Midterm 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Syntax

A

hierarchical arrangement of grammar phrases in a sentence

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2
Q

Verbal behavior

A

how children acquire language: through adult modeling and reinforcement (operant conditioning - ABC)

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3
Q

surface structure

A

what is seen or heard

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4
Q

deep structure

A

-underlying representation (phrase structure rules and lexical terms)
-the relationships among the phrases sometimes matches the surface structure, sometimes not

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5
Q

structural ambiguity

A

-when the sentence has different interpretations
-same surface structure, different deep structure

Examples:
I shot the elephant in my pajamas = I shot an elephant while wearing my pajamas
I shot the elephant in my pajamas = I shot an elephant who was wearing my pajamas

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6
Q

main (independent) clauses

A

-contains a subject and verb and can stand alone as a complete idea

Examples:

  • The students were perplexed.
  • The students read the chapter.
  • The students were perplexed, so they read the chapter.
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7
Q

subordinate (dependent) clauses

A

-cannot stand by themselves, incomplete without main clause

Examples: The students, (who were perplexed), decided to read the chapter. (After they read the chapter), the students felt better.

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8
Q

adverbial clauses

A

-start with a conjunction (e.g. after, when, because, although)
-function like adverbs that modify the verb of the main clause

Example:
(After they read the chapter), the students felt better

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9
Q

relative clauses

A

-a dependent clause that starts with a relative pronoun (who, which, that, etc).
-typically functioning as adjectives

Example:
The students, (who were perplexed), decided to read the chapter.

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10
Q

complementizer clauses

A

-a subordinate clause often introduced by “that” or as set of wh- words (what, when, whether)

Examples:
The students thought (that the professor was a little off her rocker.)

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11
Q

syntactic movement

A

-transformational rules to convert the deep structure into a surface structure (a sentence that is ready to be spoken)

Example:
The teacher broke the projector → The projector was broken by the teacher.
(difference is the two nouns are flipped.)

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12
Q

discourse

A
  • Language beyond the unit of a sentence
  • Connected speech or writing that is longer than a sentence (paragraphs, passages, etc)
  • When spoken = someone’s story or conversational turn
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13
Q

coherence

A
  • The ability to be successfully interpreted and understood
  • being logical and consistent
  • Achieved through cohesive ties, inference, logical ordering of information
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14
Q

cohesion

A
  • Ideas logically flow from one to the other
  • Links that we use when we connect an element to another element in the text (usually between sentences)

Examples:
Anaphora (David got into the car. He drove home.)
Ellipses (Have you been skiing? — Yes I have [been skiing])

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15
Q

4 gricean maxims

A

quantity, quality, relation, manner

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16
Q

quantity maxim

A

SUFFICIENT INFO - not too little, not too much

making sure you give enough information without going overboard or without giving too little detail

17
Q

quality maxim

A

RIGHT INFO - don’t say things you don’t have evidence for.

high quality statements, accuracy, making sure what you’re saying is actually true
- not many people violate this maxim (example: “that’s the biggest sandwich in the world” – prob not.)
OR when you mistake something as fact & someone calls you out

18
Q

relation maxim

A

your contributions should be relevant to the situation/conversation

19
Q

manner maxim

A

being clear, brief, and orderly

20
Q

deixis

A

words in our language that can’t be interpreted without context.

21
Q

deictic expressions

A

person (me, those idiots), spatial (here, there), temporal (tomorrow, next year)

22
Q

reference

A

The act of mentioning and alluding to identify something

23
Q

anaphora and cataphora

A

anaphora is referring back to a noun using a pronoun

cataphora is using a pronoun first before noun for dramatic effect

24
Q

presupposition

A
  • What a speaker or a writer assumes the listener or reader knows.
  • When we make an inference we presuppose information

Example: “We saw Shakespeare in London.” Background knowledge: Shakespeare wrote plays, he lived in the 1600s

Inference: They saw a play by Shakespeare being performed in London

Presupposition: They were in London.

25
direct speech acts
The literal meaning of the sentence conveys the intended meaning
26
indirect speech acts
The implication of the sentence. The ways in which people ask others to do things—but in indirect ways. Example: You left the door open
27
Standard American English (SAE)
- the way texts/articles are written - not how we use the language colloquially (no one really speaks SAE) - it's not the language of ALL Americans-- not very inclusive
28
dialect
-variations in a language -features of grammar, vocab, and pronunciation -particular to a region or social group
29
pidgins
-when groups of people who don't have a common language come in contact, they create a contact language called pidgins - structurally simple communication systems that arise when people who share no common language come into constant contact - A “contact” language that developed for practical purposes, such as trading, by people who did not speak each other’s languages - “first generation” of contact between two groups
30
creoles
-when pidgins become the official language of a community When pidgins develop beyond the contact language and become the first language of a community Example language: Hawai'ian “second/third generation” of contact between groups with grammar rules included
31
sources of an ideolect
Personal dialect, social biases involved... influenced by the grammar and vocab you hear from your parents, from the community around you (geographical influence), etc…
32
overt prestige
changing the speech style in terms of what is perceived to be of high social status (upward mobility) change in direction of a form that is more frequent in those perceived to have higher social status
33
covert prestige
speech style to sound like the group they want to be recognized with (group solidarity)
34
formal speech style
When we pay careful attention to how we're speaking. Sometimes called careful style.
35
informal speech style
When we pay less attention to how we are speaking, also called casual style (Line between speech styles is how well we know the person we're talking to)
36
register
-the speech style that we used depending on the context (e.g. talking in church - situational, talking to lawyers - occupational) Conventional way of using language that is appropriate in a specific context - How you put the words together - Usually use a different register when you talk to older people (grandparents), than you use with siblings/friends
37
jargon
- Specialized technical vocab (typically nouns) associated with a specific area of work or interest - Used among professionals within a field
38
slang
- Terms that are used instead of everyday words by certain speakers... colloquial speech - Usually used by members of a group as part of group identity, usually younger speakers - Subject to change