the DNA is adenine –
> it is adenosine, occurs in RNA and ATP; adenosine in cardiovascular system - vasodilation (opens up) effects in cardiovascular system; ** caffeine and other xanthines are adenosine receptor antagonists

113
Q

plant that tea is.. (origin)

A

camellia sinensis; tea is made from the leaves of this camellia sinensis, but tea is now a general name for everything; native to southeast asia & china, also grown in Africa, & South America; drink can be made w/unroasted or roasted leaves

114
Q

tea history

A

written records of tea consumption in China date back 3000 years for ritual & ceremonies; tea consumption flourished in Buddhist temples & monasteries for meditation practices; then traveled to Europe in 1500s, became popular, supplied by Dutch East India Company

115
Q

green tea v. black tea

A

green tea: leaves are heated soon after picking, then rolled to break internal cell walls, roasted to enhance flavor; black tea: leaves are rolled, then spread out in a cool humid place to ferment and oxidize (that’s why darker in color); Linnaeus originally thought they were the from diff plants

116
Q

Dutch East India Company

A

est in 1602 - was richest company in the world, had its own army so can exploit more ppl for their business & protect company (had more soldiers and civilians than actual sailors); granted exclusive rights by Dutch gov for trade in Asia - dealt w/spices, tea, and silk; was in constant battle w/England - England won against Holland –> company was dissolved in 1798

117
Q

British East India Company

A

est in 1600 - began to est a strong presence in India, had their own flag; cause of Boston Tea Party & Opium War I & II; British gov overtook most of the function of the company –> formally dissolved in 1874

118
Q

tea and geopolitics (Boston tea party/opium wars)

A

both caused by British East India Company –> Boston tea party: tea was taxed by England “taxation w/out rep” led to tea smuggling, then Company was allowed to sell untaxed tea but bypass American merchants, so tea party formed & set stage for American Declaration & contribute to social rejection of tea in US; Opium war: was responsible for developing opium industry in India & forcing importation into China, paid Chinese w/opium NOT money so they got addicted –> Treaty of Nanking 1842 - gave HK to Britain for 150 yrs.

119
Q

what is the plant that main coffee beans come from? (native where, what does plant look like)

A

coffea arabica– the main coffee plant - bush/shrubby, has red berries - each berry has 2 coffee beans; takes nothing like coffee; the berries are mushed up and then spread out on the floor to dry; part of the family Rubiaceae; native to northeast Africa, but now in South America, all of Africa, Indonesia, etc; characteristics of coffee: taste is unique, smells/aroma/fragrance, flavor, texture

120
Q

Alfred Peet

A

created good coffee in Berkeley

121
Q

coffee paraphernalia

A

espresso coffee machine - “alchemical essence” - lots of things influence the taste: grind, quality, pressing/tamping, water temperature, time

122
Q

other plants that contain caffeine

A

kola (from Africa, isn’t really related to coffee plant but still has caffeine); guarana (Brazil, made into tea), ilex guayusa (a holy genus,Ecuador, made into tea, has HIGHEST concentration of caffeine than in any plant); yaupon = ilex vomitoria (only plant that produces caffeine in North America)

123
Q

Benzedrine inhalers

A

amphetamine inhalar used to open up lungs/ air passages.

Sympathomimetic (increase sympathetic responses)

given on air planes

was the original way that ampethamine was marketed

124
Q

when was amphethamine first synthesized?

A

1887

125
Q

when was amphetamine marked?

A

1930 as benzedrine

126
Q

what is amphetamine now used as?

A

used to treat ADHD by Aderall and Retalin

127
Q

which neurotransmitters does amphetamine affect?

A

dopamine and norepenephrine

128
Q

how does ampehtamine affect the synapse?

A

causes the reuptake transporters to become leaky so that more dopamine and norepenephrine can come out.

129
Q

does ampethamine increase or decrease activity at the synapse?

A

increases activity at the synapse, causes over stimulation of the circuits

130
Q

amphetamine works on which system

A

sympathomimetic, bc deals with norephinephrine which is in the sympathetic nervous system

131
Q

what are the effects of the amphetamine on the body?

A 
sympathomametic
increased HR/ BP
dilated pupils
increased wakefulness, overall arousal
reduces appetite
132
Q

medical uses of amphetamine

A

appetite suppressant / weight loss
treatment of narcolepsy ( sleep condition where ppl during the day)
inhaler for asthma ( historical)
CNS stimulant (historical, given to soldiers to stay awake)
used for attention focus

133
Q

medical uses of amphetamine

A

ADHD: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

used to treat inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity

134
Q

drugs used for ADHD that contain amphetamine

A

Adderall and Dexedrine

135
Q

drug used to treat ADHD that contains methamphetamine

A

Desoxyn

136
Q

drug used to treat ADHD and contain methylphenidate

A

Ritalin

137
Q

potential problematic/ toxic effects of amphetamine ( when consume in high doses)

A

anxiety, irritability, aggression
impaired judgment
stimulant psychosis: delusions, hallucinations
(delusion: believe certain things are happening when they actually aren’t)
(hallucination: hear/ see things that aren’t there)
addiction

138
Q

potential toxic/ lethal affects of amphetamine ( high dose)

A

cardiovascular damage/ heart attack/ stroke
seizure
chronic psychosis
neurotoxicity

139
Q

high addiction potential

A

seduction of the user
escalating use and adverse consequences
tolerance increases as more and more drug gets used
tolerance/ withdrawal

140
Q

addiction/ withdrawal affects

A 
depressed mood
fatigue
crash
disrupted sleep
agitation
cravings for the drug
141
Q

which drugs have high addiction?

A

amphetamine and cocaine

142
Q

routes of entry for amphetamine type drugs

A

oral/ digestive
nasal insufflation
injection
smoking

143
Q

street names for methamphetamine

A 
speed,
crank
crystal meth
crystal
ice
144
Q

plant-derived stimulants

A

Ephedra: ephedrine, pseudoephedrine

Catha edulis: cathinone

145
Q

what is the famous pseudoephedrine used clugged nasal passages?

A

Sudafed

146
Q

can pseudoephedrine cross the blood brain barrier?

A

no, very slow bc the OH group makes it polar

147
Q

what is the result of pseudoephedrine’s polarity?

A

affects the heart before the brain

148
Q

Erythroxylum coca

A

cocaine plant

149
Q

what are the effects of coca?

A

increased wakefulness and stamina
decrease fatigue
reduced appetite

150
Q

benefits of the leaves

A

nutritious
calories from carbs and proteins
vitamins and minerals
medicinal properties

151
Q

where is the coca plant have a long history of use?

A

south america. known as Mama Coca

152
Q

How does cocaine work?

A

blocks the reuptake transporters for norephinephrine and dopamine

153
Q

how is cocaine related to amphetamine?

A

CNS, autonomic, toxicities

154
Q

risks of toxic effects are greater for more rapid routes of entry

A

nasal sufflation
injection
oral: body-package overdose

155
Q

Len Bias (1963-1986)

A

died from cocaine induced heart attack

cocaine was actually consumed orally

156
Q

Andrea Raducan

A

Romania
age 17 in 2000 olympics
lost gold medal due to decongestant
toke decongestant for being sick

157
Q

what is the active ingredient in catha edulis

A

cathinone

158
Q

coca tea: mate de coca

A

leaves from the jungle but goes to mountains

used for those in high elevations bc increases stamina and fatgue

159
Q

what is the active ingredient of the coca plant?

A

cocaine

160
Q

what does the cocaine molecule do?

A

blocks the reuptake transporters, and causes dopamine and neuroephenphrine to stay in synapse

161
Q

ampethamine

A

makes reupatake transports leaky so that more neuroephenphrine and dopamine can get out

162
Q

cocaine is a sympathomemetic?

A

yes bc it triggers sympathetic responses

163
Q

main difference btw cocaine and ampethamine

A

rate in which it is metabolized in the body

amphetamine takes longer to break down than cocaine

164
Q

what does the coca plant make cocaine?

A

to protect the plant against insects

165
Q

Henry Fuseli ( 1741-1825)

A

The nightmare ( painting)

166
Q

David J Hufford

A

The Terror that comes in the night, leading expert in sleep paralysis

167
Q

medical uses of opiods

A

treatment of pain, cough suppresion- always works

168
Q

what do opioids do to the respiratory control centers in the brainstem?

A

depress them. they cross the BBB and inihibit neurons that regulate breathing

169
Q

wha was the most often cause of OD?

A

heroine

170
Q

In old days was OD likely?

A

not really because plant was taken orally

171
Q

why was the acute toxicity of opioids often accidental?

A

euphoric effects means individual is likely to drift into sleep and stop breathing without realizing it

172
Q

what are the routes of administration of morphine and other opiods

A 
oral digestive
oral buccal
intranasal/ insufflation
rectal
smoking 
injection
transdermal
-anything
173
Q

fentanyl

A

synthetic opioid analgesic

174
Q

what is the standard way of fentanyl application

A

injection ( medical procedures)

175
Q

fentanyl transdermal patch

A

prescription items for treatment of conditions associated with severe pain
can be dangerous to children
-cases where small children eat patches -

176
Q

fentanyl oral-buccal “lollipop”

A

mainly used for children that did want to swallow the pill

177
Q

Opioid Antagonist

A

Naloxone ( Narcan)

178
Q

Nalozone ( Narcan)

A

can reverse the effects of opiods ( usually from post-operative effects of opiods)

poor oral absorption, administered parenternally( injection)

used to treat acute respiratory depression from opioid overdose

short lifetime, may require multiple administrations

used to treat post-operative effects of opinoids

sticks to the same receptors that an opiod sticks to but more tightly

179
Q

addictive potential of opiods

A

very high
physical and emotional analgesia
can quickly produce physical and psychological dependence
tolerance

180
Q

withdrawal symptoms of opiods? (physical)

A

flu-like: runing nose, tears, tremors, chills, sweats, fever, muscle aches, stomach cramps, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting

increased heart rate and blood pressure

181
Q

withdrawal symptoms of opiods ( psyhcological)?

A

craving, anxiety, agitation, disrupted sleep

182
Q

Jean Cocteau

A

Opium: the diary of a cure

wrote diary of opium addiction and treatment and published it

183
Q

Thomas De Quincey ( 1785-1859)

A

Confessions of an English Opium Eater (1821)
Dread agent of unimaginable pleasure and pain! I had heard of it as I had heard of manna or of ambroisa, but no further. How unmeaning a sound was

184
Q

Samuel Taylor Coleridege (1772-1834)

A

Kubla Khan, or a vision in a dream, a fragement,

some opium poem

185
Q

What were the world’s first multinational corportations?

A

British East Indian Company and Dutch East Indian company

186
Q

when did large scale opium production begin?

A

began with the British in India ( 1700’s -1800’s)

187
Q

what are British opium clipper ships?

A

transported opium from india to china. they sold opium to the Chinese who got addicted to it, and then they would trade their silk/ spices / tea for it

188
Q

Opium Wars

A

between England and China

189
Q

when was the first opium war?

A

1839-1842

China tries to keep British ships out of their ports, but the British navy shits down resistance

190
Q

Treaty of Nanking (1842)

A

ended the first opium wars.

Gave british hong kong in perpetuity, Britian was given Hong Kong on a 99-year lease

191
Q

Second Opium War

A

British went inland, all the way to Beijing
reopen ports and bring opium again
people in europe became more aware and opium trade was coming to an end

192
Q

opioid receptors

A

discovered by Pert and Synder in 1972

193
Q

how did Pert and Synder discover opioid receptors?

A

used radioactive-labeled naloxone as probe for specific binding

194
Q

opioid receptor distribution

A

regional distribution of receptor in the brain

195
Q

all known opiod receptors are …

A

GPCR ( subtypes: mu, delta, kappa)

Drugs and the Brain (2 decks)

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