Midterm 3 Flashcards
what are the 3 sources of caffeine?
- tea
- coffee
- chocolate/ cocoa
what is the scientific name of tea?
camellia sinesis
what is the scientific name for coffee?
coffea arabica
what is the scientific name for chocolate/ cocoa?
Theobroma cocoa
origin of tea?
southeast asia
origin of coffee?
northeast africa
origin of cocoa?
central and south america
what was caffeine first isolated from and when?
1820 from coffee
what are the effects of caffeine and other xanthines?
- increase arousal, alterness, and wakefulness
- increase heart rate
- increase blood pressure
- bronchial dilation
- increased kidney output (diuretic)
- increased metabolic rate
how are the effects of caffeine and other xanthines activated?
dose dependent and there is individual variability and tolerance
what happens with less than 500mg?
increased arousal
more than 500mg?
anxiety, irritability, insomnia, tachycardia, arrhythmia
more than 10g?
tachycardia, arrhythmia, heart attack, stroke, seizure, lethal dose range in humans
what does increased kidney output lead to?
dehydration
what is the lethal dose of caffeine?
10mg
what is tachycardia?
rapid heart rate
what is arrythmia?
irregular heart rate
what are the withdrawal symptoms of caffeine?
headache
fatigue
irritability
what neurotransmitter does caffeine affect?
adenosine
what does adenosine do?
inhibitory effects in the brain
what sort of affects does adenosine have in the cardiovascular system?
vasodilation ( opens up the blood vessels)
caffeine and other xanthines are..
adenosine receptor antagonists
what leaves is tea made of?
Camellia sinensis
where is tea native to?
Southeast Asia and China
what are best quality teas
buds and young leaves
roasted leaves
most teas are roasted leaves, but unroasted exists as well. It is just not as tasty
where are teas grown today?
India, Sri Lanka, Japan, Africa, South America
how is tea made to consume?
hot water infusion from roasted leaves
can tea be made unroasted?
yes, but it is not as flagrant or tasty
how are green teas made?
leaves are briefly heated after picking to destroy enzymatic and microbial activity, then rolled to break internal cell walls and release essential oils
how are black teas made?
leaves are rolled to break internal cell walls and release essential oils, then spread out in a cool, humid place, to allow fermentation and oxidization
what did Lannaeus think if green and black teas?
he thought they come from different plants
how far back does tea consumption go?
3000 years in China
where did tea consumption flourish?
in Buddhist temples and monasteries
who introduces teas to Japan?
Buddhist monks
when as tea introduced to europe?
1500’s
how did tea get to protugal
brought from Japan in 1850
who supplied tea in europe when it became popular in the 1600’s?
Dutch East Indian Company
The riches company in the world in the 1600’s
Dutch East Indian company
the Dutch East Indian Company at its peak
20,000 sailors, 10,000 soldiers, and 50,000 civilians
what did the Dutch East Indian Company want/ trade?
spices ( black pepper, cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg), tea, silk,
what was the year the Dutch East Indian company became completely dissolved?
1798
T or F: the Dutch East Indian company was granted exclusive rights by the Dutch to trade in Asia
T
when was the Dutch East Indian Company established?
1602
what year was the british east indian company established?
1600
t or F: the british east indian company began to establish a strong presence in india around the 1600;s
true
what happened to the british east indian company and taxing tea?
taxation without representatin
what was the affect of taxation without reperesnetation
tea smuggling became a large industry
what was the result of tea smuggling?
British East Indian Company accumulated unsold tea
In 1773, British government gave permission to the company to sell tea in the American colonies
without paying taxes and bypassing American merchants
causing?
Boston Tea Party in December 1773
What was the effect of the Boston Tea Party?
helped set the stage for American Declaration of Independence from Britain and contributed to the social rejection of tea in America
What was the British East India Company responsible for in the 1800s?
developing opium industry in India and forcing the importation of opium by China
When was the British East India Company formally dissolved?
1874
What is the family of coffee arabica?
Rubiaceae
How many pounds of coffee are annually produced?
~10 billion pounds
How is coffee prepared?
Beans are roasted, volatile essential oils released which enhance flavor
How much essential oil does 1 pound of coffee beans produce?
less than 100mg of essential oil (~.02%)
Characteristics of coffee?
taste, smell/aroma/fragrance,
flavor of coffee
taste and smell
texture of coffee
mouth feel
What happens after you roast coffee?
rapid deterioration, loss of volatile aromatic molecules, oxidation, light-catalyzed destructive chemistry, absorption of other flavors
scientific name for coffee
coffee arabica
where was the coffee plant originally native to
northeast Africa
how many coffee plants are in the genera?
500
how many species are in the coffee?
600
how many pounds of coffee are produced annually?
10 billion pounds
in how many different countries is coffee produced?
50
where and when was coffee first mentioned in history?
900 AD in Arab writings
Coffee 1400s
first coffee house in Persia (India), Egypt, Constantinople (Istanbul)
Coffee 1600s
coffee spreads throughout Europe
Coffee 1500s
Islamic religious debate
Coffee 1650
first coffee house in England, Oxford
Coffee 1652
first cafe in London
Coffee 1662
300 cafes in london
coffee 1700
3000 cafes in London
what was new to Europe?
hot beverages
what were coffee houses used for
relaxation , news, politics
What did Lloyd’s coffee house eventually become?
Llyod’s of London
What are other thing coffee houses became?
English stock exchange and banks
what is espresso?
alchemical essense of coffee
things that influence the taste of espresso
grind, quantity, pressing/tamping, water temperature and time
polyphasic nature of esspresso
liquid solution
emulsion of oil droplets
foam/crema of gas bubbles
cocao plant (scientific name)
Theobroma Cacao
where is cocao plant found
central and south america
what do cocao contain?
caffeine and theobromine
what are botanical xanthines?
caffeine
theophylline
theorbromine
Xanthine content in dried beans of cacao?
~.5% caffeine
~1-3% theobromine
100 grams 50% cacao chocolate:
25 mg caffeine and 100 mg theobromine
Greek “theos’
God
Greek “broma”
food
How is cacao different from coffee?
cacao does not need to be roasted
Cocos nucifera
coconut palm, source of coconut, called “coco” in tropical America
Erythroxylum coca
called “coca”, source of cocaine
What is dried, defatted cacao called?
cocoa
Greek ‘bromos’
stink (NOT THE NAME)
source name for Bromine
Historical preparation of cacao.
crushed beans in eater
chili, vanilla bean, flowers
ground corn, sometime honey added,
not heated
Where could we see cacao in historic times?
Olmec, Toltec, Maya, Inca, Aztec
Chemistry of cacao.
xanthines (stimulants)
flavonoids (antioxidant)
anadaminde
Health benefits of cacao.
cardiovascular
anticancer
Where does 70% of the worlds chocolate come from?
west africa
What was an ancient use of cacao?
money
cacao v. coco, coca, cocoa
coco = coconut; coca = cocaine; cocoa = dried, defatted cacao
caffeine (was isolated from what, is it an alkaloid?)
is an alkaloid (has basic nitrogen), was first isolated from coffee (one of the first molecules to be isolated), is in a class called xanthine
xanthine
a stimulant - includes: caffeine and theobromine (there’s theobromine in xanthine, but we know caffeine more b/c more potent)
flavonoids & anadamide
both are found in cacao, along w/xanthine; flavonoids = antioxidants; anandamide is in chocolade & is an endocannabinoid (so chocolate is like cannabinoids)
cacao pods and beans
pods each contain about 30 beans, which are embedded in the pulp; you can eat the beans or roast it - called cocao nibs; beans taste bitter b/c its an alkaloid, doesn’t taste like chocolate - tastes fruity
cacao as money
leaders of Mayan & Aztecs culture used cacao beans as money
historic cacao beverage preparation
brushed beans in water; added chili, vanilla beans, flowers, or ground corn, or honey; NOT heated
Scharffen Berger
was a chocolate factory in Berkeley, but no longer; roasted cacao beans at the factory; Robert Steinberg was the chocolatier (doctor turned chocolatier)
cocoa butter, white chocolate
white chocolate is just the fat of the cacao beans with a lot of sugar added and maybe some vanilla
chemical composition: xanthines, anandamide, flavonoids
xanathines (stimulants), flavonoids (antioxidants), anandamide is an endocannabinoid; all found in chocolate/cacao
adenosine
inhibitory effect in the brain; the A in the DNA is adenine –
> it is adenosine, occurs in RNA and ATP; adenosine in cardiovascular system - vasodilation (opens up) effects in cardiovascular system; ** caffeine and other xanthines are adenosine receptor antagonists
plant that tea is.. (origin)
camellia sinensis; tea is made from the leaves of this camellia sinensis, but tea is now a general name for everything; native to southeast asia & china, also grown in Africa, & South America; drink can be made w/unroasted or roasted leaves
tea history
written records of tea consumption in China date back 3000 years for ritual & ceremonies; tea consumption flourished in Buddhist temples & monasteries for meditation practices; then traveled to Europe in 1500s, became popular, supplied by Dutch East India Company
green tea v. black tea
green tea: leaves are heated soon after picking, then rolled to break internal cell walls, roasted to enhance flavor; black tea: leaves are rolled, then spread out in a cool humid place to ferment and oxidize (that’s why darker in color); Linnaeus originally thought they were the from diff plants
Dutch East India Company
est in 1602 - was richest company in the world, had its own army so can exploit more ppl for their business & protect company (had more soldiers and civilians than actual sailors); granted exclusive rights by Dutch gov for trade in Asia - dealt w/spices, tea, and silk; was in constant battle w/England - England won against Holland –> company was dissolved in 1798
British East India Company
est in 1600 - began to est a strong presence in India, had their own flag; cause of Boston Tea Party & Opium War I & II; British gov overtook most of the function of the company –> formally dissolved in 1874
tea and geopolitics (Boston tea party/opium wars)
both caused by British East India Company –> Boston tea party: tea was taxed by England “taxation w/out rep” led to tea smuggling, then Company was allowed to sell untaxed tea but bypass American merchants, so tea party formed & set stage for American Declaration & contribute to social rejection of tea in US; Opium war: was responsible for developing opium industry in India & forcing importation into China, paid Chinese w/opium NOT money so they got addicted –> Treaty of Nanking 1842 - gave HK to Britain for 150 yrs.
what is the plant that main coffee beans come from? (native where, what does plant look like)
coffea arabica– the main coffee plant - bush/shrubby, has red berries - each berry has 2 coffee beans; takes nothing like coffee; the berries are mushed up and then spread out on the floor to dry; part of the family Rubiaceae; native to northeast Africa, but now in South America, all of Africa, Indonesia, etc; characteristics of coffee: taste is unique, smells/aroma/fragrance, flavor, texture
Alfred Peet
created good coffee in Berkeley
coffee paraphernalia
espresso coffee machine - “alchemical essence” - lots of things influence the taste: grind, quality, pressing/tamping, water temperature, time
other plants that contain caffeine
kola (from Africa, isn’t really related to coffee plant but still has caffeine); guarana (Brazil, made into tea), ilex guayusa (a holy genus,Ecuador, made into tea, has HIGHEST concentration of caffeine than in any plant); yaupon = ilex vomitoria (only plant that produces caffeine in North America)
Benzedrine inhalers
amphetamine inhalar used to open up lungs/ air passages.
Sympathomimetic (increase sympathetic responses)
given on air planes
was the original way that ampethamine was marketed
when was amphethamine first synthesized?
1887
when was amphetamine marked?
1930 as benzedrine
what is amphetamine now used as?
used to treat ADHD by Aderall and Retalin
which neurotransmitters does amphetamine affect?
dopamine and norepenephrine
how does ampehtamine affect the synapse?
causes the reuptake transporters to become leaky so that more dopamine and norepenephrine can come out.
does ampethamine increase or decrease activity at the synapse?
increases activity at the synapse, causes over stimulation of the circuits
amphetamine works on which system
sympathomimetic, bc deals with norephinephrine which is in the sympathetic nervous system
what are the effects of the amphetamine on the body?
sympathomametic increased HR/ BP dilated pupils increased wakefulness, overall arousal reduces appetite
medical uses of amphetamine
appetite suppressant / weight loss
treatment of narcolepsy ( sleep condition where ppl during the day)
inhaler for asthma ( historical)
CNS stimulant (historical, given to soldiers to stay awake)
used for attention focus
medical uses of amphetamine
ADHD: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
used to treat inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity
drugs used for ADHD that contain amphetamine
Adderall and Dexedrine
drug used to treat ADHD that contains methamphetamine
Desoxyn
drug used to treat ADHD and contain methylphenidate
Ritalin
potential problematic/ toxic effects of amphetamine ( when consume in high doses)
anxiety, irritability, aggression
impaired judgment
stimulant psychosis: delusions, hallucinations
(delusion: believe certain things are happening when they actually aren’t)
(hallucination: hear/ see things that aren’t there)
addiction
potential toxic/ lethal affects of amphetamine ( high dose)
cardiovascular damage/ heart attack/ stroke
seizure
chronic psychosis
neurotoxicity
high addiction potential
seduction of the user
escalating use and adverse consequences
tolerance increases as more and more drug gets used
tolerance/ withdrawal
addiction/ withdrawal affects
depressed mood fatigue crash disrupted sleep agitation cravings for the drug
which drugs have high addiction?
amphetamine and cocaine
routes of entry for amphetamine type drugs
oral/ digestive
nasal insufflation
injection
smoking
street names for methamphetamine
speed, crank crystal meth crystal ice
plant-derived stimulants
Ephedra: ephedrine, pseudoephedrine
Catha edulis: cathinone
what is the famous pseudoephedrine used clugged nasal passages?
Sudafed
can pseudoephedrine cross the blood brain barrier?
no, very slow bc the OH group makes it polar
what is the result of pseudoephedrine’s polarity?
affects the heart before the brain
Erythroxylum coca
cocaine plant
what are the effects of coca?
increased wakefulness and stamina
decrease fatigue
reduced appetite
benefits of the leaves
nutritious
calories from carbs and proteins
vitamins and minerals
medicinal properties
where is the coca plant have a long history of use?
south america. known as Mama Coca
How does cocaine work?
blocks the reuptake transporters for norephinephrine and dopamine
how is cocaine related to amphetamine?
CNS, autonomic, toxicities
risks of toxic effects are greater for more rapid routes of entry
nasal sufflation
injection
oral: body-package overdose
Len Bias (1963-1986)
died from cocaine induced heart attack
cocaine was actually consumed orally
Andrea Raducan
Romania
age 17 in 2000 olympics
lost gold medal due to decongestant
toke decongestant for being sick
what is the active ingredient in catha edulis
cathinone
coca tea: mate de coca
leaves from the jungle but goes to mountains
used for those in high elevations bc increases stamina and fatgue
what is the active ingredient of the coca plant?
cocaine
what does the cocaine molecule do?
blocks the reuptake transporters, and causes dopamine and neuroephenphrine to stay in synapse
ampethamine
makes reupatake transports leaky so that more neuroephenphrine and dopamine can get out
cocaine is a sympathomemetic?
yes bc it triggers sympathetic responses
main difference btw cocaine and ampethamine
rate in which it is metabolized in the body
amphetamine takes longer to break down than cocaine
what does the coca plant make cocaine?
to protect the plant against insects
Henry Fuseli ( 1741-1825)
The nightmare ( painting)
David J Hufford
The Terror that comes in the night, leading expert in sleep paralysis
medical uses of opiods
treatment of pain, cough suppresion- always works
what do opioids do to the respiratory control centers in the brainstem?
depress them. they cross the BBB and inihibit neurons that regulate breathing
wha was the most often cause of OD?
heroine
In old days was OD likely?
not really because plant was taken orally
why was the acute toxicity of opioids often accidental?
euphoric effects means individual is likely to drift into sleep and stop breathing without realizing it
what are the routes of administration of morphine and other opiods
oral digestive oral buccal intranasal/ insufflation rectal smoking injection transdermal -anything
fentanyl
synthetic opioid analgesic
what is the standard way of fentanyl application
injection ( medical procedures)
fentanyl transdermal patch
prescription items for treatment of conditions associated with severe pain
can be dangerous to children
-cases where small children eat patches -
fentanyl oral-buccal “lollipop”
mainly used for children that did want to swallow the pill
Opioid Antagonist
Naloxone ( Narcan)
Nalozone ( Narcan)
can reverse the effects of opiods ( usually from post-operative effects of opiods)
poor oral absorption, administered parenternally( injection)
used to treat acute respiratory depression from opioid overdose
short lifetime, may require multiple administrations
used to treat post-operative effects of opinoids
sticks to the same receptors that an opiod sticks to but more tightly
addictive potential of opiods
very high
physical and emotional analgesia
can quickly produce physical and psychological dependence
tolerance
withdrawal symptoms of opiods? (physical)
flu-like: runing nose, tears, tremors, chills, sweats, fever, muscle aches, stomach cramps, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting
increased heart rate and blood pressure
withdrawal symptoms of opiods ( psyhcological)?
craving, anxiety, agitation, disrupted sleep
Jean Cocteau
Opium: the diary of a cure
wrote diary of opium addiction and treatment and published it
Thomas De Quincey ( 1785-1859)
Confessions of an English Opium Eater (1821)
Dread agent of unimaginable pleasure and pain! I had heard of it as I had heard of manna or of ambroisa, but no further. How unmeaning a sound was
Samuel Taylor Coleridege (1772-1834)
Kubla Khan, or a vision in a dream, a fragement,
some opium poem
What were the world’s first multinational corportations?
British East Indian Company and Dutch East Indian company
when did large scale opium production begin?
began with the British in India ( 1700’s -1800’s)
what are British opium clipper ships?
transported opium from india to china. they sold opium to the Chinese who got addicted to it, and then they would trade their silk/ spices / tea for it
Opium Wars
between England and China
when was the first opium war?
1839-1842
China tries to keep British ships out of their ports, but the British navy shits down resistance
Treaty of Nanking (1842)
ended the first opium wars.
Gave british hong kong in perpetuity, Britian was given Hong Kong on a 99-year lease
Second Opium War
British went inland, all the way to Beijing
reopen ports and bring opium again
people in europe became more aware and opium trade was coming to an end
opioid receptors
discovered by Pert and Synder in 1972
how did Pert and Synder discover opioid receptors?
used radioactive-labeled naloxone as probe for specific binding
opioid receptor distribution
regional distribution of receptor in the brain
all known opiod receptors are …
GPCR ( subtypes: mu, delta, kappa)
