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BIOL 223 - Microbes > Midterm 3 > Flashcards

Midterm 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Symptoms definition

A

changes in body function that are felt by a patient as a result of disease

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2
Q

Signs definition

A

changes in a body that can be measured or observes as a result of disease

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3
Q

Syndrome definition

A

a specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease

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4
Q

Epidemiology

A

the study of distribution, frequency and spread of diseases and other related problems within human & populations, aiming at prevention and control of the diseases

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5
Q

Sporadic

A

infrequent and scattered cases of a disease in a community (occurs only occasionally)

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6
Q

Endemic

A

disease constantly present in a population

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7
Q

epidemic

A

an outbreak of a disease in a community. i.e when number of cases exceeds that expected

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8
Q

Pandemic

A

an epidemic occurring over a wide geographic area, more than one nation over the world.

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9
Q

Disease is a result of what three forces

A

agent of infection
host
environment

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10
Q

Incidence

A

number of new cases of a disease in a given area during a given period of time ( new cases divided by individuals at risk)

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11
Q

Prevalence

A

number of total cases of a disease in a given area during a given period of time, regardless of when it first appeared (total number affected divided by total number of individuals)

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12
Q

Acute disease

A

symptoms develop rapidly but the disease lasts only a short time

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13
Q

Chronic disease

A

symptoms develop slowly (long lasting)

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14
Q

Subacute disease

A

intermediate between acute and chronic

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15
Q

Subclinical disease

A

no noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infections)

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16
Q

Latent disease

A

causative agent is inactive for a time but then activates and produces symptoms

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17
Q

Local infection

A

pathogens are limited to a small area of the body

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18
Q

Systemic (generalized) infection

A

an infection throughout the body; often in the blood

19
Q

Sepsis

A

toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins from a focus of infection

20
Q

Primary Infection

A

acute infection that causes the initial illness

21
Q

Secondary infection

A

opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection

22
Q

Incubation Period

A

interval between initial infection and first signs and symptoms

23
Q

Prodromal period

A

short period after incubation; early, mild symptoms

24
Q

Period of illness

A

disease is most severe

25
Q

period of decline

A

signs and symptoms subside

26
Q

Period of convalescence

A

body returns to its prediseased state

27
Q

Why are Carriers the most dangerous reservoir for infection/

A

The carriers don’t know they are infected
The carrier moves freely in the population
Chronic carriers may have the infection over a long period of time

28
Q

Normal Microbiota _______ colonize the host and do not cause disease under normal conditions

A

permanently

29
Q

Transient Microbiota may be present for …

A

days, weeks or months

30
Q

Distribution and composition of normal microbiota are determined by many factors (4):

A

nutrients
physical and chemical factors
host defenses
mechanical factors

31
Q

microbial antagonism is …

A

a competition between microbes

32
Q

Normal Microbiota protect the host by: (3)

A

competing for nutrients
producing substances harmful to invading microbes
affecting pH and available oxygen

33
Q

Steps of infection

A

1) Entry of the parasite into the hose
2) Establishment and multiplication of the parasite

34
Q

Innate (natural) immunity

A

acts immediately as the first line of defence
non-specific
present from birth
has no memory

35
Q

5 signs of inflammation include

A

redness, swelling, hotness, pain and loss of function

36
Q

Steps of the Inflammatory response

A
  1. Vasodilation
  2. An increase in capillary permeability
  3. Influx of phagocytes
  4. Repair
37
Q

Adaptive (acquired) immunity

A

third line of defence
are not born with it; but aquired
has memory
self recogntition
diversity

38
Q

Antigen (Ag)

A

a substance that causes the body to produce specific antibodies or sensitized T cells

39
Q

Antibody (Ab)

A

Proteins made in response to an Ag; can combine with that Ag

40
Q

Immunoglobulins

A

serum antibodies

41
Q

General characteristics of viruses

A

very small, contain DNA or RNA, no ribosomes, no ATP-generating mechanisms

42
Q

How can viruses be observed

A

under an electron microscope

43
Q

How could you grow a virus in the lab?

A

Intact animal, embryonated eggs, tissue cultures

BIOL 223 - Microbes (4 decks)

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