Midterm 2

Question 1

what is a morpheme

Answer 1

a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function, words are made up of morphemes, we put morphemes together to make up a word

Question 2

free morpheme

Answer 2

can stand alone (root word) “talk” + ative

Question 3

bound morpheme

Answer 3

attached to other morphemes (affixes) talk + “ative”

Question 4

types of free morphemes

Answer 4

lexical and functional

Question 5

lexical morphemes

Answer 5

content words - carry meaning, open class - we can create more i.e. google, covid. (nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs)

Question 6

functional morphemes

Answer 6

closed class - we usually don’t create more. (articles, conjunctions, prepositions, pronouns)

Question 7

types of bound morphemes

Answer 7

derivational and inflectional

Question 8

derivational morphemes

Answer 8

make up new words or change grammatical category.

encourage (verb) –> encouragement (noun)

Question 9

inflectional morphemes

Answer 9

indicates grammatical function of the word, does not change grammatical category.

encourage (verb) –> encouraged (verb, past tense)

Question 10

allomorphs

Answer 10

different ways of applying the same morpheme

-s in cats
-z in dogs
-ez in horses

parang allophones

Question 11

analytic language

Answer 11

languages that use very few bound morphemes

Question 12

synthetic language

Answer 12

morphologically complex

Question 13

what are analytic languages

Answer 13

English, Mandarin, Vietnamese-Hawai’ian (isolating)

Question 14

what are synthetic languages

Answer 14

Spanish-Latin (Fusional), Hungarian-Turkish (Agglutinative), Greenlandic-Navajo (Polysynthetic)

Question 15

parts of speech

Answer 15

Articles
Nouns
Pronouns
Adjectives
Verbs - actions (talk), states (have)
Adverbs
Prepositions - at, in, on, with, without
Conjunctions - and, but, because, when

Question 16

grammatical agreement

Answer 16

Language must agree in:

Number: singular/plural
Person: 1st person (speaker), 2nd person (hearer), 3rd person (others)
Tense
Grammatical gender: In English (pronouns only), in Spanish (nouns, adjectives, adverbs etc)

Question 17

Prescriptive Approach vs Descriptive Approach

Answer 17

Prescriptive is how language should be (formal) - “I’m going to get a drink really quickly”

Descriptive is how language is used (informal) - “Imma get a drink real quick”

Question 18

word order

Answer 18

subject-verb-object = english “i will buy an ipad”

verb-subject-object = tagalog “bibili ako ng ipad”

verb-object-subject

Question 19

referential meaning

Answer 19

literal meaning of a word, dictionary meanings

Question 20

associative/emotive meaning

Answer 20

personal associations or connotations attached to a word

Question 21

agent

Answer 21

the entity performing the action

Question 22

theme

Answer 22

the entity involved in the action (nagalaw lang, or location described)

Question 23

patient

Answer 23

the entity affected by the action (so it undergoes a state of change)

Question 24

instrument

Answer 24

used by an agent to perform the action (preposition with is a clue)

Question 25

experiencer

Answer 25

the person who has a feeling, perception, or state (not performing an action)

Question 26

verbs that elicit experience

Answer 26

feel, know, hear, enjoy

Question 27

synonymy

Answer 27

2 words with closely related meanings hard/difficult doctor/physician buy/purchase

Question 28

antonymy

Answer 28

2 words with opposite meanings big/small alive/dead

Question 29

prototype

Answer 29

characteristic instance of a word, resembles the clearest example. it has groups and subgroups when we say vehicle, we usually automatically think of a 4 wheel car.

Question 30

collocation

Answer 30

words that are frequently occurring together. a word elicits another word. salt and? hammer and? table and?

Question 31

scientific method

Answer 31

a method of procedure consists of a systematic observation, measurement, experiment, formulation, testing, and modification of hypothesis.

Question 32

scientific method steps (6)

Answer 32

1. make an observation 2. ask a question 3. form a hypothesis 4. make a prediction based on the hypothesis 5. test the prediction 6. iterate: use the results to make a new hypothesis or prediction

Question 33

parts of a research article (5)

Answer 33

introduction methods results discussion conclusion

Question 34

components of the introduction

Answer 34

statement of the problem purpose of the study rationale - literature review (what's the gap?) question, hypothesis, prediction

Question 35

components of the methods

Answer 35

participants, design (materials and procedure)

Question 36

results

Answer 36

how was the research question answered?

Question 37

components of discussion

Answer 37

answers question, discuss limitations, fit previous literature-theoretical implications, address purpose/problem-practical implications

Question 38

conclusion

Answer 38

did the results answer the question or hypothesis?

Question 39

3 ways to find an article

Answer 39

google scholar, ASHA evidence maps, specific article under an author's name