Midterm 1 Flashcards
1
Q
How many drug arrests are there in a year?
A
1.9 million
2
Q
How many drug arrests are there for violent crime?
A
600,000
3
Q
How many arrests are there for property crime?
A
1.5 million
4
Q
T or F: US has the highest per capita incarcerations in the world
A
T
5
Q
Trend in marijuana arrests per year
A
increasing from 1966 to 2011
6
Q
What percentage of marijuana arrests per year were for possession?
A
90%
7
Q
Around which length of time did the funds for UC/CSU shift to corrections ( imprisonment)?
A
1997-1998
8
Q
What are the current amounts for funding for corrections and UC/CSU respectively?
A
$8.1 million ( corrections)and $4.9 billion (UC/CSU) as of 2009-2010
9
Q
What is a drug?
A
a chemical which in relatively small amounts has effects on physiology ( functioning of the organism)
10
Q
Psychoactive drug
A
a chemical that has effects on human behavior ( thoughts, feelings, actions) via its effects on the nervous system; that affects the psyche= mind ( thoughts, feelings, perceptions, consciousness)
11
Q
pharmocology
A
the study of how drugs interact with the body ( includes absorption, distribution, mechanisms of action, metabolism, elimination)
12
Q
psychopharmacology
A
the study of how psychoactive drugs interact with the body and mind
13
Q
medicine
A
substance used for treating disease; or that has beneficial effects on a state of health
14
Q
poison
A
a dangerous or deadly substance
15
Q
pharmaco, from Greek word “pharmako”
A
medicine and poison
16
Q
botany
A
study of plants
17
Q
ethnobotany
A
study of relationships between plants and the people who have come to know them
18
Q
ethnopharmacology
A
study of chemicals (drugs) that come from plants used by indigenous peoples
19
Q
herbalists
A
plant experts who used their knowledge of plants to heal
20
Q
list some of the healers who may draw some of their powers from plants
A
- shaman ( central asia)
- Curander, Curandera, Vegalista ( Latin America)
- witch doctor, medicine man/woman, sorcerer, wizard, magician
21
Q
allies
A
one who helps,plants can help people do things
22
Q
What message about plants do we get from Adam/ Eve’s fall from Garden of Eden?
A
plants that give knowledge are dangerous and forbidden and if consumed lead to severe punishments
23
Q
Who is Hildegarde von Bingen and what did he do?
A
a nun that collected and recorded properties of plants in medicine
24
Q
What happened during the inquisition ( 1200-1600)?
A
anyone who was related to power plants were labeled as witches and were tortured and executed. This was propelled by the Catholic Church
25
What is the Malleus Malleficarum (1486)?
a book that means Hammer of Witches.
Explains how to find and kill witches.
Blessed by Pope Innocent VIII
26
Paracelsus (1493-1541)
father of the modern science of pharmacology
“if infection is prevented, Nature will heal the wound”
"A man who is angry is not angry in his head of first but all organs of the body"
“all substances are poisons; there is none which is not a poison. The difference between a poison and a remedy depends on the dose”
main point: everything is a poison, only the dose varies
27
more on Paracelsus (1493-1541)
Theophrastus Phililppus Arueolus Bombastus von Hohenheim
physician, scientist, chemist, alchemist, philosopher,
chemical urinalysis
administration of specific medicines, pharmacology
proposed better methods for treating wounds and preventing infection
called for the humane treatment of the mentally ill
appreciated the connection between mental states and physical properties of the body
"All substances are poisons; there is none that is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison and a remedy"
28
power plants
plants as teachers: plants have the power to heal and teach
29
droog
old fashioned word for dried plant
30
What are the different routes of drug entry into the body?
1. oral/digestive
2. inhalation
3. injection (IV, IM, IP, subQ)
4. intranasal/ insufflation/snorting
5. rectal
6. transdermal
31
What is the order of blood flow?
heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, heart
32
how many liters of blood do we have?
5 L
33
how long does it take for the blood to make it to the whole body?
1 min
34
T or F: chemicals in blood distribute throughout entire blood supply
T
35
T or F: chemicals Do NOT partition into body tissue to varying degrees
F
36
What is job of the liver?
biotransformation/ metabolism
| makes foreign chemicals more water soluble to promote excretion
37
Define biotransformation
chemical change of the structure of a substance
| alternation of a substance, like a drug, within the body
38
what are the enzymes involved in biotransformation/ metabolism?
cytochrome P450 and other enzymes
39
Explain the oral/ digestive route of entry (administration)
ingestion by the mouth
enters the stomach and intestines
hepatic portal system from gastrointestinal system to liver
first-pass metabolism= possible biotransformation by the liver
time to brain approx 20 min
40
what is the approx time of a drug entry to the brain via the oral/digestive system?
20 min
41
hepatic portal system
capillaries from stomach and intestines send blood to liver
| vessels that carry blood from stomach and intestines to the liver
42
first pass metabolism
substances go through the liver first and change chemically before entering the blood
biotransformation by the liver
occurs in the liver
results in a biotransformation
43
what do all other routes of entry other than the digestive system have in common?
They bypass the digestive system
| do not have to go through first pass metabolism
44
what are the consequences for a molecule to not go through the liver by first pass metabolism
1. substance gets absorbed more quickly
( increased speed of onset)
2.substance structure remains in tact b/c it doesn't get altered by the liver
( greater chemical intactness= initial bioavailability)
45
what are other routes of entry called?
parenteral ( beyond the intestine) routes
| anything other than digestion
46
what does "par" mean
beyond
47
what does "enteron" mean
intestine
48
T or F: Do all molecules eventually reach the liver?
Yes, but it takes a bit of time
49
intraoral/ buccal (cheeks)/ oral-buccal/ sublingual
entry directly from the mouth
50
how long does it take for a molecule to move from the mouth to the brain?
3 min
51
intranasal/ insufflation/ snorting
absorption through the nose
52
how long does it take for a material to move from nose to the brain?
3 min
53
rectal
absorption via the booty! oh yeah.
| blood vessels
54
what is a suppository
drug delivery system in which the drug is in the suppository and is inserted into the rectum and absorbed by blood vessels there
waxy material that has the drug in it
55
how long does it take for a substance to move from the booty to the brain?
3 min
56
what is an enema
procedure in which liquids are inserted into the anus
57
transdermal
across the skin
| contact absorption
58
how long does transdermal absorption take?
minutes to hours
| patches are designed to be taken in slowly at a time
59
inhalation/ smoking
inhalation : inhlaing or breathing something into the longs
smoking is burning something and then taking it in, substance is available as a vapor as result
for example: weed is burned and then the vapors are taking in
60
what is the fastest route of entry into the brain? and why?
inhalation
lungs have lots of surface area with many blood vessels, that can absorb things quickly
61
how long does it take for a substance to move from the lungs to the brain?
10 sec
62
what are the 4 different types of injections?
1. IV ( intravenous)
2. IM ( intrmuscualr)
3. IP ( intraperitoneal)
4. SubQ (subcutaneous)
63
how long does IV ( intravenous) take to get to the brain?
20 sec, 2x fast as inhalation
directly into the blood stream
64
how long does IM ( intramuscular) take to get to the brain?
3 min
through the muscle
65
how long does IP ( intraperitoneal) take to get to the brain?
3 min
through the peritoneum ( body cavity which has lots of blood vessels)
many used in animals, such as mice
66
how long does SubQ take to get to the brain?
many minutes
under the surface of the skin
67
T or F: injection is most efficient for water soluble substances
T
68
what invention made IV possible?
hypodermic syringe
69
What is one of the problems with using injections?
increases the risk of toxic effects
70
what is the most efficient way of substance entry?
intravenous
71
what has the most dangerous potential of drug administration?
Injection
72
what are the two risks with using injection?
1. possibility of infections
| 2. problem of overdose
73
what are the two types of infections from using injections?
1. topical (skin) infection at the injection site
| 2. blood-borne infections
74
what are some examples of blood-borne infections?
1. bacteria, other microbes, sepsis ( body has an inflammatory response due to an infection)
2. virus: HIV, hepatitis ( inflation of the liver)
bacterial or virus
75
what doesn't get eliminated from the body?
heavy metals
76
what is the route of elimination?
liver, bile, intestines,
| kidney, bladder, urine
77
what is the lifetime of a drug in the body?
time it takes to eliminate half the drug
78
Describe route of administration for oral digestion
takes a long time and concentration is fairly low
79
insufflation/ im. injection ( from graph)
absorbed more quickly so higher concentration
80
inhalation/ iv injection
shorter time and faster effect, bc the initial concentration comes in fast
81
What is the main idea of the graphs?
faster routes of entry have bigger effects bc concentrations come on quickly
82
blood level/ onset kinetics and subsequent elimination from single dose..order from fastest to slowest
1. inhalation, smoking, IV
2. intranasal, oral- buccal, IM
3. oral-digestive, transdermal
83
What is the difference of the natural of the blood vessels in the brain/ spinal cord (central nervous system) and other parts of the body
tightly joined cells makes up the walls of the blood vessels in the central nervous system ( brain and spinal cord)
84
what facilitates the tight junctions in the brain?
astrocytes
85
What is the result of the tight vessels?
blood-brain barrier
86
what are the two ways a substance can get through the BBB?
1. transport
| 2. diffusion
87
what is transport?
there is a specialized protein that is in the cell wall of the blood vessel, and the protein takes things from inside the blood and moves it to the brain tissue.
move things from one side of the cell membrane to the other
88
what gets glucose (sugar) and amino acids to the brain?
transport proteins
89
what method do drugs use to get through the BBB?
diffusion
90
what is diffusion?
molecules just dissolve across the cell walls
91
what makes up blood vessel walls?
phospholipid bilayer
92
T or F: all cells from all life on earth and any parts of the body have a phospholipid bilayer membrane
T
93
what type of molecules use diffusion to get through the phospholipid bilayer?
hydrophobic ( scared of water- dont like water)
94
glucose and amino acids get to the brain via what process?
passive transport
95
hydrophobic molecules ( alcohol) get to the brain via what process?
diffusion
96
is alcohol soluble in water?
it depends. Simple alcohols like methanol and ethanol are, but as the hydrocarbon chains get larger the alcohol becomes less soluble.
97
chemistry
transformation of matter, derived from the word alchemy
98
alchemy
transformation of matter and psyche
99
al kamia
in ancient Egypt, means black earth
100
what two organs are responsible for elimination in the body?
liver and kidney
101
what is naturally the heaviest element?
uranium, 92 protons
102
what gadget made by Lawrence allows you to smash particles/ elements together to form a new chemical element?
cyclotron
103
what is Apollo 8?
first mission to take humans to the moon and back
104
why is the earth mostly blue?
it is made mostly of water and when water refelcts light it appears blue
105
why do polar substance dissolve in water?
like dissolves, since water is polar, polar substances dissolve in water
106
what is the simplest carbon based molecule?
methane
107
what is a molecule?
atoms joined together by covalent bonds ( sharing of electron)
108
what bond join the water molecule together?
hydrogen bonds
109
are hydrocarbons water soluble?
No. B/c they are hydrophobic
110
lipophobic
scared of oil. dissolve in water
111
lipophilic
like oil. Do not dissolve in water
112
what are the three atoms that make up the phospholipid bilayer?
phosphorus, nitrogen, and Oxygen
113
is the head of the phospholipid bilayer hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
hydrophilic, bc its near water
114
what is the property of the tail of the phospholipid?
hydrophobic. does not like water so it stays inside
115
what is the least poisons of the hydrocarbons?
ethanol
116
T or F: arre all alcohols poisonous?
Yes. ethanol is the least poisons
117
where is the phospholipid bilayer?
makes up the cell wall of all cells
118
what is the structure of dopamine?
benzene with 2 OH groups and an amine group
119
what is the structure of serotonin>
benzene attached to a cyclopentene with NH, and ethane with NH2
120
How to count the C's in a molecule
all kinks are a C. and remember the ENDS!
121
what two properties can a hydrophilic molecules have?
1. polar
| 2. charged
122
Earnest Lawrenece (1901-1958)
built the first cyclotron, around 1930, UCB prof
123
what is the Large Hadron Corridor?
the largest cyclotron in the world, located in Switzerland on the border of France
124
what is the circumference of the Large Hadron Corridor?
27 km
125
Linus Pauling (1902-1994)
invented ball stick models of molecules
126
what is the BBB?
region that separates the blood system from the brain,
protects the brain by being selective to what sort of substances can enter
walls of the blood vessels in the brain
127
what substances can enter the BBB?
hydrophobic, lipidophilic,
substances that are not water soluble but fat soluble bc they have to get through the phospholipid bilayer
128
What does the molecule have to do before it can cross the BBB?
they must first cross the phospholipid bilayer
129
do hydrophilic substances/ water soluble get through the BBB?
No
130
What functional group should you look for when deciding if a molecule crosses the BBB or not?
OH on molecule makes it polar and difficult to get through the BBB
if molecule has OH group it is not getting through the BBB
131
is there a transport system in the brain?
No
132
How many nerve cells are in the human brain?
10 ^11, one hundred billion nerve cells, 100,000, 000,000
133
How many times more glial cells are there as compared to nerve cells?
5x
134
what is the most complex structure in the known universe?
human brain
135
How many total cells are in the human brain?
10^12
136
what are the 4 parts of the neuron?
1. dendrites
2. soma ( cell body)
3. axon
4. axon terminal
137
What is the receiving end of the cell?
dendrites
138
what are the terminals of the neuron?
axon
139
what is the structure where the signal travels on?
axon
140
what is the synapse?
the space between two nerve cells, where they communicate. The space between a dendrite and an axon terminal
141
what is the presynaptic neuron?
axon terminal
142
what is the postsynaptic neuron?
dendrite spine, dendrite, or cell body
143
what is the role of the reuptake transporter protein?
takes up the excess neurotransmitters that are located in the synapse
144
where are the neurotransmitter molecules stored?
storage vesicle
145
agonist
molecule that binds to a neurotransmitter receptor and activates it. Mimics the effect of the nuerotransmitter
146
antagonist
A molecule that binds to a neurotransmitter and blocks it a BLOCKER
147
T or F: different neurotransmitters can activate the same neurotransmitter
T
148
reuptake inhibitor
block reuptake receptors
149
CNS ( central nervous system)
brain and spinal cord
150
PNS (peripheral nervous system)
anything that isn't the brain and the spinal cord
muscle, sensory, enteric ( all the neurons within the abdominal cavity)
151
Is the Autonomic Nervous system part of the CNS or PNS
PNS
152
Autonomic Nervous System
part of the PNS that controls involuntary actions
regulates the function of our internal organs
153
what are the 2 parts of the autonomic nervous system?
1. sympathetic
| 2. parasympathetic
154
sympathetic
fight or flight
155
parasympathetic
rest and digest
156
describe sympathetic
```
increase heart rate
increase blood pressure
dilate lung airways
dilate pupils
constricts bladder
decrease intestinal mobility
NT: norepinephrine
```
157
describe parasympathetic
```
decrease heart rate
decrease blood pressure
constrict lungs airways
constrict pupils
stimulate bladder
stimulate intestinal mobility
NT: acetylcholine
```
158
what is the neurotransmitter for sympathetic nervous system
norepinephrine
159
what is the neurotransmitter for parasympathetic nervous system
acetylcholine
160
sympatholytic
inhibits the functioning of the sympathetic system
agonist to the sympathetic nervous system
inhibits
161
sympathomimetic
stimulate the sympathetic nervous system
stimulates
162
parasympathomimetic
stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system
mimetic= stimulate
163
parasympatholytic
inhibits the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system
lytic= inhibits
164
Who is Ernest Lawrence?
UC Berkeley (wooo!) professor that invented the cyclotron
165
What is the blood-brain barrier?
Is a structure on the blood vessels of only the brain that control what gets into the brain. They are distinguished by tight junctions and astrocyte cells. The substances that can get through the BBB are those that can also cross the phospholipid bilayer, which means they are greatly hydrophobic or lipophilic ( like fat dont like water)
166
which branch of the autonomic nervous system controls the sphincter muscle?
parasympathetic
167
what eye muscle is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system?
radial muscle
168
what type of drug will dilate (open up) the eye?
sympathomimetic drug (activates the sympathetic system), parasympatholytic ( blocks parasympathetic system)
169
what drug blocks the sphincter muscles?
parasympatholytic drug
170
what type of drug are eye drops?
parasympatholytics (stops the eye from closing in), may use a combo with sympathomimetic
171
why don't we use a sympathomimetic eye drop during eye exams?
Sympathomimetic will open up the light, yes, but as soon is light shines on it, It will automatically close up.
172
acetylcholine esterase (AChE)
enzymatic protein that breaks down acetylcholine into two pieces ( acetate and choline )in the neural synapse.
173
what is the role of acetylcholine esterace (AChE) inhibitor drugs?
used to treat memory loss in ppl with dementia and Alzehemiers, good for early stages
block the AChE receptors and more acetylcholine is available for use
174
What makes AChE inhibitors poisonous
1. irreversible ( the memory ones are reversible), permanently disable the AChE receptor. The new acetylcholine can be made but it can be reuptaken
175
organophosphate AChE
type of acetylcholine esterase inhibitor that are potent, irreversible, and poisonous
176
what are the effects of an aceytocholine overstimulation?
SLUD:
salivation, lacrimation, urination, diarrhea
( parasympathetic responses)
177
international chemical weapons treaty
countries sign an agreement to stop the production and stock-pile of chemical weapons. As of 2013, 189 countries have agreed to it
178
what family is in the solanecous plants?
family= solancea
nightshade and tomato
179
how many generas are there in the solanecous plant family?
75
180
how many species are there in the solanecous plant family?
2000
181
what does solamen mean?
quiet, some of the plants in this family has salanecous properties
182
what is the most distinctive familial characteristic of this plant?
flower ( funnel or conical shape with 5 fused/ or not so fused petals)
183
what are some food plants in the solanaceous family?
tomato, potato, eggplant, chilli pepper, naranjillo/lulo, tomatillo, ground cherry/ cape gooseberry,
184
Out of all the solanaceous plants which is not native to south america?
eggplant
| the eggplant is from india
185
true or false: the leaves of all solanaceous plants are poisonous?
true
186
alkaloid
organic chemical that contains a basic nitrogen atom
often poisonous bc they are used as a protective mechanism for the plant
187
what are the two tropane alkaloids?
atropine and scopolamine
188
what are the two types of acetylcholine receptors?
muscarin, nicotinic,
189
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist
antagonist (blocker)
| reduces activity in the parasympathetic nervous system
190
what are the effects of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist also called alticholinergic effects
```
opposite of parasympathetic so sympathetic
increase in heart rate
dilation of the lung airways
pupil dilation
dry mouth ( reduction of salivia)
difficulty urinating
slowed intestinal motility, constipation
cardiac instability, possible death
```
191
what is the use of a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor inhibitr?
1. diarrahea
| 2. pupil dilation
192
what are big time hallucinators ( atropin/ scopalampine)
tropaine alkaloids, ppl dont know they are hallucinating
193
what are the effects of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist on the CNS?
1. hallucinations
2. loss of memory
3. possible seizure ( over stimulation of neurons)
4. respiratory paralysis
194
what is the deadly nightshade?
atropa belladona, source of the main tropane alkaloid
195
what is the three tropane-alkaloid solanaceous plants? also associated with witchcraft
1. Atropa Belladonna
2. mandrake (mandragora officnarum)
3. henbane (hyoscymas niger)
196
rest of the 4 solanaceous power plants?
1. datura (jimson weed)
2. brugmansia (angel's trumpet)
3. brunfelsia
4. nicotiana ( tobacco)
197
what are the routes of administration for the tobacco plant?
1. inhalation
2. chewing ( ora-bucaal)
3. snorting (intransal-insufflation)
4. oral-digestive ( drink it)
5. rectal injection OMG!
197
what are the routes of administration for the tobacco plant?
1. inhalation
2. chewing ( ora-bucaal)
3. snorting (intransal-insufflation)
4. oral-digestive ( drink it)
5. rectal injection OMG!
198
what is tobacco used to treat?
addicitions
198
what is tobacco used to treat?
addicitions
199
important shomanic plant in the amazon
Brugmansia ( Angel's trumpet)
199
important shomanic plant in the amazon
Brugmansia ( Angel's trumpet)
200
Richard Evan Schultes
botanist that learned about the medicinal property of plants from amazonian ppl
200
Jean Nicot
French ambassador that discovered the tobacco from Portugal and brought it to France
200
Jean Nicot
French ambassador that discovered the tobacco from Portugal and brought it to France
201
what are the medical uses of tobacco?
1. sedative, relaxes you.
2. relaxant and stimulant at the same time
3. reduces anxiety
relax and anti-anxiety
201
what are the medical uses of tobacco?
1. sedative, relaxes you.
2. relaxant and stimulant at the same time
3. reduces anxiety
relax and anti-anxiety
202
James I
king of England
declared the tobacco trade in america to be royal and he taxed the shit out of it
ironically he was the first dude to talk about the adverse effects of tobacco
202
what is lethal dose of nicotine in humans?
60 mg
203
Richard Evan Schultes
botanist that learned about the medicinal property of plants from amazonian ppl, professors admiror
211
what is lethal dose of nicotine in humans?
60 mg
212
what is the domesticated version of Tobacco?
Nicotine Tobacum
213
what is LD50
lethal dose required to kill 50% of the pop. For nicotine this is 60 mg
214
how many ppl in the US die of tobacco?
440,000
215
out of the total annual deaths in US, how many are tobacco related?
2.5 million
216
what is the primary psychoactive alkaloid in tobacco?
nicotine
217
what is an agonist at the nicotinic acetycholine receptor?
nicotine
218
what is the major neurohemical effect of nicotine?
bind to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
219
where does atropine come from?
atropa belladonna
220
waht are the three major tropane alkaloids?
1. hyoscyamine
2. atropine
3. scopolamine
221
what was hyoscyamine isolated from?
henbane ( Hyosyamus niger)
222
Can the tropane alkaloids/ muscarinic acetylcholine receprtor antagonists cross the BBB?
yes maam
223
are tropane alkaloids/ muscarinic acteylcholine receptor antagonists parasympatholytic or sympatholytic?
parasympatholytic ( block the effects of the parasympathetic response)
224
Brugmansia
Angel's trumpet
225
what is the major neurohemical effect of nicotine?
bind to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
226
T:F sweet potato and yam are in the solanaceous plant family
false
227
what part of the solanaceous plant do we eat?
ripe fruit or tuber
228
which one of the solanaceous power plants does not contain any tropane alkaloids?
Nicotiana
229
Can the tropane alkaloids cross the BBB?
yes maam
230
are tropane alkaloids/ muscarinic acteylcholine receptor antagonists parasympatholytic or sympatholytic?
parasympatholytic ( block the effects of the parasympathetic response)
231
what are some medicinal uses for parasympatholetics( tropane alkaloids)?
1. pupil dilation
2.diarrea
3.irritable bowel syndrome
4.motion sickness
5.
232
tropane alkaloids are parasympatholetic or sympatholytic?
parasympatholytic ( by convention also sympathomimics)
233
atropine and scopolamine are...
parasympatholytics/ tropane alkaloids
tropane alkaloids are sympatholytics
234
what three goddesses was the atropa belladonna named after?
clotho, lachesis, atropas
235
which one of the solanaceous power plants does not contain any tropane alkaloids?
Nicotiana
236
what is the most potent type of tobacco?
Nicotiana Rustica
237
what is Thanatopathia?
classification for plants made up in the book Pharmocoa, and the only plant in this category is Nicotinia tobaccum
238
the angel's trumpet is?
Brugmansia
239
the deadly nightshade is/
atropa belladonna
240
atropine and scopalamine are...?
parasympatholytics
241
tars
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
242
what is the name of the syndrome that results in a low weight and size of a baby?
fetal tobacco syndrome
