Midterm 1 Flashcards
How many drug arrests are there in a year?
1.9 million
How many drug arrests are there for violent crime?
600,000
How many arrests are there for property crime?
1.5 million
T or F: US has the highest per capita incarcerations in the world
T
Trend in marijuana arrests per year
increasing from 1966 to 2011
What percentage of marijuana arrests per year were for possession?
90%
Around which length of time did the funds for UC/CSU shift to corrections ( imprisonment)?
1997-1998
What are the current amounts for funding for corrections and UC/CSU respectively?
$8.1 million ( corrections)and $4.9 billion (UC/CSU) as of 2009-2010
What is a drug?
a chemical which in relatively small amounts has effects on physiology ( functioning of the organism)
Psychoactive drug
a chemical that has effects on human behavior ( thoughts, feelings, actions) via its effects on the nervous system; that affects the psyche= mind ( thoughts, feelings, perceptions, consciousness)
pharmocology
the study of how drugs interact with the body ( includes absorption, distribution, mechanisms of action, metabolism, elimination)
psychopharmacology
the study of how psychoactive drugs interact with the body and mind
medicine
substance used for treating disease; or that has beneficial effects on a state of health
poison
a dangerous or deadly substance
pharmaco, from Greek word “pharmako”
medicine and poison
botany
study of plants
ethnobotany
study of relationships between plants and the people who have come to know them
ethnopharmacology
study of chemicals (drugs) that come from plants used by indigenous peoples
herbalists
plant experts who used their knowledge of plants to heal
list some of the healers who may draw some of their powers from plants
- shaman ( central asia)
- Curander, Curandera, Vegalista ( Latin America)
- witch doctor, medicine man/woman, sorcerer, wizard, magician
allies
one who helps,plants can help people do things
What message about plants do we get from Adam/ Eve’s fall from Garden of Eden?
plants that give knowledge are dangerous and forbidden and if consumed lead to severe punishments
Who is Hildegarde von Bingen and what did he do?
a nun that collected and recorded properties of plants in medicine
What happened during the inquisition ( 1200-1600)?
anyone who was related to power plants were labeled as witches and were tortured and executed. This was propelled by the Catholic Church
What is the Malleus Malleficarum (1486)?
a book that means Hammer of Witches.
Explains how to find and kill witches.
Blessed by Pope Innocent VIII
Paracelsus (1493-1541)
father of the modern science of pharmacology
“if infection is prevented, Nature will heal the wound”
“A man who is angry is not angry in his head of first but all organs of the body”
“all substances are poisons; there is none which is not a poison. The difference between a poison and a remedy depends on the dose”
main point: everything is a poison, only the dose varies
more on Paracelsus (1493-1541)
Theophrastus Phililppus Arueolus Bombastus von Hohenheim
physician, scientist, chemist, alchemist, philosopher,
chemical urinalysis
administration of specific medicines, pharmacology
proposed better methods for treating wounds and preventing infection
called for the humane treatment of the mentally ill
appreciated the connection between mental states and physical properties of the body
“All substances are poisons; there is none that is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison and a remedy”
power plants
plants as teachers: plants have the power to heal and teach
droog
old fashioned word for dried plant
What are the different routes of drug entry into the body?
- oral/digestive
- inhalation
- injection (IV, IM, IP, subQ)
- intranasal/ insufflation/snorting
- rectal
- transdermal
What is the order of blood flow?
heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, heart
how many liters of blood do we have?
5 L
how long does it take for the blood to make it to the whole body?
1 min
T or F: chemicals in blood distribute throughout entire blood supply
T
T or F: chemicals Do NOT partition into body tissue to varying degrees
F
What is job of the liver?
biotransformation/ metabolism
makes foreign chemicals more water soluble to promote excretion
Define biotransformation
chemical change of the structure of a substance
alternation of a substance, like a drug, within the body
what are the enzymes involved in biotransformation/ metabolism?
cytochrome P450 and other enzymes
Explain the oral/ digestive route of entry (administration)
ingestion by the mouth
enters the stomach and intestines
hepatic portal system from gastrointestinal system to liver
first-pass metabolism= possible biotransformation by the liver
time to brain approx 20 min
what is the approx time of a drug entry to the brain via the oral/digestive system?
20 min
hepatic portal system
capillaries from stomach and intestines send blood to liver
vessels that carry blood from stomach and intestines to the liver
first pass metabolism
substances go through the liver first and change chemically before entering the blood
biotransformation by the liver
occurs in the liver
results in a biotransformation
what do all other routes of entry other than the digestive system have in common?
They bypass the digestive system
do not have to go through first pass metabolism
what are the consequences for a molecule to not go through the liver by first pass metabolism
- substance gets absorbed more quickly
( increased speed of onset)
2.substance structure remains in tact b/c it doesn’t get altered by the liver
( greater chemical intactness= initial bioavailability)
what are other routes of entry called?
parenteral ( beyond the intestine) routes
anything other than digestion
what does “par” mean
beyond
what does “enteron” mean
intestine
T or F: Do all molecules eventually reach the liver?
Yes, but it takes a bit of time
intraoral/ buccal (cheeks)/ oral-buccal/ sublingual
entry directly from the mouth
how long does it take for a molecule to move from the mouth to the brain?
3 min
intranasal/ insufflation/ snorting
absorption through the nose
how long does it take for a material to move from nose to the brain?
3 min
rectal
absorption via the booty! oh yeah.
blood vessels
what is a suppository
drug delivery system in which the drug is in the suppository and is inserted into the rectum and absorbed by blood vessels there
waxy material that has the drug in it
how long does it take for a substance to move from the booty to the brain?
3 min
what is an enema
procedure in which liquids are inserted into the anus
transdermal
across the skin
contact absorption
how long does transdermal absorption take?
minutes to hours
patches are designed to be taken in slowly at a time
inhalation/ smoking
inhalation : inhlaing or breathing something into the longs
smoking is burning something and then taking it in, substance is available as a vapor as result
for example: weed is burned and then the vapors are taking in
what is the fastest route of entry into the brain? and why?
inhalation
lungs have lots of surface area with many blood vessels, that can absorb things quickly
how long does it take for a substance to move from the lungs to the brain?
10 sec
what are the 4 different types of injections?
- IV ( intravenous)
- IM ( intrmuscualr)
- IP ( intraperitoneal)
- SubQ (subcutaneous)
how long does IV ( intravenous) take to get to the brain?
20 sec, 2x fast as inhalation
directly into the blood stream
how long does IM ( intramuscular) take to get to the brain?
3 min
through the muscle
how long does IP ( intraperitoneal) take to get to the brain?
3 min
through the peritoneum ( body cavity which has lots of blood vessels)
many used in animals, such as mice
how long does SubQ take to get to the brain?
many minutes
under the surface of the skin
T or F: injection is most efficient for water soluble substances
T
what invention made IV possible?
hypodermic syringe
What is one of the problems with using injections?
increases the risk of toxic effects
what is the most efficient way of substance entry?
intravenous
what has the most dangerous potential of drug administration?
Injection
what are the two risks with using injection?
- possibility of infections
2. problem of overdose
what are the two types of infections from using injections?
- topical (skin) infection at the injection site
2. blood-borne infections
what are some examples of blood-borne infections?
- bacteria, other microbes, sepsis ( body has an inflammatory response due to an infection)
- virus: HIV, hepatitis ( inflation of the liver)
bacterial or virus
what doesn’t get eliminated from the body?
heavy metals
what is the route of elimination?
liver, bile, intestines,
kidney, bladder, urine
what is the lifetime of a drug in the body?
time it takes to eliminate half the drug
Describe route of administration for oral digestion
takes a long time and concentration is fairly low
insufflation/ im. injection ( from graph)
absorbed more quickly so higher concentration
inhalation/ iv injection
shorter time and faster effect, bc the initial concentration comes in fast
What is the main idea of the graphs?
faster routes of entry have bigger effects bc concentrations come on quickly
blood level/ onset kinetics and subsequent elimination from single dose..order from fastest to slowest
- inhalation, smoking, IV
- intranasal, oral- buccal, IM
- oral-digestive, transdermal
What is the difference of the natural of the blood vessels in the brain/ spinal cord (central nervous system) and other parts of the body
tightly joined cells makes up the walls of the blood vessels in the central nervous system ( brain and spinal cord)
what facilitates the tight junctions in the brain?
astrocytes
What is the result of the tight vessels?
blood-brain barrier
what are the two ways a substance can get through the BBB?
- transport
2. diffusion
what is transport?
there is a specialized protein that is in the cell wall of the blood vessel, and the protein takes things from inside the blood and moves it to the brain tissue.
move things from one side of the cell membrane to the other
what gets glucose (sugar) and amino acids to the brain?
transport proteins
what method do drugs use to get through the BBB?
diffusion
what is diffusion?
molecules just dissolve across the cell walls
what makes up blood vessel walls?
phospholipid bilayer
T or F: all cells from all life on earth and any parts of the body have a phospholipid bilayer membrane
T
what type of molecules use diffusion to get through the phospholipid bilayer?
hydrophobic ( scared of water- dont like water)
glucose and amino acids get to the brain via what process?
passive transport
hydrophobic molecules ( alcohol) get to the brain via what process?
diffusion
is alcohol soluble in water?
it depends. Simple alcohols like methanol and ethanol are, but as the hydrocarbon chains get larger the alcohol becomes less soluble.
chemistry
transformation of matter, derived from the word alchemy
alchemy
transformation of matter and psyche
al kamia
in ancient Egypt, means black earth
what two organs are responsible for elimination in the body?
liver and kidney
what is naturally the heaviest element?
uranium, 92 protons
what gadget made by Lawrence allows you to smash particles/ elements together to form a new chemical element?
cyclotron
what is Apollo 8?
first mission to take humans to the moon and back
why is the earth mostly blue?
it is made mostly of water and when water refelcts light it appears blue
why do polar substance dissolve in water?
like dissolves, since water is polar, polar substances dissolve in water
what is the simplest carbon based molecule?
methane
what is a molecule?
atoms joined together by covalent bonds ( sharing of electron)
what bond join the water molecule together?
hydrogen bonds
are hydrocarbons water soluble?
No. B/c they are hydrophobic
lipophobic
scared of oil. dissolve in water
lipophilic
like oil. Do not dissolve in water
what are the three atoms that make up the phospholipid bilayer?
phosphorus, nitrogen, and Oxygen
is the head of the phospholipid bilayer hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
hydrophilic, bc its near water
what is the property of the tail of the phospholipid?
hydrophobic. does not like water so it stays inside
what is the least poisons of the hydrocarbons?
ethanol
T or F: arre all alcohols poisonous?
Yes. ethanol is the least poisons
where is the phospholipid bilayer?
makes up the cell wall of all cells
what is the structure of dopamine?
benzene with 2 OH groups and an amine group
what is the structure of serotonin>
benzene attached to a cyclopentene with NH, and ethane with NH2
How to count the C’s in a molecule
all kinks are a C. and remember the ENDS!
what two properties can a hydrophilic molecules have?
- polar
2. charged
Earnest Lawrenece (1901-1958)
built the first cyclotron, around 1930, UCB prof
what is the Large Hadron Corridor?
the largest cyclotron in the world, located in Switzerland on the border of France
what is the circumference of the Large Hadron Corridor?
27 km
Linus Pauling (1902-1994)
invented ball stick models of molecules
what is the BBB?
region that separates the blood system from the brain,
protects the brain by being selective to what sort of substances can enter
walls of the blood vessels in the brain
what substances can enter the BBB?
hydrophobic, lipidophilic,
substances that are not water soluble but fat soluble bc they have to get through the phospholipid bilayer
What does the molecule have to do before it can cross the BBB?
they must first cross the phospholipid bilayer
do hydrophilic substances/ water soluble get through the BBB?
No
What functional group should you look for when deciding if a molecule crosses the BBB or not?
OH on molecule makes it polar and difficult to get through the BBB
if molecule has OH group it is not getting through the BBB
is there a transport system in the brain?
No
How many nerve cells are in the human brain?
10 ^11, one hundred billion nerve cells, 100,000, 000,000
How many times more glial cells are there as compared to nerve cells?
5x
what is the most complex structure in the known universe?
human brain
How many total cells are in the human brain?
10^12
what are the 4 parts of the neuron?
- dendrites
- soma ( cell body)
- axon
- axon terminal
What is the receiving end of the cell?
dendrites
what are the terminals of the neuron?
axon
what is the structure where the signal travels on?
axon
what is the synapse?
the space between two nerve cells, where they communicate. The space between a dendrite and an axon terminal
what is the presynaptic neuron?
axon terminal
what is the postsynaptic neuron?
dendrite spine, dendrite, or cell body
what is the role of the reuptake transporter protein?
takes up the excess neurotransmitters that are located in the synapse
where are the neurotransmitter molecules stored?
storage vesicle
agonist
molecule that binds to a neurotransmitter receptor and activates it. Mimics the effect of the nuerotransmitter
antagonist
A molecule that binds to a neurotransmitter and blocks it a BLOCKER
T or F: different neurotransmitters can activate the same neurotransmitter
T
reuptake inhibitor
block reuptake receptors
CNS ( central nervous system)
brain and spinal cord
PNS (peripheral nervous system)
anything that isn’t the brain and the spinal cord
muscle, sensory, enteric ( all the neurons within the abdominal cavity)
Is the Autonomic Nervous system part of the CNS or PNS
PNS
Autonomic Nervous System
part of the PNS that controls involuntary actions
regulates the function of our internal organs
what are the 2 parts of the autonomic nervous system?
- sympathetic
2. parasympathetic
sympathetic
fight or flight
parasympathetic
rest and digest
describe sympathetic
increase heart rate increase blood pressure dilate lung airways dilate pupils constricts bladder decrease intestinal mobility NT: norepinephrine
describe parasympathetic
decrease heart rate decrease blood pressure constrict lungs airways constrict pupils stimulate bladder stimulate intestinal mobility NT: acetylcholine
what is the neurotransmitter for sympathetic nervous system
norepinephrine
what is the neurotransmitter for parasympathetic nervous system
acetylcholine
sympatholytic
inhibits the functioning of the sympathetic system
agonist to the sympathetic nervous system
inhibits
sympathomimetic
stimulate the sympathetic nervous system
stimulates
parasympathomimetic
stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system
mimetic= stimulate
parasympatholytic
inhibits the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system
lytic= inhibits
Who is Ernest Lawrence?
UC Berkeley (wooo!) professor that invented the cyclotron
What is the blood-brain barrier?
Is a structure on the blood vessels of only the brain that control what gets into the brain. They are distinguished by tight junctions and astrocyte cells. The substances that can get through the BBB are those that can also cross the phospholipid bilayer, which means they are greatly hydrophobic or lipophilic ( like fat dont like water)
which branch of the autonomic nervous system controls the sphincter muscle?
parasympathetic
what eye muscle is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system?
radial muscle
what type of drug will dilate (open up) the eye?
sympathomimetic drug (activates the sympathetic system), parasympatholytic ( blocks parasympathetic system)
what drug blocks the sphincter muscles?
parasympatholytic drug
what type of drug are eye drops?
parasympatholytics (stops the eye from closing in), may use a combo with sympathomimetic
why don’t we use a sympathomimetic eye drop during eye exams?
Sympathomimetic will open up the light, yes, but as soon is light shines on it, It will automatically close up.
acetylcholine esterase (AChE)
enzymatic protein that breaks down acetylcholine into two pieces ( acetate and choline )in the neural synapse.
what is the role of acetylcholine esterace (AChE) inhibitor drugs?
used to treat memory loss in ppl with dementia and Alzehemiers, good for early stages
block the AChE receptors and more acetylcholine is available for use
What makes AChE inhibitors poisonous
- irreversible ( the memory ones are reversible), permanently disable the AChE receptor. The new acetylcholine can be made but it can be reuptaken
organophosphate AChE
type of acetylcholine esterase inhibitor that are potent, irreversible, and poisonous
what are the effects of an aceytocholine overstimulation?
SLUD:
salivation, lacrimation, urination, diarrhea
( parasympathetic responses)
international chemical weapons treaty
countries sign an agreement to stop the production and stock-pile of chemical weapons. As of 2013, 189 countries have agreed to it
what family is in the solanecous plants?
family= solancea
nightshade and tomato
how many generas are there in the solanecous plant family?
75
how many species are there in the solanecous plant family?
2000
what does solamen mean?
quiet, some of the plants in this family has salanecous properties
what is the most distinctive familial characteristic of this plant?
flower ( funnel or conical shape with 5 fused/ or not so fused petals)
what are some food plants in the solanaceous family?
tomato, potato, eggplant, chilli pepper, naranjillo/lulo, tomatillo, ground cherry/ cape gooseberry,
Out of all the solanaceous plants which is not native to south america?
eggplant
the eggplant is from india
true or false: the leaves of all solanaceous plants are poisonous?
true
alkaloid
organic chemical that contains a basic nitrogen atom
often poisonous bc they are used as a protective mechanism for the plant
what are the two tropane alkaloids?
atropine and scopolamine
what are the two types of acetylcholine receptors?
muscarin, nicotinic,
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist
antagonist (blocker)
reduces activity in the parasympathetic nervous system
what are the effects of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist also called alticholinergic effects
opposite of parasympathetic so sympathetic increase in heart rate dilation of the lung airways pupil dilation dry mouth ( reduction of salivia) difficulty urinating slowed intestinal motility, constipation cardiac instability, possible death
what is the use of a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor inhibitr?
- diarrahea
2. pupil dilation
what are big time hallucinators ( atropin/ scopalampine)
tropaine alkaloids, ppl dont know they are hallucinating
what are the effects of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist on the CNS?
- hallucinations
- loss of memory
- possible seizure ( over stimulation of neurons)
- respiratory paralysis
what is the deadly nightshade?
atropa belladona, source of the main tropane alkaloid
what is the three tropane-alkaloid solanaceous plants? also associated with witchcraft
- Atropa Belladonna
- mandrake (mandragora officnarum)
- henbane (hyoscymas niger)
rest of the 4 solanaceous power plants?
- datura (jimson weed)
- brugmansia (angel’s trumpet)
- brunfelsia
- nicotiana ( tobacco)
what are the routes of administration for the tobacco plant?
- inhalation
- chewing ( ora-bucaal)
- snorting (intransal-insufflation)
- oral-digestive ( drink it)
- rectal injection OMG!
what are the routes of administration for the tobacco plant?
- inhalation
- chewing ( ora-bucaal)
- snorting (intransal-insufflation)
- oral-digestive ( drink it)
- rectal injection OMG!
what is tobacco used to treat?
addicitions
what is tobacco used to treat?
addicitions
important shomanic plant in the amazon
Brugmansia ( Angel’s trumpet)
important shomanic plant in the amazon
Brugmansia ( Angel’s trumpet)
Richard Evan Schultes
botanist that learned about the medicinal property of plants from amazonian ppl
Jean Nicot
French ambassador that discovered the tobacco from Portugal and brought it to France
Jean Nicot
French ambassador that discovered the tobacco from Portugal and brought it to France
what are the medical uses of tobacco?
- sedative, relaxes you.
- relaxant and stimulant at the same time
- reduces anxiety
relax and anti-anxiety
what are the medical uses of tobacco?
- sedative, relaxes you.
- relaxant and stimulant at the same time
- reduces anxiety
relax and anti-anxiety
James I
king of England
declared the tobacco trade in america to be royal and he taxed the shit out of it
ironically he was the first dude to talk about the adverse effects of tobacco
what is lethal dose of nicotine in humans?
60 mg
Richard Evan Schultes
botanist that learned about the medicinal property of plants from amazonian ppl, professors admiror
what is lethal dose of nicotine in humans?
60 mg
what is the domesticated version of Tobacco?
Nicotine Tobacum
what is LD50
lethal dose required to kill 50% of the pop. For nicotine this is 60 mg
how many ppl in the US die of tobacco?
440,000
out of the total annual deaths in US, how many are tobacco related?
2.5 million
what is the primary psychoactive alkaloid in tobacco?
nicotine
what is an agonist at the nicotinic acetycholine receptor?
nicotine
what is the major neurohemical effect of nicotine?
bind to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
where does atropine come from?
atropa belladonna
waht are the three major tropane alkaloids?
- hyoscyamine
- atropine
- scopolamine
what was hyoscyamine isolated from?
henbane ( Hyosyamus niger)
Can the tropane alkaloids/ muscarinic acetylcholine receprtor antagonists cross the BBB?
yes maam
are tropane alkaloids/ muscarinic acteylcholine receptor antagonists parasympatholytic or sympatholytic?
parasympatholytic ( block the effects of the parasympathetic response)
Brugmansia
Angel’s trumpet
what is the major neurohemical effect of nicotine?
bind to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
T:F sweet potato and yam are in the solanaceous plant family
false
what part of the solanaceous plant do we eat?
ripe fruit or tuber
which one of the solanaceous power plants does not contain any tropane alkaloids?
Nicotiana
Can the tropane alkaloids cross the BBB?
yes maam
are tropane alkaloids/ muscarinic acteylcholine receptor antagonists parasympatholytic or sympatholytic?
parasympatholytic ( block the effects of the parasympathetic response)
what are some medicinal uses for parasympatholetics( tropane alkaloids)?
- pupil dilation
2.diarrea
3.irritable bowel syndrome
4.motion sickness
5.
tropane alkaloids are parasympatholetic or sympatholytic?
parasympatholytic ( by convention also sympathomimics)
atropine and scopolamine are…
parasympatholytics/ tropane alkaloids
tropane alkaloids are sympatholytics
what three goddesses was the atropa belladonna named after?
clotho, lachesis, atropas
which one of the solanaceous power plants does not contain any tropane alkaloids?
Nicotiana
what is the most potent type of tobacco?
Nicotiana Rustica
what is Thanatopathia?
classification for plants made up in the book Pharmocoa, and the only plant in this category is Nicotinia tobaccum
the angel’s trumpet is?
Brugmansia
the deadly nightshade is/
atropa belladonna
atropine and scopalamine are…?
parasympatholytics
tars
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
what is the name of the syndrome that results in a low weight and size of a baby?
fetal tobacco syndrome