Midterm 2 Flashcards
what is a morpheme
a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function, words are made up of morphemes, we put morphemes together to make up a word
free morpheme
can stand alone (root word) “talk” + ative
bound morpheme
attached to other morphemes (affixes) talk + “ative”
types of free morphemes
lexical and functional
lexical morphemes
content words - carry meaning, open class - we can create more i.e. google, covid. (nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs)
functional morphemes
closed class - we usually don’t create more. (articles, conjunctions, prepositions, pronouns)
types of bound morphemes
derivational and inflectional
derivational morphemes
make up new words or change grammatical category.
encourage (verb) –> encouragement (noun)
inflectional morphemes
indicates grammatical function of the word, does not change grammatical category.
encourage (verb) –> encouraged (verb, past tense)
allomorphs
different ways of applying the same morpheme
-s in cats
-z in dogs
-ez in horses
parang allophones
analytic language
languages that use very few bound morphemes
synthetic language
morphologically complex
what are analytic languages
English, Mandarin, Vietnamese-Hawai’ian (isolating)
what are synthetic languages
Spanish-Latin (Fusional), Hungarian-Turkish (Agglutinative), Greenlandic-Navajo (Polysynthetic)
parts of speech
Articles
Nouns
Pronouns
Adjectives
Verbs - actions (talk), states (have)
Adverbs
Prepositions - at, in, on, with, without
Conjunctions - and, but, because, when
grammatical agreement
Language must agree in:
Number: singular/plural
Person: 1st person (speaker), 2nd person (hearer), 3rd person (others)
Tense
Grammatical gender: In English (pronouns only), in Spanish (nouns, adjectives, adverbs etc)
Prescriptive Approach vs Descriptive Approach
Prescriptive is how language should be (formal) - “I’m going to get a drink really quickly”
Descriptive is how language is used (informal) - “Imma get a drink real quick”
word order
subject-verb-object = english “i will buy an ipad”
verb-subject-object = tagalog “bibili ako ng ipad”
verb-object-subject
referential meaning
literal meaning of a word, dictionary meanings
associative/emotive meaning
personal associations or connotations attached to a word
agent
the entity performing the action
theme
the entity involved in the action (nagalaw lang, or location described)
patient
the entity affected by the action (so it undergoes a state of change)
instrument
used by an agent to perform the action (preposition with is a clue)
experiencer
the person who has a feeling, perception, or state (not performing an action)
verbs that elicit experience
feel, know, hear, enjoy
synonymy
2 words with closely related meanings
hard/difficult
doctor/physician
buy/purchase
antonymy
2 words with opposite meanings
big/small
alive/dead
prototype
characteristic instance of a word, resembles the clearest example. it has groups and subgroups
when we say vehicle, we usually automatically think of a 4 wheel car.
collocation
words that are frequently occurring together.
a word elicits another word.
salt and?
hammer and?
table and?
scientific method
a method of procedure consists of a systematic observation, measurement, experiment, formulation, testing, and modification of hypothesis.
scientific method steps (6)
- make an observation
- ask a question
- form a hypothesis
- make a prediction based on the hypothesis
- test the prediction
- iterate: use the results to make a new hypothesis or prediction
parts of a research article (5)
introduction
methods
results
discussion
conclusion
components of the introduction
statement of the problem
purpose of the study
rationale - literature review (what’s the gap?)
question, hypothesis, prediction
components of the methods
participants, design (materials and procedure)
results
how was the research question answered?
components of discussion
answers question, discuss limitations, fit previous literature-theoretical implications, address purpose/problem-practical implications
conclusion
did the results answer the question or hypothesis?
3 ways to find an article
google scholar, ASHA evidence maps, specific article under an author’s name
