Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BISC 300 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Age of the earth

A

4.5-4.6 billion years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Life

A

Self replicating and variation,individuality and defined borders,energy conservation/ metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Oparin-Haldane model

A

Life evolved within the following steps
1)Molecules form polymers
2)Polymers assemble so that information can be stored and reactions can be catalyzed
3)add membranes and an energy source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Three theories of life

A

Prebiotic soup
From meteorites
Deep sea thermal vents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is LUCA and why do we think this?

A

Last Universal Common Ancestor, universal genetic code,ribosomes, DNA, and 20 amino acids,Atp, Electron gradient for energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Autocatalysis

A

the ability to catalyze
reactions that lead directly or
indirectly to the production of
molecules like itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

THE RNA WORLD HYPOTHESIS

A

There was a period of time wher RNA used to catalyze reactions and store information but was overtaken by DNA later in it’s life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

2 pieces of evidence for early life

A

Morphological signitures and Chemical signitures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes: No nucleus, no membrane bound organelles,divide via binary fission, circular DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Universal Gene-Exchange Pool
Hypothesis

A

archaea, bacteria, & Eucarya evolved only after extensive lateral gene transfer ceased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Endosymbiotic Theory

A

states that the mitochondria and chloroplast in eukaryotic cells were once aerobic bacteria (prokaryote) that were ingested by a large anaerobic bacteria (prokaryote)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Darwinian threshold

A

a point where self
replication has a prominent role in the
generation of new organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Vertical gene transfer

A

the transfer of genetic information, including any genetic mutations, from a parent to their offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

the movement of genetic information across normal mating barriers, between more or less distantly related organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The Ring of Life Hypothesis

A

Eucarya arose from the fusion of a bacterium
and an archaean cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The Chronocyte hypothesis

A

the Chronocyte was an RNA-based cell that branched away from the Progenote before the Archaea and Bacteria. It had a cytoskeleton that enabled it to engulf prokaryotic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Benefits of Multicellularity

A

1)Physiological stability
2)Ingest other organisms
3)Development of new niches
4)Specialization of labour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Draw back of Multicelleularity

A

1)Longer development time
2)have to develop mechanisims for exchange outside of diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Three methods of cell regulation

A

Plants:Cells are immobile and therefor cannot affect nearby cells
Fungi:specialized cells are immobilized before replication occurs
Animals:Germ line is set aside early in development before mutation can accumulate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What triggered the Cambrian explosion

A

1)Better environmental conditions as temperatures increased and oxygen became available
2)Evolving of developmental genes
3)Evological, completion with one another push evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Extinction

A

Loss of species or taxonomic group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Functionally extinct

A

Species are no longer able to reproduce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Extinct in the wild

A

Species are no longer found in the wild but still exist in captivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does speciation and extinction relate to one another

A

The two are on balance where extinction leads to new niches opening up leading to speciation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Background extinction
Gradual extinction that happens naturall around 0.1-1 species per 1 million species lost per year
25
Mass extinction
Mass dying event where over 50% of species are killed off
26
C-Value paradox
If genome size is linked to completixy how is it that certain species such as plants have genomes 50 times larger than say a person
27
What are some reasons that multi cellular organisms have such excessive genome sizes?
Introns, Mobile genetic elements and smaller effective population sizes that lead to drift
28
Introns
Sequences of DNA that are spliced out when making protiens
29
Mobile genetic elements
Sequences that replicate and insert themselves somewhere else in the genome, sometimes disrupting genes. Prokaryotes don't have any of these while humans have up to 50% of our genome comprised of this stuff
30
Two methods that organisms use to control MGE
DNA methlyation and RNA interference
31
Gene duplicating in organisms
MGE, Slipping,unequal crossing over events
32
Steps to complexification of organisms
Duplication followed by drift leading to fixation then a new function being given to duplicated gene
33
How can mutation evolve under natural selection?
Organisms that are able to mutate are able to adapt to new environments better than ones that cannot
34
Correlation between mutation rate and genome size
Larger genomes tend to occur more mutations due to their small effective population, as population size goes down mutation rate goes up
35
Endosymbiosis and genome size
By introducing endosymbiotes into cells the organism would have an excess of energy to use that allows the increase in genome size we see (its a hypothesis tho)
36
Speciation
The breaking of one lineage into two such that they have evolutionary independent trajectories
37
Introgression
When species begin to diverge but then due to continually gen flow meld back together again
38
Morphospecies concept
Species are discrete types of organisms with their own morphological traits
39
Pros and Cons of Morhospecies concept
Pro:Simple to use, Applies to sexual and asexual species Con:Use of arbitrary characteristics Neglects cryptic species
40
phylogenetic species concept
Smallest monophyletic group derived from a common ancestor based on traits data is a species
41
Pros and Cons of the Phylogenetic species concept
Pro:Testable and applies to sexual and asexual species Cons:Phylogeny are estimates No cut off for what is and isn't enough "difference" to be considered it's own species Leads to taxanomic inflation
42
Biological species concept
Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups.
43
Pros and Cons of biological species concept
Pros:Conceptually clear: lack of gene exchange between populations is the yardstick for species status. Cons:Only apply to sexual species Not super clear how much gene flow between populations is enough to consider them one species or separate Impractical to make a shit ton of species breed together
44
Prezygotic reproductive barriers
Species either don't meet up ex. diff breading times or meet up but don;t recognize each other as mates, bird songs,pheromones, etc and Sperm competion and sperm prefrence
45
Sperm prefrence
Zygotes prefrence for sperm of a specific species, very important for broadcast spawning species as there is a lot of cum in the sea
46
Postzygotic reproductive barriers
Hybrids lack ability to reproduce or embryos die before being born, after fertalization the genes cannot continue to be passed on
47
reproductive isolating mechanisms
a collection of evolutionary mechanisms, behaviors and physiological processes critical for speciation
48
Allopatric speciation
divergence of a population arising from geographical separation of populations
49
Peripatric
A small peripheral population disperses to a new location (geographical barrier).
50
Parapatric
when new species evolve in contiguous, yet spatially segregated habitats. like the waste pile vs the nice grass lands
51
Sympatric
divergence of a population that is in physical contact or contiguous environment usually due to change in host or polyplodization of species
52
How do species form
Divergence:Natural selection, Drift, polyploidization Reproductive isolation: prezygotic or postzygotic isolation Genetic mechanisim: Has to be due to gene frequency changes
53
Indirect prezygotic natural selection
Pre zygotic selection as a by product of section acting on an unrelated fitness trait. Ex. Darwin finches beak radiation leads to different song frequencies
54
Imprinting
Prefrences for mating are affected by what happens to them at a young age wether that be look of paretns,song, or pheromones imprinting is like going hey thats me!
55
Indirect post zygotic natural selection
Adaptation to different niches has led to post-zygotic isolation
56
Reinforcement
A situation where hybrids are selected against due to lack of fitness of the hybrid relative to non hybrid individuals
57
Hybrid speciation
a situation where the hybrid of two species actually is suited to live in a novel habitat
58
Hybrid zone
Hybrids ends up becoming the transitional zone between two species and the species live as like a blob of gene pool
59
Fusion
A situation where hybridization between two species leads to them fusing into one species that is better suited to the environment than either parents were
60
Four outcomes of hybridization
1) Reinforcement of separation 2)Hybrid speciation 3)Hybrid zone 4)Fusion
61
Environment dependant selection
different sexual selection traits are do to environmental factors and can arise in any geography ex. Chichlid colours for different levels of the water column
62
Environment independent selection
selection arises from differences in the morphology of the sexes independent of the environment they inhabit ex.Circi have to develop to match the matting holes of female damselflies
63
Founders effect speciation
Speciation due to genetic bottle necking leading to one population having a unique set of traits
64
Speciation through polyploidization
Speciation due to the increased ploidy of certain species, isolation occurs due to the fact that those without the same ploidy are unable to produce viable offspring
65
Causes of post zygotic isolation
1) annuploidy 2) Disharmonious alleles
66
Disharmonious alleles
The concept that genetic incompatibilities are caused by negative interactions between loci (epitasis)
67
Haldane's rule
In F1 hybrids, when it is only one of the sexes that is sterile or inviable, it is usually the heterogametic sex, this means that post zigotic isolation evolves faster in the heterogametic sex
68
Genetic basis rule of reproductive isolation
When fewer trait loci are involved in controlling a trait the faster it will lead to speciation
69
The three mammal claudes
Monotremes(Platypus and echidnias), Marsupials(Koalas, Tasmanian wolves), Placental mammals
70
Name and traits of the oldest mammal
Juramaia, they had mamamry glands, fur and specialized dental morphology
71
Mesozoic era
Time where first birds,mammals, and flowering plants evolved, rise and fall of the dinos and pangea was still around
72
5 major clades of placental mammals
1)Afrotheria 2)Xenathra (anteaters, armidillios) 3)Laurasiatheria 4)Glires(Rodents) 5)Primata
73
Arboreal Theory
Adaptations of primates arise from their arboreal life style
74
Visual predation theory
Primate characteristics are adaptation for nocturnal insectivory
75
Angiosperm radiation theory
Primate traits evolved along side flowering plants meaning as omnivorous
76
Major characteristics of primates
Good vision, grasping hands,nails,large brains
77
The two types of primate suborders
1)Wet nose which include the lemeurs and 2)Dry nose which include the rest of the primates
78
Two types of dry nose primates
1)Flat nose primates which include the monkeys of south America and 2) the narrow nose monkeys which include all of the African and Asian primates
79
The great trichotomy
which great ape is our closest relative, a two way tie between chimps and gorillas (spoilers it's chimps)
80
Why is it so difficult to figure out who humans closest common ancestor is
Our traits are a mosaic due to how closely in time the chimps and humans separate from gorillas and then chimps and humans separated.
81
coalescence
all of the genetic variation derives from one common ancestor this can be used to determine which groups are closely related by tracking where each trait came from
82
Australopithecus afarnsis
Our oldest ancestor, ate soft fruit, seeds, tubers and eggs and was small
83
Homo Habilis
Handy man the second link in the chain from Lucy to us, larger brains and began to use tools with a fully omnivorous diet now
84
Homo erectus
Found across the globe they were smarter than homo habilis and thought capable of using fire
85
Neandetheals
ate mostly meat and from asia and europe. They were larger than us in size and brain size and had complex culture and burial practices.
86
Mitochondrial eve theory
Non-afriacin populations older than 200,000 years ended up sharing no mDNA with modern man this happened due to pervasive drift on MDNA from it's small Ne
87
What are the two ways an allele can be the same between species and how can you tell them apart
1)Common ancestory 2)Parallel mutation Common ancestory will mean that the rate at which the repeated allele shows up is higher between related species rather than non related species. Parallel mutation says that the SNP rates between all theorized groups are the same
88
Why do hybrid alleles carry over in a population
1)Alleles at high frequency in certain population can be due to positive selection for that allele but only under the specific conditions of that population 2)Alleles close to the selected for allele are also carried over due to they chromosomal linkage.

BISC 300 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions