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cultural anthropology > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Evolutionary Anthropology

A

uses evolutionary theory to figure out why humans make the decisions they do

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2
Q

in what year did Erasmus Darwin publish?

A

1794

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3
Q

what did Erasmus Darwin bring to our understanding of evolution?

A

world is older that 6000 years and human history is very old

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4
Q

in what year was Malthus working

A

1798

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5
Q

what idea did Malthus bring to the table?

A

populations increase faster than their food supplies

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6
Q

in what year was Lamarck publishing?

A

1801 and again in 1809

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7
Q

name five things Lamarck got right

A
  1. coined the terms vertebrate and invertebrate 2. popularized the term biology 3. understood that species could lose organs if they dont use them 4. proposed the idea that the acquisition or loss of a trait could be preserved by reproduction 5. environment affects the shape and organization of animals
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8
Q

name two thing Lamarck got wrong

A
  1. Organisms can change at will 2. Cut off 22 mice tails thinking they would reporduce a mouse without a tail
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9
Q

what is the name of the concept attributed to Lamarck?

A

Inheritance to acquired characteristics

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10
Q

what three early observations added to our understanding of evolution, and what do they suggest

A
  1. hands look similar across species 2. under microscopes, embryonic mammals, birds, and frogs have similar gill slits 3. some species possess traits that seem to have a purpose
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11
Q

Evolutionist

A

one who believed that organic structure changed over time

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12
Q

the religions of the 1800s and 1900s had one particular tenet that impeded our understanding and acceptance of evolution by natural selection. describe that tenet.

A

god created all species, and they are unchanging.

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13
Q

name four central ideas floating around europe as Wallace and Darwin were honing their idea of evolution by natural selection

A
  1. fossils show great geological time 2.more organisms are born than can possibly survive 3. the enviornment affects shape and organization of animals 4.god made everything as we see it/ god made unchanging species. everything is perfect for its enviornment.
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14
Q

Darwin and Wallace noted two things on their trips. what were they?

A
  1. Species dont look like something that were independently created. 2. Species look like they came from similar species.
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15
Q

Wallace and Darwin spent decades trying to answer two questions. What were they?

A
  1. why do organisms change over time? 2. how does one explain the apparant purpose of traits like shells, beaks, and quills… or hooves?
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16
Q

What is the name of the concept attributed to Darwin and Wallace?

A

Evolution by natural selection

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17
Q

how is Lamarck’s idea similar to that offered by Wallace and Darwin?

A

Lamarck assumed that once you had a trait you could pass it down to your kids.

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18
Q

how is Lamarck’s idea different from Wallace and Darwin’s ideas?

A

Lamarck believes traits come from immediate need

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19
Q

Evolution

A

change in gene frequencey over time

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20
Q

name and define three ingredients needed for evolution by natural selection

A

variation, inheritance, and selection

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21
Q

variation

A

the existence of differences in amount, number, level, form, ect

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22
Q

inheritance

A

something you receive from your parents

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23
Q

selection

A

things being chosen from a larger set

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24
Q

describe how variation, inheritance, and selection work when evolution by natural selection works

A

variation: raw materials inheritance: only works if there is variation selection: if a trait causes differential reproductive success

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25
Q

is sexual selection a kind of natural selection?

A

yes

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26
Q

why did Darwin hate peacocks?

A

he feels their feathers make it easier for predators to hunt them

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27
Q

Sexual Selection

A

selection for traits that help organisms reproduce rather than survive

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28
Q

two kinds of sexual selection

A

intersexual selection and intrasexual selection

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29
Q

intersexual selection

A

if the trait exists because a female chooses it

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30
Q

intrasexual selection

A

if the trait exists because it helps a make “kick ass”

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31
Q

what is another name for unnatural selection?

A

domestocation

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32
Q

in what year did Gregor Mendel publish?

A

1866

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33
Q

what three things did Mendel add to the conversation about natural selection?

A

-the qualities of parents are not blended -traits are passed in tact with offspring in packets called genes -we get half our genes from mom and half from dad

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34
Q

modern synthesis

A

Putting new things together

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35
Q

When did ethology become a subject?

A

1950s

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36
Q

ethology

A

animal behavior

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37
Q

who was the founder of ethology?

A

Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen

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38
Q

Tinbergens four whys

A
  1. what is the immediate influence on the behavior? 2.what are the developmental influences on the behavior? 3.what is the function of the behavior? 4. what is the evolutionary origin of the behavior?
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39
Q

in what year did George Williams publish his book and what was it called?

A

Adaptation and Natural Selection (1967)

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40
Q

What three things did Williams accomplish?

A
  1. Translated Hamilton’s math into something other scientists could understand 2. Provided a standard for when scientists should invoke the concept of adaption 3. squashed the prevalent idea of group selection
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41
Q

what is the first common misunderstanding about evolutionary theory? why is it wrong

A

behavior is genetically determined. this is wrong because awareness of the cause of a behavior allows us to modify it

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42
Q

what is the second misunderstanding about evolutionary theory?

A

if it is evolutionary, we can’t change it

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43
Q

what is the third misunderstanding of evolutionary theory?

A

current mechanisms are optimally designed

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44
Q

does evolution = natural selection?

A

no

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45
Q

does natural selection = evolution?

A

yes

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46
Q

three ways to generate evolutionary change

A

-genetic drift -founder effect -selection

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47
Q

genetic drift

A

random changes in the genetic makeup of population

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48
Q

founder effect

A

when a few individuals from a population start a new population with a different allele frequency than the original population

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49
Q

selection

A

non-random change in gene frequency over time (can generate adaptions)

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50
Q

what are the largest cup sizes offered by lingerie manufactures

A

h and kk

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51
Q

in which organism do tumors form with the highest frequency

A

breasts

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52
Q

what type of breasts do chimpanzees have

A

small swellings but only when lactating

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53
Q

why gave mammals the class name of mammalia

A

carolus linnaeus

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54
Q

because mammals lactate, what benefits do young mammals enjoy that young reptiles do not

A

can go anywhere with their moms

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55
Q

from what gland did breasts evolve

A

sweat

56
Q

what inspired the author to get her breast milk tested

A

she read that scientists were finding industrial chemicals in human breast milk

57
Q

who did linnaeus think should nurse newborn human babies

A

mothers

58
Q

do wet nurses promote equality between sexes

A

yes because wet nurses free many mother to pursue careers

59
Q

because breast store _____, they store toxic,_____-loving chemicals

A

fat,fat

60
Q

which woman stores more estrogen on average: a barbie-shaped woman or a less curvy woman?

A

a barbie-shaped woman

61
Q

who is more likely to cheat on average: a barbie-shaped woman or a less curvy woman?

A

a barbie-shaped woman

62
Q

what did ruth handler invent

A

the barbie doll

63
Q

from what illness did ruth handler suffer

A

breast cancer

64
Q

which countries have high rates of breast cancer: wealthier ones or poorer ones?

A

wealthy ones

65
Q

family history accounts for about ___% of breast cancers?

A

10

66
Q

what did silent spring recount?

A

how industrial chemicals were altering biological systems

67
Q

who were mae west and jayne mansfield

A

starlets

68
Q

are big breasts necessary to nurse an infant

A

small breasts can provide more than enough milk

69
Q

wh are alan and barnaby dixson

A

breast researchers from new zealand

70
Q

how long does it take a mans eye to assess a breast when looking at an image

A

200 milliseconds

71
Q

according to barnaby dixon what do breasts signal

A

mate value and fertility

72
Q

what are hadza

A

hunter gatherer people who live in tanzania

73
Q

what kind of breasts do hadza men prefer

A

nubile

74
Q

what kind of breasts do azande and ganda men prefer

A

long and pendulous

75
Q

barnaby dixon published a paper in the archives of sexual behavior regarding male preferences in breast types. what did they find?

A

some men like big breasts, others liked small breasts, while still others liked medium sized.

76
Q

who is desmond morris

A

a scientist who suggested that women needed big breasts to keep men happy after they had been out hunting all day

77
Q

who is frances mascia lee

A

a scientist who suggested that breasts allowed for fat and cholesterol storage

78
Q

does frances mascia lee have big breasts or small breasts

A

she has large breasts: when she suggests that breast size is irrelevant i can tell that shes kept her emotions out of her science

79
Q

how does natural selection differ from sexual selection

A

natural selection results from survival to reproductive age; sexual selection results from mate choice prefrence

80
Q

does mascia lee believe that breasts are the result of natural or sexual selection

A

natural, since breasts help women get offspring to the next generation

81
Q

what two ingredients go into making estrogen

A

fat and cholesterol

82
Q

mammary glands are filled with what kind of cells

A

estrogen-sensitive

83
Q

where do dormice store fat

A

their tails

84
Q

what is the only male mammal that may lactate

A

dayak fruit bats

85
Q

how many genes govern lactation

A

6000

86
Q

are the genes that govern lactation novel or conserved

A

conserved

87
Q

the fact that genes that govern lactation are conserved suggests that lactation is _____ system

A

an old

88
Q

lactation is a __________ -delivery system

A

fat

89
Q

true of false: lactation allows kids to focus on learning not just eating

A

true

90
Q

true of false: nursing women, even with their enlarged breasts have reduced fertility that may increase birth spacing

A

true

91
Q

when did the earliest lactating species evolve

A

220 million years ago

92
Q

is lactation metabolically expensive or cheap for weddell seals?

A

expensive. weddell seal mothers are nearly depleted from lactation

93
Q

true or false: before a species can evolve a lactation system, it needs to evolve an endocrine system

A

true

94
Q

true or false:sharks or lizards have an organ that resembles a mammary gland

A

false

95
Q

what are mammal like reptiles called

A

synapsids

96
Q

when did synapsids split from other reptiles and the proto-dinosaurs?

A

310 million years ago

97
Q

in which period did proper lactation begin

A

late triassic and jurassic

98
Q

what was the main function of the first secretion made by proto-mammals for their young

A

germ killing

99
Q

lactation allows creatures to defer

A

adulthood

100
Q

what does lactation do to the adults ability to migrate

A

increases it. adults can take babies with them without worrying about food.

101
Q

why does oftedal think lactation has been ignored in many textbooks

A

textbooks are written primarily by men who think of breasts as sexual object rather than a topic worth studying

102
Q

what three tissues constitute a human breast

A

stroma,fat,glandular

103
Q

what is parenchyma

A

glandular tissue

104
Q

who is zena werb and where does she work

A

a cell biologist from the university of california at san fransisco

105
Q

how much does the average human breast weigh

A

about a pound

106
Q

when do breasts complete their development

A

when a woman gets pregnant

107
Q

what made sir astley cooper famoous

A

he studied the anatomy of breasts

108
Q

senology

A

the study of breasts

109
Q

which breast cells change blood into milk

A

alveoli

110
Q

how many orifices do human nipples have on average

A

12

111
Q

what is galactorrhea

A

when men or women make milk, unrelated to pregnancy

112
Q

what is witches milk

A

milk made by newborn babies

113
Q

currently what substances do surgeons most commonly use to augment breasts

A

silicone and saline

114
Q

did the author get a boob job

A

no

115
Q

in what year did the first boob job occur

A

1895

116
Q

ivalon

A

a polyvinyl and polyethylene sponge complete with formaldehyde used in breast implants

117
Q

when did people first invent the silicon based breast insert

A

1959

118
Q

what kind of surgery did lindsey want

A

she wanted her ears pinned back

119
Q

what was the first problem lindsey encountered after her surgery

A

she couldnt work as a dress model

120
Q

did lindsey have health problems that might be attributable to the implants

A

yes not only did her impant harden but she endured shooting pains in her breast and rheumatism

121
Q

did any of lindseys daughters or granddaughters get impants

A

yes one daughter and one granddaughter had breast augmentation surgery

122
Q

micromastia

A

small breasts

123
Q

what percentage of breast augmentation surgeries come from mastectomy patients?

A

20%

124
Q

who was carol doda

A

a stripper and gogo dancer who received silicone injections not implants

125
Q

did the fda regulate silicone injections

A

yes

126
Q

did the fda regulate silicone implants

A

no

127
Q

according to a 1979 study what percentage of boob job patients suffered loss of nipple sensation from breast augmentation

A

41

128
Q

gel bleed

A

when silicone leaks out of its bag inside a women

129
Q

how was a meme better than its predecessors

A

the implant didn’t harden

130
Q

do women with implants have higher rates of immune system diseases

A

no

131
Q

do implants clearly cause lung and brain cancer

A

no but they are associated

132
Q

the fda approved new silicone implants in 2006 under the condition that the manufacturers carry out ten year follow up studies what is the three year complication rate

A

36-50%

133
Q

what is the three year reoperation rate

A

15-30%

134
Q

what happens to an infant if it drinks silicone in breast milk

A

no one knows

135
Q

barbies proportions are found natural in 1 out of _______ women; kens proportions are found in 1 out of ________ men.

A

100,000 50

cultural anthropology (2 decks)

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