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norm rad I > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

TERMINOLOGY

A

TERMINOLOGY

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2
Q

central ray (CR)

A

central ray (CR)

  • center of a radiographic beam
  • demonstrated by shadow created by collimator light when positioning a patient
  • will be directed at particular anatomical structures to obtain accurate placement
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3
Q

part position

A

part position:

position of the body part being exposed

• ex. on cervical flexion view

     - head is in complete flexion
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4
Q

patient position

A

patient position

  • postural attitude of the patient’s body during exposure of film
  • ex. recumbent, seated, standing
  • most chiropractic films are weight bearing (standing or seated)
  • in case of extreme obesity, recumbent positioning displaces adipose tissue
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5
Q

tube

A

tube

portion of the machine where x-ray radiation is produced and directed towards the patient

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6
Q

tube tilt

A

tube tilt

the angle of the x-ray machine

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7
Q

tube/film distance

A

tube/film distance

• aka focal/film distance

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8
Q

bucky

A

bucky

• the portion of the x-ray machine which houses the grid and the cassette with be placed during the exposure of a film

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9
Q

cassette

A

cassette

  • light-tight box (casing)
  • allows unexposed film to be in a lighted room unaffected
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10
Q

collimation

A

collimation

  • mechanism (inside the tube) utilized to limit the exposure field
  • required to be seen on the film in some states
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11
Q

RELATIONSHIP TERMINOLOGY

A

RELATIONSHIP TERMINOLOGY

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12
Q

cephalad

A

cephalad

towards the head or I-S

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13
Q

caudal

A

caudal

towards the feet of S-I

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14
Q

distal

A

distal

towards the periphery of the body

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15
Q

proximal

A

proximal

towards the center of the body

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16
Q

lateral

A

lateral

towards the right or left side of the body

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17
Q

medial

A

medial

towards the midline of the body

18
Q

flexion

A

flexion

angle of body parts is decreased

19
Q

extension

A

extension

angle of body parts is increased

20
Q

MARKERS

A

MARKERS

21
Q

single letter markers

A

single letter markers

single letter marker indicates the patient’s appropriate side of the body part closest to the film during exposure

22
Q

multiple letter markers

A

multiple letter markers

the marker will indicate the body part closest to the film during the exposure

• ex. RAO, RPO

23
Q

placement of marker

A

placement of marker

  • never obstruct any anatomical structure with a marker
  • carefully place markers so that they are not collimated out of the exposed area of the film
  • do not place markers in the area of the nameplate
24
Q

mitchell markers

A

mitchell markers

  • markers with mercury balls inside a small dome or bubble
  • when the bucky is upright the balls will be located at the bottom of the dome
  • when the bucky is parallel to the floor, the balls will be centrally located
25
Q

CERVICAL VIEWS

A

CERVICAL VIEWS

26
Q

lateral cervical view

A

lateral cervical view

  • CR: L to R, or R to L (doctor’s choice, except for scoliosis)
  • patient position: patient’s coronal plane is perpendicular to the bucky
  • tube tilt: none

(some techniques will be taken with a tube tile for chiropractic purposes)

27
Q

lateral cervical view (cont’d #1)

A

lateral cervical view (cont’d #1)

demonstrates: body heights & widths

  • disc height
  • cervical curve
  • ADI

(less than 3 mm for adults)

(less than 5 mm for children)

28
Q

lateral cervical view (cont’d #2)

A

lateral cervical view (cont’d #2)

demonstrates:

• sella turcica

   – AP normal range: 5-16 mm

            average: 11 mm

  – SI normal range: 4-12 mm

          average: 8 mm
29
Q

lateral cervical view (cont’d #3)

A

lateral cervical view (cont’d #3)

demonstrates:

• prevertbral soft tissue

   – retropharyngeal interspace: C1-C3 levels

   – retrolaryngeal interspace: C4-C5 levels

   – retrotracheal interspace: C6-C7
30
Q

lateral cervical view (cont’d #4)

A

lateral cervical view (cont’d #4)

demonstrates:

• airways

   – pharynx: C1-C3

   – larynx: C4-C5

   – trachea C6-C7
31
Q

anteroposterior cervical view

A

anteroposterior cervical view

  • aka “lower cervical view”
  • CR: anterior to posterior
  • patient position: patient’s coronal plane is parallel to bucky
  • w/ midsagittal plane aligned w/vertical midline of the bucky
32
Q

anteroposterior cervical view (cont’d #1)

A

anteroposterior cervical view (cont’d #1)

  • tube tilt: 15 degrees cephalad
  • demonstrates:
     – joints of luschka

 – bony structures

 – soft tissue (trachea in the midline)

 – air space (apex of the lung)
33
Q

anteroposterior open mouth view (APOM)

A

anteroposterior open mouth view (APOM)

CR: anterior to posterior patient position:

  • patient’s coronal plane is parallel to bucky
  • patient’s midsagittal plane aligned w/ vertical midline of bucky
  • patient’s mouth: open
  • head: extended 15 degrees (w/ CR paralle to floor)
  • hard palate: parallel to floor (w/ cephalic 15 degrees)
34
Q

anteroposterior open mouth view (APOM) (cont’d #1)

A

anteroposterior open mouth view (APOM) (cont’d #1)

demontrates:

    – atlas

    – axis

    – joint spaces
35
Q

anteroposterior open mouth view (APOM) (cont’d #2)

A

anteroposterior open mouth view (APOM) (cont’d #2)

tube tilt: parallel to floor if head is extended 15 degrees

• cephalic if head is parallel to floor

demonstrates:

    – atlas

    – axis

    – atlanto-occipital joint

    – atlanto-axial joint
36
Q

flexion and extension views

A

flexion and extension views

CR: L to R or R to L

patient position: patient’s coronal plane is perpendicular to bucky w/ full flexion or full extension of head

tube tilt: none demonstrates:

     – ADI (should not deviate more than 1 mm from neutral lateral view)

     – cervical curve

     – mobility of cervical spine
37
Q

cervical obliques

A

cervical obliques

CR: anterior to posterior for posterior obliques

CR: posterior to anterior for anterior obliques

patient position: the patient’s coronal plane is angled 45 degrees to the bucky

tube tilt: cephalad for posterior

          caudal for anterior

demonstrates: IVF’s

38
Q

THORACIC VIEWS

A

THORACIC VIEWS

39
Q

anteroposterior thoracic

A

anteroposterior thoracic

CR: anterior to posterior

patient position: patient is upright w/ coronal plane parallel to bucky (patient will be x-rayed supine if they are extremely obese)

tube tilt: none

demonstrates:

    – thoracic spine

    – ribs

    – lung fields

    – sternum
40
Q
A

norm rad I (2 decks)

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