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BISC 300 > Midterm 3 > Flashcards

Midterm 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Phylogenetically independent contrasts

A

Independent contrasts provides a way to generalize the approach of comparing sister taxa so that we can quantify the rate of evolution throughout the whole tree.

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2
Q

Non independance

A
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3
Q

3 types of tests for adaptation

A

1)Observational
2)Experimental
3)Statistical Comparison

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4
Q

The constraints of adaptation

A

1)Genetic
2) Physical
3) Phyletic
4) Pleiotrophy
5)Trade off

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5
Q

Multi level selection

A
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6
Q

Disadvantages to sex

A

1)Time inefficient
2)Costly to you
3)Dangerous
4)Randomizes traits
5)Dilutes your genome

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7
Q

Linkage equilibrium

A

the situation in which the haplotype frequencies in a population have the same value that they would have if the genes at each locus were combined at random

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8
Q

Two fold cost of sex

A

a sexual female has only 50% of the fitness of an asexual female

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9
Q

How to determine if the Linkage is in equilibrium of Disequilibrium?

A

If knowing one trait helps you determine the other trait ex. TG->50
AC->50
AG->0
TC->0

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10
Q

How does linkage disequilibrium affect fitness?

A

When linkage disequilibrium is present certain allele combos are tied together meaning if one trait is benficial and one trait deleterious evolution cannot act to rid of one of them!

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11
Q

Relationship between Recombination and Linkage Disequilibrium

A

As Recombination increase Linkage disequilibrium decreases

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12
Q

What factors can cause linkage disequilibrium?

A

1)Location of alleles across and between chromosomes
2)Combination of populations that have varying allellic frequencies
3)Selection has only begun to act on a population
4)Selection on more than one trait can cause pairing of certain traits together

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13
Q

Alternatives to sex

A

Binary fission
Budding
Fragmentation
Vegetative reproduction
Parthenogenisis
Gynogensis/Hybridgenisis

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14
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

an asexual reproduction in which a female can produce an embryo without fertilizing an egg with sperm ex.Jesus

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15
Q

Gynogenisis

A

the production of offspring with genes from the mother only, sperm is needed to trigger the event but none of the dna is used!

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16
Q

Two Main theories on why asexual reproduction happens less than sexual reproduction

A

Slow evolution theory
Deterioration theory

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17
Q

Muller’s ratchet

A

The theory that the perpetual loss of lineages to drift increases the number of deleterious mutations that will accumulate in a species

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18
Q

Tangled bank

A

genetically diverse offspring are able to extract more food from their environment than genetically identical clones.

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19
Q

Spatial Heterogeneity

A

It refers to the uneven distribution of various concentrations of each species within an area

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20
Q

The Red Queen

A

a species must adapt and evolve not just for reproductive advantage, but also for survival because competing organisms also are evolving

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21
Q

Meristic Traits

A

counting quantitative features of animals and plants, such as the number of fins or scales in fish

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22
Q

Threshold traits

A

Quantitative traits that are discretely expressed in a limited number of phenotypes (usually two), but which are based on an assumed continuous distribution of factors that contribute to the trait

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23
Q

Broad sense heritibility

A

H2 = (VG)/(VP) = VG/(VG+VE) Genotype/Phenotype

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24
Q

Narrow Sense Heritibility

A

h2 = (VA)/(VP) = VA/(VA+VD + VI+VE), Variation of additive genes/ Variation in total amount of genes

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25
Define the following Vg, Ve,Vge,Va,Vd,Vi, Vp
Vg=Genetic varience Ve=Enviromental Varience Vge=Varience created by interaction between genetic and Enviromental factors Va=Additive Vareience Vd=Dominance effect Vi=Interaction between locus Vp=Variation Porportion
26
Three components of Vg
Va, Vd,Vi
27
What causes Heritibility to 0?
When Ve is large
28
What causes heritibility to be 1?
When Va is large
29
How does H^2 relate to fitness?
H^2 decreases with fitness. Traits which offer fitness advantages are heavily selected on so variation is decrease
30
Directional Selection
The mean of a trait increases or decreases with the fitness benefit
31
Disruptive selection
Fitness increases with the more extreme variants of a trait leading to a broadening of trait spectrum
32
QTL
Quatatative trait locus, If an association exists between a molecular marker genotype and trait value, a trait locus is likely to be near that marker locus
33
Selection differential
S=P*-Pavr (Average of selected group-Average of population)
34
response to selection
R=O*-Oavr (Average of Selected for population -Average of total population)
35
Heritibility as a function of selection
R/S=(O*-Oavr)/(P*-Pavr)
36
Assumption of Breeders equation
That phenotype and genotype do not interact, this means heritibilty in a lab doesn't reflect reality, you cannot conclude which trait is the best, and if multiple traits are under selection your results will be useless
37
Characteristics of Life history
Longevity Maturity # Of Offspring Offspring size Sex ratio Parenting
38
Life span and # offspring trade off
Animals must balance the two ass they both increase fitness but an organisms energy is limited
39
Senescence
Decline later in life in reduced survival probability and reproductive performance
40
Rate of Living theory
Aging is due to an accumulation of cell damage so aging correlates with metabolic rates(wrong) and species will not evolve longer lifespans as they are already optimized(Wrong)
41
Evolutionary theory of aging
Aging happens because of a failure to repair cellular damage that has occurred, this leads to eventual decay and collapse
42
Deleterious Mutations Hypothesis
Mutations cause premature senescence are under weak selection because most organisms will not live long enough to experience the repercussions of those alleles
43
Antagonistic Pleiotrophic effect
If a mutation offer higher fitness earlier in life at the cost of life span positive selection occurs because most organisms never feel the negative effect of the mutation. Life span then can only be selected for if it doesn't come at the cost of earlier in life advantage
44
Extrinsic mortality
Mortality from environmental hazards->Higher selection and higher fitness
45
Intrinsic mortality
Mortality from senescence
46
What type of sexual selection does this graph indicate and why?
Intrasexual selection, there is very strong dependance of number of mates and numer of offspring
47
What type of sexual selection does this graph indicate and why?
Intersexual selection, as increasing the number of mates only slightly affects the number of offspring
48
Optimal clutch size theory
Selection favours a clutch size that will produce maximum offspring, however this assumes no cost of fitness to parents or siblings
49
Fecundity
How many offspring are produced, this is dependant on environment where high quality environment produce many low quality offspring and low quality environment favour fewer higher quality offspring
50
Offspring sex ratio
Selection to invest in both sexes as the rarer sex will produce more offspring but sometimes will change depending on the payoff
51
Sexual Selection
The advantages which certain individuals have over other individuals of the same sex relating to reproduction
52
Heterogamy
Male produce large numbers of small gametes where females produce few large gametes
53
Hermaphrodites
Individuals capable of producing both large and small gametes
54
Isogamy
Gametes are all the same size, meaning no difference in gender
55
Primary sexual characteristics
Unique to one's sex and is essential for reproduction
56
Secondary Sexual characteristics
Unique to one sex but not essential to reproduction ex.displays, horns, antlers
57
Parental investment
Any effort that increases the chances of survival of offspring at the expense of the parents ability to invest in offspring
58
Two types of Parental investment
Gamete production:Size and number of gametes Parental care:Cost of raising offspring
59
Batemans principle
Variability in reproductive success is greater in the parent which provides least amount of parental care
60
Dimorphism
the systematic difference in form between individuals of different sex in the same species due to the inbalance of parental care
61
Sexually antagonistic selection
arises when an allele is beneficial to one sex but harmful to the other; that is, when a phenotypic trait has different optima in each sex but a shared genetic basis
62
Polygany
High variation in mating success of males as males take on multiple female mates
63
Polyandry
High variation in the mating success of females due to females taking on multiple male partners
64
Monogamy
Low variation of mating success within each sex as males and females contribute equal parental care
65
Sexual selections two halves
Intersexual selection and Intrasexual selection
66
Intrasexual selection
Competition within one sex for mating partners, seen in the form of competition
67
Intersexual selection
Female choice in partners
68
Three ways that Intrasexual selection can take on
1)Premating competition 2)PreZygotic competition 3)Post zygotic competition
69
Good Gene Hypothesis
the characteristics preferred by females are a signal of males' ability to pass on genes which will increase the survival and reproductive success of the offspring sired with a male possessing them
70
Sexy Son hypothesis
Females select for a trait that will increase their sons sexual fitness even if it's at detriment to their overall fitness
71
Sensory exploitation/Bias
Females mating prefaces are by products of natural selection on their sensory systems which males will use to exploit them for sex
72
4 types of social behaviour
1)Mutual benifit, win, win 2)Selfishness win, loose 3)Altriuisim loose,win 4)Spite loose,loose
73
Mutual benefit
You gain fitness by increasing the fitness of others your competing with ex.CoOp Nests
74
Selfishness
You gain fitness through decreasing others fitness ex. Eating your siblings
75
Altruism
You loose fintess to increase others fitness ex. Prairie dog yipping behaviour
76
Group Selection
The needs/intrests of the group can help lead to selection for certain alleles that benifit the group, Problem:No way to increase the frequency of said allele
77
Kin selection
Animals engage in self-sacrificial behaviours that benefit the genetic fitness of their close relatives, providing an indirect benefit to them
78
Inclusive fitness
Inclusive fitness=Individual fitness + Fitness of close relatives
79
Hamilitions rule
rB-C>0
80
Green beard locus
Pleiotrophic trait that encodes for altruism also encodes for a phenotypic trait signalling to others with that trait that you also have said trait
81
Spite
Individuals decrease their own fitness to decrease the fitness of other members of their species to decrease the allele frequency of a non altruistic trait ex.toxic bacteria will explode to kill others
82
How can you obtain a negative r value in Hamiltions rule?
By defining R as how closely related an individual is to their own population, in that sense by having an indivudal who is less realted to you than you are to the regular population your relatedness can become negative
83

BISC 300 (4 decks)

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