midterm Flashcards
Evolutionary Anthropology
uses evolutionary theory to figure out why humans make the decisions they do
in what year did Erasmus Darwin publish?
1794
what did Erasmus Darwin bring to our understanding of evolution?
world is older that 6000 years and human history is very old
in what year was Malthus working
1798
what idea did Malthus bring to the table?
populations increase faster than their food supplies
in what year was Lamarck publishing?
1801 and again in 1809
name five things Lamarck got right
- coined the terms vertebrate and invertebrate 2. popularized the term biology 3. understood that species could lose organs if they dont use them 4. proposed the idea that the acquisition or loss of a trait could be preserved by reproduction 5. environment affects the shape and organization of animals
name two thing Lamarck got wrong
- Organisms can change at will 2. Cut off 22 mice tails thinking they would reporduce a mouse without a tail
what is the name of the concept attributed to Lamarck?
Inheritance to acquired characteristics
what three early observations added to our understanding of evolution, and what do they suggest
- hands look similar across species 2. under microscopes, embryonic mammals, birds, and frogs have similar gill slits 3. some species possess traits that seem to have a purpose
Evolutionist
one who believed that organic structure changed over time
the religions of the 1800s and 1900s had one particular tenet that impeded our understanding and acceptance of evolution by natural selection. describe that tenet.
god created all species, and they are unchanging.
name four central ideas floating around europe as Wallace and Darwin were honing their idea of evolution by natural selection
- fossils show great geological time 2.more organisms are born than can possibly survive 3. the enviornment affects shape and organization of animals 4.god made everything as we see it/ god made unchanging species. everything is perfect for its enviornment.
Darwin and Wallace noted two things on their trips. what were they?
- Species dont look like something that were independently created. 2. Species look like they came from similar species.
Wallace and Darwin spent decades trying to answer two questions. What were they?
- why do organisms change over time? 2. how does one explain the apparant purpose of traits like shells, beaks, and quills… or hooves?
What is the name of the concept attributed to Darwin and Wallace?
Evolution by natural selection
how is Lamarck’s idea similar to that offered by Wallace and Darwin?
Lamarck assumed that once you had a trait you could pass it down to your kids.
how is Lamarck’s idea different from Wallace and Darwin’s ideas?
Lamarck believes traits come from immediate need
Evolution
change in gene frequencey over time
name and define three ingredients needed for evolution by natural selection
variation, inheritance, and selection
variation
the existence of differences in amount, number, level, form, ect
inheritance
something you receive from your parents
selection
things being chosen from a larger set
describe how variation, inheritance, and selection work when evolution by natural selection works
variation: raw materials inheritance: only works if there is variation selection: if a trait causes differential reproductive success
is sexual selection a kind of natural selection?
yes
why did Darwin hate peacocks?
he feels their feathers make it easier for predators to hunt them
Sexual Selection
selection for traits that help organisms reproduce rather than survive
two kinds of sexual selection
intersexual selection and intrasexual selection
intersexual selection
if the trait exists because a female chooses it
intrasexual selection
if the trait exists because it helps a make “kick ass”
what is another name for unnatural selection?
domestocation
in what year did Gregor Mendel publish?
1866
what three things did Mendel add to the conversation about natural selection?
-the qualities of parents are not blended -traits are passed in tact with offspring in packets called genes -we get half our genes from mom and half from dad
modern synthesis
Putting new things together
When did ethology become a subject?
1950s
ethology
animal behavior
who was the founder of ethology?
Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen
Tinbergens four whys
- what is the immediate influence on the behavior? 2.what are the developmental influences on the behavior? 3.what is the function of the behavior? 4. what is the evolutionary origin of the behavior?
in what year did George Williams publish his book and what was it called?
Adaptation and Natural Selection (1967)
What three things did Williams accomplish?
- Translated Hamilton’s math into something other scientists could understand 2. Provided a standard for when scientists should invoke the concept of adaption 3. squashed the prevalent idea of group selection
what is the first common misunderstanding about evolutionary theory? why is it wrong
behavior is genetically determined. this is wrong because awareness of the cause of a behavior allows us to modify it
what is the second misunderstanding about evolutionary theory?
if it is evolutionary, we can’t change it
what is the third misunderstanding of evolutionary theory?
current mechanisms are optimally designed
does evolution = natural selection?
no
does natural selection = evolution?
yes
three ways to generate evolutionary change
-genetic drift -founder effect -selection
genetic drift
random changes in the genetic makeup of population
founder effect
when a few individuals from a population start a new population with a different allele frequency than the original population
selection
non-random change in gene frequency over time (can generate adaptions)
what are the largest cup sizes offered by lingerie manufactures
h and kk
in which organism do tumors form with the highest frequency
breasts
what type of breasts do chimpanzees have
small swellings but only when lactating
why gave mammals the class name of mammalia
carolus linnaeus
because mammals lactate, what benefits do young mammals enjoy that young reptiles do not
can go anywhere with their moms
from what gland did breasts evolve
sweat
what inspired the author to get her breast milk tested
she read that scientists were finding industrial chemicals in human breast milk
who did linnaeus think should nurse newborn human babies
mothers
do wet nurses promote equality between sexes
yes because wet nurses free many mother to pursue careers
because breast store _____, they store toxic,_____-loving chemicals
fat,fat
which woman stores more estrogen on average: a barbie-shaped woman or a less curvy woman?
a barbie-shaped woman
who is more likely to cheat on average: a barbie-shaped woman or a less curvy woman?
a barbie-shaped woman
what did ruth handler invent
the barbie doll
from what illness did ruth handler suffer
breast cancer
which countries have high rates of breast cancer: wealthier ones or poorer ones?
wealthy ones
family history accounts for about ___% of breast cancers?
10
what did silent spring recount?
how industrial chemicals were altering biological systems
who were mae west and jayne mansfield
starlets
are big breasts necessary to nurse an infant
small breasts can provide more than enough milk
wh are alan and barnaby dixson
breast researchers from new zealand
how long does it take a mans eye to assess a breast when looking at an image
200 milliseconds
according to barnaby dixon what do breasts signal
mate value and fertility
what are hadza
hunter gatherer people who live in tanzania
what kind of breasts do hadza men prefer
nubile
what kind of breasts do azande and ganda men prefer
long and pendulous
barnaby dixon published a paper in the archives of sexual behavior regarding male preferences in breast types. what did they find?
some men like big breasts, others liked small breasts, while still others liked medium sized.
who is desmond morris
a scientist who suggested that women needed big breasts to keep men happy after they had been out hunting all day
who is frances mascia lee
a scientist who suggested that breasts allowed for fat and cholesterol storage
does frances mascia lee have big breasts or small breasts
she has large breasts: when she suggests that breast size is irrelevant i can tell that shes kept her emotions out of her science
how does natural selection differ from sexual selection
natural selection results from survival to reproductive age; sexual selection results from mate choice prefrence
does mascia lee believe that breasts are the result of natural or sexual selection
natural, since breasts help women get offspring to the next generation
what two ingredients go into making estrogen
fat and cholesterol
mammary glands are filled with what kind of cells
estrogen-sensitive
where do dormice store fat
their tails
what is the only male mammal that may lactate
dayak fruit bats
how many genes govern lactation
6000
are the genes that govern lactation novel or conserved
conserved
the fact that genes that govern lactation are conserved suggests that lactation is _____ system
an old
lactation is a __________ -delivery system
fat
true of false: lactation allows kids to focus on learning not just eating
true
true of false: nursing women, even with their enlarged breasts have reduced fertility that may increase birth spacing
true
when did the earliest lactating species evolve
220 million years ago
is lactation metabolically expensive or cheap for weddell seals?
expensive. weddell seal mothers are nearly depleted from lactation
true or false: before a species can evolve a lactation system, it needs to evolve an endocrine system
true
true or false:sharks or lizards have an organ that resembles a mammary gland
false
what are mammal like reptiles called
synapsids
when did synapsids split from other reptiles and the proto-dinosaurs?
310 million years ago
in which period did proper lactation begin
late triassic and jurassic
what was the main function of the first secretion made by proto-mammals for their young
germ killing
lactation allows creatures to defer
adulthood
what does lactation do to the adults ability to migrate
increases it. adults can take babies with them without worrying about food.
why does oftedal think lactation has been ignored in many textbooks
textbooks are written primarily by men who think of breasts as sexual object rather than a topic worth studying
what three tissues constitute a human breast
stroma,fat,glandular
what is parenchyma
glandular tissue
who is zena werb and where does she work
a cell biologist from the university of california at san fransisco
how much does the average human breast weigh
about a pound
when do breasts complete their development
when a woman gets pregnant
what made sir astley cooper famoous
he studied the anatomy of breasts
senology
the study of breasts
which breast cells change blood into milk
alveoli
how many orifices do human nipples have on average
12
what is galactorrhea
when men or women make milk, unrelated to pregnancy
what is witches milk
milk made by newborn babies
currently what substances do surgeons most commonly use to augment breasts
silicone and saline
did the author get a boob job
no
in what year did the first boob job occur
1895
ivalon
a polyvinyl and polyethylene sponge complete with formaldehyde used in breast implants
when did people first invent the silicon based breast insert
1959
what kind of surgery did lindsey want
she wanted her ears pinned back
what was the first problem lindsey encountered after her surgery
she couldnt work as a dress model
did lindsey have health problems that might be attributable to the implants
yes not only did her impant harden but she endured shooting pains in her breast and rheumatism
did any of lindseys daughters or granddaughters get impants
yes one daughter and one granddaughter had breast augmentation surgery
micromastia
small breasts
what percentage of breast augmentation surgeries come from mastectomy patients?
20%
who was carol doda
a stripper and gogo dancer who received silicone injections not implants
did the fda regulate silicone injections
yes
did the fda regulate silicone implants
no
according to a 1979 study what percentage of boob job patients suffered loss of nipple sensation from breast augmentation
41
gel bleed
when silicone leaks out of its bag inside a women
how was a meme better than its predecessors
the implant didn’t harden
do women with implants have higher rates of immune system diseases
no
do implants clearly cause lung and brain cancer
no but they are associated
the fda approved new silicone implants in 2006 under the condition that the manufacturers carry out ten year follow up studies what is the three year complication rate
36-50%
what is the three year reoperation rate
15-30%
what happens to an infant if it drinks silicone in breast milk
no one knows
barbies proportions are found natural in 1 out of _______ women; kens proportions are found in 1 out of ________ men.
100,000 50
