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Drugs and the Brain > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

How many drug arrests are there in a year?

A

1.9 million

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2
Q

How many drug arrests are there for violent crime?

A

600,000

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3
Q

How many arrests are there for property crime?

A

1.5 million

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4
Q

T or F: US has the highest per capita incarcerations in the world

A

T

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5
Q

Trend in marijuana arrests per year

A

increasing from 1966 to 2011

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6
Q

What percentage of marijuana arrests per year were for possession?

A

90%

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7
Q

Around which length of time did the funds for UC/CSU shift to corrections ( imprisonment)?

A

1997-1998

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8
Q

What are the current amounts for funding for corrections and UC/CSU respectively?

A

$8.1 million ( corrections)and $4.9 billion (UC/CSU) as of 2009-2010

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9
Q

What is a drug?

A

a chemical which in relatively small amounts has effects on physiology ( functioning of the organism)

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10
Q

Psychoactive drug

A

a chemical that has effects on human behavior ( thoughts, feelings, actions) via its effects on the nervous system; that affects the psyche= mind ( thoughts, feelings, perceptions, consciousness)

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11
Q

pharmocology

A

the study of how drugs interact with the body ( includes absorption, distribution, mechanisms of action, metabolism, elimination)

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12
Q

psychopharmacology

A

the study of how psychoactive drugs interact with the body and mind

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13
Q

medicine

A

substance used for treating disease; or that has beneficial effects on a state of health

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14
Q

poison

A

a dangerous or deadly substance

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15
Q

pharmaco, from Greek word “pharmako”

A

medicine and poison

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16
Q

botany

A

study of plants

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17
Q

ethnobotany

A

study of relationships between plants and the people who have come to know them

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18
Q

ethnopharmacology

A

study of chemicals (drugs) that come from plants used by indigenous peoples

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19
Q

herbalists

A

plant experts who used their knowledge of plants to heal

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20
Q

list some of the healers who may draw some of their powers from plants

A
  1. shaman ( central asia)
  2. Curander, Curandera, Vegalista ( Latin America)
  3. witch doctor, medicine man/woman, sorcerer, wizard, magician
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21
Q

allies

A

one who helps,plants can help people do things

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22
Q

What message about plants do we get from Adam/ Eve’s fall from Garden of Eden?

A

plants that give knowledge are dangerous and forbidden and if consumed lead to severe punishments

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23
Q

Who is Hildegarde von Bingen and what did he do?

A

a nun that collected and recorded properties of plants in medicine

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24
Q

What happened during the inquisition ( 1200-1600)?

A

anyone who was related to power plants were labeled as witches and were tortured and executed. This was propelled by the Catholic Church

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25
Q

What is the Malleus Malleficarum (1486)?

A

a book that means Hammer of Witches.
Explains how to find and kill witches.
Blessed by Pope Innocent VIII

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26
Q

Paracelsus (1493-1541)

A

father of the modern science of pharmacology
“if infection is prevented, Nature will heal the wound”
“A man who is angry is not angry in his head of first but all organs of the body”
“all substances are poisons; there is none which is not a poison. The difference between a poison and a remedy depends on the dose”
main point: everything is a poison, only the dose varies

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27
Q

more on Paracelsus (1493-1541)

A

Theophrastus Phililppus Arueolus Bombastus von Hohenheim
physician, scientist, chemist, alchemist, philosopher,
chemical urinalysis
administration of specific medicines, pharmacology
proposed better methods for treating wounds and preventing infection
called for the humane treatment of the mentally ill
appreciated the connection between mental states and physical properties of the body
“All substances are poisons; there is none that is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison and a remedy”

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28
Q

power plants

A

plants as teachers: plants have the power to heal and teach

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29
Q

droog

A

old fashioned word for dried plant

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30
Q

What are the different routes of drug entry into the body?

A
  1. oral/digestive
  2. inhalation
  3. injection (IV, IM, IP, subQ)
  4. intranasal/ insufflation/snorting
  5. rectal
  6. transdermal
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31
Q

What is the order of blood flow?

A

heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, heart

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32
Q

how many liters of blood do we have?

A

5 L

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33
Q

how long does it take for the blood to make it to the whole body?

A

1 min

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34
Q

T or F: chemicals in blood distribute throughout entire blood supply

A

T

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35
Q

T or F: chemicals Do NOT partition into body tissue to varying degrees

A

F

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36
Q

What is job of the liver?

A

biotransformation/ metabolism

makes foreign chemicals more water soluble to promote excretion

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37
Q

Define biotransformation

A

chemical change of the structure of a substance

alternation of a substance, like a drug, within the body

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38
Q

what are the enzymes involved in biotransformation/ metabolism?

A

cytochrome P450 and other enzymes

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39
Q

Explain the oral/ digestive route of entry (administration)

A

ingestion by the mouth
enters the stomach and intestines
hepatic portal system from gastrointestinal system to liver
first-pass metabolism= possible biotransformation by the liver
time to brain approx 20 min

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40
Q

what is the approx time of a drug entry to the brain via the oral/digestive system?

A

20 min

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41
Q

hepatic portal system

A

capillaries from stomach and intestines send blood to liver

vessels that carry blood from stomach and intestines to the liver

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42
Q

first pass metabolism

A

substances go through the liver first and change chemically before entering the blood

biotransformation by the liver

occurs in the liver

results in a biotransformation

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43
Q

what do all other routes of entry other than the digestive system have in common?

A

They bypass the digestive system

do not have to go through first pass metabolism

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44
Q

what are the consequences for a molecule to not go through the liver by first pass metabolism

A
  1. substance gets absorbed more quickly
    ( increased speed of onset)

2.substance structure remains in tact b/c it doesn’t get altered by the liver
( greater chemical intactness= initial bioavailability)

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45
Q

what are other routes of entry called?

A

parenteral ( beyond the intestine) routes

anything other than digestion

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46
Q

what does “par” mean

A

beyond

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47
Q

what does “enteron” mean

A

intestine

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48
Q

T or F: Do all molecules eventually reach the liver?

A

Yes, but it takes a bit of time

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49
Q

intraoral/ buccal (cheeks)/ oral-buccal/ sublingual

A

entry directly from the mouth

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50
Q

how long does it take for a molecule to move from the mouth to the brain?

A

3 min

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51
Q

intranasal/ insufflation/ snorting

A

absorption through the nose

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52
Q

how long does it take for a material to move from nose to the brain?

A

3 min

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53
Q

rectal

A

absorption via the booty! oh yeah.

blood vessels

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54
Q

what is a suppository

A

drug delivery system in which the drug is in the suppository and is inserted into the rectum and absorbed by blood vessels there

waxy material that has the drug in it

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55
Q

how long does it take for a substance to move from the booty to the brain?

A

3 min

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56
Q

what is an enema

A

procedure in which liquids are inserted into the anus

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57
Q

transdermal

A

across the skin

contact absorption

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58
Q

how long does transdermal absorption take?

A

minutes to hours

patches are designed to be taken in slowly at a time

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59
Q

inhalation/ smoking

A

inhalation : inhlaing or breathing something into the longs
smoking is burning something and then taking it in, substance is available as a vapor as result

for example: weed is burned and then the vapors are taking in

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60
Q

what is the fastest route of entry into the brain? and why?

A

inhalation

lungs have lots of surface area with many blood vessels, that can absorb things quickly

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61
Q

how long does it take for a substance to move from the lungs to the brain?

A

10 sec

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62
Q

what are the 4 different types of injections?

A
  1. IV ( intravenous)
  2. IM ( intrmuscualr)
  3. IP ( intraperitoneal)
  4. SubQ (subcutaneous)
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63
Q

how long does IV ( intravenous) take to get to the brain?

A

20 sec, 2x fast as inhalation

directly into the blood stream

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64
Q

how long does IM ( intramuscular) take to get to the brain?

A

3 min

through the muscle

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65
Q

how long does IP ( intraperitoneal) take to get to the brain?

A

3 min

through the peritoneum ( body cavity which has lots of blood vessels)

many used in animals, such as mice

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66
Q

how long does SubQ take to get to the brain?

A

many minutes

under the surface of the skin

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67
Q

T or F: injection is most efficient for water soluble substances

A

T

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68
Q

what invention made IV possible?

A

hypodermic syringe

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69
Q

What is one of the problems with using injections?

A

increases the risk of toxic effects

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70
Q

what is the most efficient way of substance entry?

A

intravenous

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71
Q

what has the most dangerous potential of drug administration?

A

Injection

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72
Q

what are the two risks with using injection?

A
  1. possibility of infections

2. problem of overdose

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73
Q

what are the two types of infections from using injections?

A
  1. topical (skin) infection at the injection site

2. blood-borne infections

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74
Q

what are some examples of blood-borne infections?

A
  1. bacteria, other microbes, sepsis ( body has an inflammatory response due to an infection)
  2. virus: HIV, hepatitis ( inflation of the liver)

bacterial or virus

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75
Q

what doesn’t get eliminated from the body?

A

heavy metals

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76
Q

what is the route of elimination?

A

liver, bile, intestines,

kidney, bladder, urine

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77
Q

what is the lifetime of a drug in the body?

A

time it takes to eliminate half the drug

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78
Q

Describe route of administration for oral digestion

A

takes a long time and concentration is fairly low

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79
Q

insufflation/ im. injection ( from graph)

A

absorbed more quickly so higher concentration

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80
Q

inhalation/ iv injection

A

shorter time and faster effect, bc the initial concentration comes in fast

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81
Q

What is the main idea of the graphs?

A

faster routes of entry have bigger effects bc concentrations come on quickly

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82
Q

blood level/ onset kinetics and subsequent elimination from single dose..order from fastest to slowest

A
  1. inhalation, smoking, IV
  2. intranasal, oral- buccal, IM
  3. oral-digestive, transdermal
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83
Q

What is the difference of the natural of the blood vessels in the brain/ spinal cord (central nervous system) and other parts of the body

A

tightly joined cells makes up the walls of the blood vessels in the central nervous system ( brain and spinal cord)

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84
Q

what facilitates the tight junctions in the brain?

A

astrocytes

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85
Q

What is the result of the tight vessels?

A

blood-brain barrier

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86
Q

what are the two ways a substance can get through the BBB?

A
  1. transport

2. diffusion

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87
Q

what is transport?

A

there is a specialized protein that is in the cell wall of the blood vessel, and the protein takes things from inside the blood and moves it to the brain tissue.

move things from one side of the cell membrane to the other

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88
Q

what gets glucose (sugar) and amino acids to the brain?

A

transport proteins

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89
Q

what method do drugs use to get through the BBB?

A

diffusion

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90
Q

what is diffusion?

A

molecules just dissolve across the cell walls

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91
Q

what makes up blood vessel walls?

A

phospholipid bilayer

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92
Q

T or F: all cells from all life on earth and any parts of the body have a phospholipid bilayer membrane

A

T

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93
Q

what type of molecules use diffusion to get through the phospholipid bilayer?

A

hydrophobic ( scared of water- dont like water)

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94
Q

glucose and amino acids get to the brain via what process?

A

passive transport

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95
Q

hydrophobic molecules ( alcohol) get to the brain via what process?

A

diffusion

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96
Q

is alcohol soluble in water?

A

it depends. Simple alcohols like methanol and ethanol are, but as the hydrocarbon chains get larger the alcohol becomes less soluble.

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97
Q

chemistry

A

transformation of matter, derived from the word alchemy

98
Q

alchemy

A

transformation of matter and psyche

99
Q

al kamia

A

in ancient Egypt, means black earth

100
Q

what two organs are responsible for elimination in the body?

A

liver and kidney

101
Q

what is naturally the heaviest element?

A

uranium, 92 protons

102
Q

what gadget made by Lawrence allows you to smash particles/ elements together to form a new chemical element?

A

cyclotron

103
Q

what is Apollo 8?

A

first mission to take humans to the moon and back

104
Q

why is the earth mostly blue?

A

it is made mostly of water and when water refelcts light it appears blue

105
Q

why do polar substance dissolve in water?

A

like dissolves, since water is polar, polar substances dissolve in water

106
Q

what is the simplest carbon based molecule?

A

methane

107
Q

what is a molecule?

A

atoms joined together by covalent bonds ( sharing of electron)

108
Q

what bond join the water molecule together?

A

hydrogen bonds

109
Q

are hydrocarbons water soluble?

A

No. B/c they are hydrophobic

110
Q

lipophobic

A

scared of oil. dissolve in water

111
Q

lipophilic

A

like oil. Do not dissolve in water

112
Q

what are the three atoms that make up the phospholipid bilayer?

A

phosphorus, nitrogen, and Oxygen

113
Q

is the head of the phospholipid bilayer hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

hydrophilic, bc its near water

114
Q

what is the property of the tail of the phospholipid?

A

hydrophobic. does not like water so it stays inside

115
Q

what is the least poisons of the hydrocarbons?

A

ethanol

116
Q

T or F: arre all alcohols poisonous?

A

Yes. ethanol is the least poisons

117
Q

where is the phospholipid bilayer?

A

makes up the cell wall of all cells

118
Q

what is the structure of dopamine?

A

benzene with 2 OH groups and an amine group

119
Q

what is the structure of serotonin>

A

benzene attached to a cyclopentene with NH, and ethane with NH2

120
Q

How to count the C’s in a molecule

A

all kinks are a C. and remember the ENDS!

121
Q

what two properties can a hydrophilic molecules have?

A
  1. polar

2. charged

122
Q

Earnest Lawrenece (1901-1958)

A

built the first cyclotron, around 1930, UCB prof

123
Q

what is the Large Hadron Corridor?

A

the largest cyclotron in the world, located in Switzerland on the border of France

124
Q

what is the circumference of the Large Hadron Corridor?

A

27 km

125
Q

Linus Pauling (1902-1994)

A

invented ball stick models of molecules

126
Q

what is the BBB?

A

region that separates the blood system from the brain,
protects the brain by being selective to what sort of substances can enter

walls of the blood vessels in the brain

127
Q

what substances can enter the BBB?

A

hydrophobic, lipidophilic,

substances that are not water soluble but fat soluble bc they have to get through the phospholipid bilayer

128
Q

What does the molecule have to do before it can cross the BBB?

A

they must first cross the phospholipid bilayer

129
Q

do hydrophilic substances/ water soluble get through the BBB?

A

No

130
Q

What functional group should you look for when deciding if a molecule crosses the BBB or not?

A

OH on molecule makes it polar and difficult to get through the BBB

if molecule has OH group it is not getting through the BBB

131
Q

is there a transport system in the brain?

A

No

132
Q

How many nerve cells are in the human brain?

A

10 ^11, one hundred billion nerve cells, 100,000, 000,000

133
Q

How many times more glial cells are there as compared to nerve cells?

A

5x

134
Q

what is the most complex structure in the known universe?

A

human brain

135
Q

How many total cells are in the human brain?

A

10^12

136
Q

what are the 4 parts of the neuron?

A
  1. dendrites
  2. soma ( cell body)
  3. axon
  4. axon terminal
137
Q

What is the receiving end of the cell?

A

dendrites

138
Q

what are the terminals of the neuron?

A

axon

139
Q

what is the structure where the signal travels on?

A

axon

140
Q

what is the synapse?

A

the space between two nerve cells, where they communicate. The space between a dendrite and an axon terminal

141
Q

what is the presynaptic neuron?

A

axon terminal

142
Q

what is the postsynaptic neuron?

A

dendrite spine, dendrite, or cell body

143
Q

what is the role of the reuptake transporter protein?

A

takes up the excess neurotransmitters that are located in the synapse

144
Q

where are the neurotransmitter molecules stored?

A

storage vesicle

145
Q

agonist

A

molecule that binds to a neurotransmitter receptor and activates it. Mimics the effect of the nuerotransmitter

146
Q

antagonist

A

A molecule that binds to a neurotransmitter and blocks it a BLOCKER

147
Q

T or F: different neurotransmitters can activate the same neurotransmitter

A

T

148
Q

reuptake inhibitor

A

block reuptake receptors

149
Q

CNS ( central nervous system)

A

brain and spinal cord

150
Q

PNS (peripheral nervous system)

A

anything that isn’t the brain and the spinal cord

muscle, sensory, enteric ( all the neurons within the abdominal cavity)

151
Q

Is the Autonomic Nervous system part of the CNS or PNS

A

PNS

152
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

part of the PNS that controls involuntary actions

regulates the function of our internal organs

153
Q

what are the 2 parts of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  1. sympathetic

2. parasympathetic

154
Q

sympathetic

A

fight or flight

155
Q

parasympathetic

A

rest and digest

156
Q

describe sympathetic

A 
increase heart rate
increase blood pressure
dilate lung airways
dilate pupils
constricts bladder
decrease intestinal mobility
NT: norepinephrine
157
Q

describe parasympathetic

A 
decrease heart rate
decrease blood pressure
constrict lungs airways
constrict pupils
stimulate bladder
stimulate intestinal mobility
NT: acetylcholine
158
Q

what is the neurotransmitter for sympathetic nervous system

A

norepinephrine

159
Q

what is the neurotransmitter for parasympathetic nervous system

A

acetylcholine

160
Q

sympatholytic

A

inhibits the functioning of the sympathetic system
agonist to the sympathetic nervous system

inhibits

161
Q

sympathomimetic

A

stimulate the sympathetic nervous system

stimulates

162
Q

parasympathomimetic

A

stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system

mimetic= stimulate

163
Q

parasympatholytic

A

inhibits the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system

lytic= inhibits

164
Q

Who is Ernest Lawrence?

A

UC Berkeley (wooo!) professor that invented the cyclotron

165
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier?

A

Is a structure on the blood vessels of only the brain that control what gets into the brain. They are distinguished by tight junctions and astrocyte cells. The substances that can get through the BBB are those that can also cross the phospholipid bilayer, which means they are greatly hydrophobic or lipophilic ( like fat dont like water)

166
Q

which branch of the autonomic nervous system controls the sphincter muscle?

A

parasympathetic

167
Q

what eye muscle is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system?

A

radial muscle

168
Q

what type of drug will dilate (open up) the eye?

A

sympathomimetic drug (activates the sympathetic system), parasympatholytic ( blocks parasympathetic system)

169
Q

what drug blocks the sphincter muscles?

A

parasympatholytic drug

170
Q

what type of drug are eye drops?

A

parasympatholytics (stops the eye from closing in), may use a combo with sympathomimetic

171
Q

why don’t we use a sympathomimetic eye drop during eye exams?

A

Sympathomimetic will open up the light, yes, but as soon is light shines on it, It will automatically close up.

172
Q

acetylcholine esterase (AChE)

A

enzymatic protein that breaks down acetylcholine into two pieces ( acetate and choline )in the neural synapse.

173
Q

what is the role of acetylcholine esterace (AChE) inhibitor drugs?

A

used to treat memory loss in ppl with dementia and Alzehemiers, good for early stages

block the AChE receptors and more acetylcholine is available for use

174
Q

What makes AChE inhibitors poisonous

A
  1. irreversible ( the memory ones are reversible), permanently disable the AChE receptor. The new acetylcholine can be made but it can be reuptaken
175
Q

organophosphate AChE

A

type of acetylcholine esterase inhibitor that are potent, irreversible, and poisonous

176
Q

what are the effects of an aceytocholine overstimulation?

A

SLUD:
salivation, lacrimation, urination, diarrhea
( parasympathetic responses)

177
Q

international chemical weapons treaty

A

countries sign an agreement to stop the production and stock-pile of chemical weapons. As of 2013, 189 countries have agreed to it

178
Q

what family is in the solanecous plants?

A

family= solancea

nightshade and tomato

179
Q

how many generas are there in the solanecous plant family?

A

75

180
Q

how many species are there in the solanecous plant family?

A

2000

181
Q

what does solamen mean?

A

quiet, some of the plants in this family has salanecous properties

182
Q

what is the most distinctive familial characteristic of this plant?

A

flower ( funnel or conical shape with 5 fused/ or not so fused petals)

183
Q

what are some food plants in the solanaceous family?

A

tomato, potato, eggplant, chilli pepper, naranjillo/lulo, tomatillo, ground cherry/ cape gooseberry,

184
Q

Out of all the solanaceous plants which is not native to south america?

A

eggplant

the eggplant is from india

185
Q

true or false: the leaves of all solanaceous plants are poisonous?

A

true

186
Q

alkaloid

A

organic chemical that contains a basic nitrogen atom

often poisonous bc they are used as a protective mechanism for the plant

187
Q

what are the two tropane alkaloids?

A

atropine and scopolamine

188
Q

what are the two types of acetylcholine receptors?

A

muscarin, nicotinic,

189
Q

muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist

A

antagonist (blocker)

reduces activity in the parasympathetic nervous system

190
Q

what are the effects of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist also called alticholinergic effects

A 
opposite of parasympathetic so sympathetic
increase in heart rate
dilation of the lung airways
pupil dilation
dry mouth ( reduction of salivia)
difficulty urinating
slowed intestinal motility, constipation
cardiac instability, possible death
191
Q

what is the use of a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor inhibitr?

A
  1. diarrahea

2. pupil dilation

192
Q

what are big time hallucinators ( atropin/ scopalampine)

A

tropaine alkaloids, ppl dont know they are hallucinating

193
Q

what are the effects of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist on the CNS?

A
  1. hallucinations
  2. loss of memory
  3. possible seizure ( over stimulation of neurons)
  4. respiratory paralysis
194
Q

what is the deadly nightshade?

A

atropa belladona, source of the main tropane alkaloid

195
Q

what is the three tropane-alkaloid solanaceous plants? also associated with witchcraft

A
  1. Atropa Belladonna
  2. mandrake (mandragora officnarum)
  3. henbane (hyoscymas niger)
196
Q

rest of the 4 solanaceous power plants?

A
  1. datura (jimson weed)
  2. brugmansia (angel’s trumpet)
  3. brunfelsia
  4. nicotiana ( tobacco)
197
Q

what are the routes of administration for the tobacco plant?

A
  1. inhalation
  2. chewing ( ora-bucaal)
  3. snorting (intransal-insufflation)
  4. oral-digestive ( drink it)
  5. rectal injection OMG!
197
Q

what are the routes of administration for the tobacco plant?

A
  1. inhalation
  2. chewing ( ora-bucaal)
  3. snorting (intransal-insufflation)
  4. oral-digestive ( drink it)
  5. rectal injection OMG!
198
Q

what is tobacco used to treat?

A

addicitions

198
Q

what is tobacco used to treat?

A

addicitions

199
Q

important shomanic plant in the amazon

A

Brugmansia ( Angel’s trumpet)

199
Q

important shomanic plant in the amazon

A

Brugmansia ( Angel’s trumpet)

200
Q

Richard Evan Schultes

A

botanist that learned about the medicinal property of plants from amazonian ppl

200
Q

Jean Nicot

A

French ambassador that discovered the tobacco from Portugal and brought it to France

200
Q

Jean Nicot

A

French ambassador that discovered the tobacco from Portugal and brought it to France

201
Q

what are the medical uses of tobacco?

A
  1. sedative, relaxes you.
  2. relaxant and stimulant at the same time
  3. reduces anxiety

relax and anti-anxiety

201
Q

what are the medical uses of tobacco?

A
  1. sedative, relaxes you.
  2. relaxant and stimulant at the same time
  3. reduces anxiety

relax and anti-anxiety

202
Q

James I

A

king of England
declared the tobacco trade in america to be royal and he taxed the shit out of it
ironically he was the first dude to talk about the adverse effects of tobacco

202
Q

what is lethal dose of nicotine in humans?

A

60 mg

203
Q

Richard Evan Schultes

A

botanist that learned about the medicinal property of plants from amazonian ppl, professors admiror

211
Q

what is lethal dose of nicotine in humans?

A

60 mg

212
Q

what is the domesticated version of Tobacco?

A

Nicotine Tobacum

213
Q

what is LD50

A

lethal dose required to kill 50% of the pop. For nicotine this is 60 mg

214
Q

how many ppl in the US die of tobacco?

A

440,000

215
Q

out of the total annual deaths in US, how many are tobacco related?

A

2.5 million

216
Q

what is the primary psychoactive alkaloid in tobacco?

A

nicotine

217
Q

what is an agonist at the nicotinic acetycholine receptor?

A

nicotine

218
Q

what is the major neurohemical effect of nicotine?

A

bind to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

219
Q

where does atropine come from?

A

atropa belladonna

220
Q

waht are the three major tropane alkaloids?

A
  1. hyoscyamine
  2. atropine
  3. scopolamine
221
Q

what was hyoscyamine isolated from?

A

henbane ( Hyosyamus niger)

222
Q

Can the tropane alkaloids/ muscarinic acetylcholine receprtor antagonists cross the BBB?

A

yes maam

223
Q

are tropane alkaloids/ muscarinic acteylcholine receptor antagonists parasympatholytic or sympatholytic?

A

parasympatholytic ( block the effects of the parasympathetic response)

224
Q

Brugmansia

A

Angel’s trumpet

225
Q

what is the major neurohemical effect of nicotine?

A

bind to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

226
Q

T:F sweet potato and yam are in the solanaceous plant family

A

false

227
Q

what part of the solanaceous plant do we eat?

A

ripe fruit or tuber

228
Q

which one of the solanaceous power plants does not contain any tropane alkaloids?

A

Nicotiana

229
Q

Can the tropane alkaloids cross the BBB?

A

yes maam

230
Q

are tropane alkaloids/ muscarinic acteylcholine receptor antagonists parasympatholytic or sympatholytic?

A

parasympatholytic ( block the effects of the parasympathetic response)

231
Q

what are some medicinal uses for parasympatholetics( tropane alkaloids)?

A
  1. pupil dilation
    2.diarrea
    3.irritable bowel syndrome
    4.motion sickness
    5.
232
Q

tropane alkaloids are parasympatholetic or sympatholytic?

A

parasympatholytic ( by convention also sympathomimics)

233
Q

atropine and scopolamine are…

A

parasympatholytics/ tropane alkaloids

tropane alkaloids are sympatholytics

234
Q

what three goddesses was the atropa belladonna named after?

A

clotho, lachesis, atropas

235
Q

which one of the solanaceous power plants does not contain any tropane alkaloids?

A

Nicotiana

236
Q

what is the most potent type of tobacco?

A

Nicotiana Rustica

237
Q

what is Thanatopathia?

A

classification for plants made up in the book Pharmocoa, and the only plant in this category is Nicotinia tobaccum

238
Q

the angel’s trumpet is?

A

Brugmansia

239
Q

the deadly nightshade is/

A

atropa belladonna

240
Q

atropine and scopalamine are…?

A

parasympatholytics

241
Q

tars

A

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

242
Q

what is the name of the syndrome that results in a low weight and size of a baby?

A

fetal tobacco syndrome

Drugs and the Brain (2 decks)

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