Midterm 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 tissue types?

A

-connective tissue
-nervous tissue
-muscle tissue
-epithelial tissue

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2
Q

How is the connective tissue described?

A

-cells arranged in a liquid, jelly-like or solid matrix
-can be found in bones, cartilage, ligaments, blood
-each CT secretes distinct ECM

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3
Q

How is the nervous tissue described?

A

-neurons & supporting cells
-helps respond to environment

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4
Q

How is the muscle tissue described?

A

-three types of muscle tissues: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, & smooth muscle
-body movement
-pumping blood
-movement of food & vessel size

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5
Q

How is the epithelial tissue described?

A

-covers outside of the body, lines inner surface of organs & forms glands
-often act as a barriers or protective layers
-apical = faces outwards
-basolatoral = faces inward & connected to ECM of basal lamina

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6
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

-the stability in the chemical & physical conditions within an organism’s cells, tissues & organs

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7
Q

What are the 4 ways of exchanging heat?

A

-conduction, convention, radiation, & evaporation

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8
Q

What is conduction?

A

direct transfer of heat between 2 physical bodies

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9
Q

What is convention?

A

heat exchanged between a solid & a moving liquid or gas

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10
Q

What is radiation?

A

the transfer of heat between 2 bodies that are not in direct physical contact

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11
Q

What is evaporation?

A

phase change that occurs when a liquid becomes a gas

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12
Q

What is the difference between endothermy vs exothermy?

A

-endotherms produce adequate heat to warm its tissues (warm blooded; humans, need to eat more)
-exotherms rely on heat gained from their environments (cold blooded; reptiles, doesn’t need to eat as much)

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13
Q

What is the homeostatic system & what is the order?

A

-order: sensor -> integrator -> effector
-sensor: structure that senses some aspect of the external or internal environment
-integrator: evaluates the incoming sensory information by comparing it to the set point & determines whether a response is necessary to achieve homeostasis
-effector: any structure that helps restore the internal condition being monitored by the system
-negative feedback: occurs when effectors reduce or oppose the change in internal conditions
-summary example: external stimuli (heat or cold); sensors: record the temperature-> integrator: is body temp below or above set point? -> effector: shivers -> negative feedback: stops shivering when warm enough

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14
Q

What are the main functions of the kidney?

A

-regulates water
-regulates the amount of ions (electrolytes)
-filters the blood by taking out toxic waste

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15
Q

How does ADH regulate the amount of water in the urine?

A

-it reabsorbs water in collecting duct & increases water in blood
-occurs when we are dehydrated so when it’s released it up regulates aquaporins therefore water can come out easily

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16
Q

Where does kidney filtration occurs & how does it work?

A

-nephrons: where the kidney filtration occurs
-its made up 4 areas
-renal corpuscle: filtration occurs (like a sieve)
-proximal tubule: involved in reabsorption of the “good material” back into the bloodstream
-loop of henle: involved in osmotic gradient that helps with reabsorption of water & sodium
-distal tubule: hormonal control of how much water goes out of the body
-collecting duct: collection of urine & removal of it

17
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

-the process by which organisms try to control the concentration of water & solutes in their bodies

18
Q

What are the similarities & differences between osmoregulation of seawater, freshwater & land organisms?

A

-seawater: hyper-osmotic to shark (high solute in sea relative to tissue)
-freshwater: hypo-osmotic to bass (low solute in freshwater relative to tissue)
-land animals are also hyper-osmotic

19
Q

What is hypertonic, hypotonic & isotonic?

A

-hypertonic= more concentration outside cell so it goes in -> cell bursts
-hypotonic= low concentration outside cell so it goes out -> cell shrink
-isotonic= same concentration both ways
-tonicity= determines the direction in which osmosis occurs
-osmosis= diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane

20
Q

Where is the osmotic gradient in the nephron & how it functions?

A

-it’s in the loop of henle
-descending loop= reabsorbs more water
-reabsorb ions in ascending loop
-get more water out of our filtrate
-as you go down the concentration of salt increases

21
Q

What is the function of kidney reabsorption?

A

-create an ion gradient that is low in sodium so the sodium will rush in & bring with it chloride, glucose & vitamins & at the same time let those diffuse out & let water diffuse out; reabsorbing them

22
Q

What is the collecting duct?

A

-determines how much water gets out of the body based on hormones

23
Q

Where are different nutrients are digested & absorbed?

A

-carbohydrates: mouth & lumen of small intestines
-lipids: mouth & lumen of small intestines
-proteins: stomach & lumen of small intestines
-absorbed: in epithelium of small intestines into bloodstream

24
Q

What are the differences between essential & non-essential nutrients?

A

-essential: those that cannot be synthesized & must be obtained from the diet
-non-essential: can be made by the animal’s body from other substances

25
Q

How does food move down the esophagus?

A

by a wave of muscle contractions called peristalsis propels food down the esophagus

26
Q

What are the differences between incomplete & complete digestive tracts?

A

-incomplete: have a single opening, the mouth, through which the animal both ingests food & eliminates waste; the mouth opens into a chamber called a gastrovascular cavity, where digestion takes place
-complete: allows for ingestion, digestion absorption & waste removal; it’s a whole system & tract

27
Q

What is the path of blood flow into, through & out of the heart?

A

-blood comes to the right atrium from the body, moves into the right ventricle & pushed into the pulmonary arteries in the lungs
-after picking up oxygen, the blood travels back to the heart through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium, to the left ventricle & out of the body’s tissues through the aorta

28
Q

What is systolic & diastolic pressure?

A

-systole= contraction (your ventricles contract forcing blood into vessels going to your lungs & body; right ventricle contracts a little before the left one does)
-diastole= relaxing (ventricles relax & are filled with blood coming from the upper chambers)

29
Q

What is the path that CO2 takes once generated by tissue?

A

-majority of the carbon dioxide created in our tissues is converted to bicarbonate that travels through the bloodstream then reconverted to co2 in the lungs

30
Q

What is the gas law? How does it affect oxygen & carbon dioxide in & out of the body?

A

-gas molecules move from high pressure to low pressure
-oxygen binds to hemoglobin -> goes to where it needs to be -> then unloaded off the hemoglobin & released to be used
-majority of the carbon dioxide created in our tissues is converted to bicarbonate that travels through the bloodstream then reconverted to co2 in the lungs then released

31
Q

What is partial pressure for the air we breath?

A

-Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure: total pressure of a mixture of gasses is equal to the sum of the individual pressures
-we want to move gas from high pressure to low pressure

32
Q

What is the path that electrical current takes through the heart?

A
  • sinoatrial node -> atrioventricular node -> atrioventricular bundle -> interventricular septum > right & left bundle branches -> purkinje fibers -> ventricular walls
    -SA node -> AV node -> AV bundle -> IV septum -> R & L bundle branches -> purkinje fibers -> ventricular walls
33
Q

What is reflex actions?

A

reflex response: an involuntary response to an environmental stimulus

34
Q

What is resting potential & how does the sodium-potassium pump creates it?

A

-sodium ions= positive ; potassium ions= negative
-more positive sodium ions outside (0 mV) & more potassium ions inside (-70 mV)
-changes in ion potentials between outside & inside & that change always leads to a more negative inside & more positive / zero on the outside
-sodium-potassium pump help maintain resting potential
-sodium-potassium pump creates it where its more positive (sodium) on the outside & more negative (potassium) on the inside

35
Q

What is the sequence of events in an action potential?

A

-phase 1= depolarization, phase 2= repolarization, phase 3= hyperpolarization
-step 1: resting potential = -70 mV
-step 2: stimulus
-step 3: opening of sodium channels (high on the outside)
-step 4: sodium ions diffuse into the cells & membrane potential increases (+3)
-step 5: as sodium rushes in, we will reach +30 mV, at the high end sodium channels close
-step 6: potassium channels open up
-step 7: potassium ions diffuse out (heading to -70)
-step 8: once it reaches -70, potassium channels close

36
Q

What are the steps & location of neurotransmission?

A

-step 1: action potential comes down
-step 2: calcium comes in
-step 3: stimulates the release of neurotransmitters which then bind to the post-synaptic channels, then there is a rush of ions into the post synaptic neuron, ion channels then close

37
Q

What are the 6 types of sensory systems & what they can detect?

A

-mechanoreceptors: detect pressure changes
-photoreceptors: detect light
-chemoreceptors: detect chemicals
-thermoreceptors: detect heat
-electroreceptors: detect electricity; humans can’t do this
-magnetoreceptors: detect earth’s magnetic fields; humans can’t do this, knows the least amount

38
Q

What are the sequence of events that lead to muscle contractions?

A

-units of muscle fibers = sarcomeres
-each sarcomere contains parallel overlapping thin (actin) & thick (myosin) filaments
-muscle contracts when these filaments slide past each other, resulting in a shortening of the sarcomere & the muscle
-muscle contractions are initiated when muscle fibers are stimulated by a nerve impulse & calcium ions are released
-the troponin units on the actin myofilaments are bound by calcium ions
-binding displaces tropmyosin along myofilaments which exposes the myosin binding sites
-the head of each myosin unit is bound to ADP & phosphate molecule
-release phosphates & bind to actin myofilaments via the binding sites
-2 myofilaments glide past one another, head- first powered by chemical energy stored in their heads
-as they move, they release the ADP
-gliding motion is halted by ATP, when it breaks the bonds between myosin & actin
-then ATP is broken to ADP + phosphate
-cycle repeats