final exam Flashcards
1) What and where is Camp Lejeune?
d) Marine base in North Carolina
2) What’s another name for a site listed on the EPA’s National Priority List?
d) Superfund Cleanup site
3) How long has the base been polluting its own drinking water?
d) 30 years
4) Tap water at an elementary school in Camp Lejeune had ____________ ppm of TCE in it. That’s ___________ times the levels recorded in Woburn, MA, which was made famous in the film A Civil Action.
c) 1,184, 5x
5) What site has had the most contaminated public drinking water ever discovered in the US, and how many people drank it?
a) Camp Lejeune, 750,000
6) What disease is associated with this polluted drinking water?
c) male breast cancer
8) When did Partain first hear about the link between the pollution at Camp Lejeune and weird diseases?
d) 2007
9) When did the military know there was a potentially hazardous contamination problem at Camp Lejeune?
c) 1982
10) When the author wrote her book, how many men had contacted Partain about their illness?
71
11) Why is it easier to study breast cancer in men than in women?
c) Because men’s risk factors aren’t complicated by age at puberty, life history, and HRT.
12) What is the cost estimate for cleaning up the base?
c) $200 million tax payer dollars
13) Why do epidemiologists have an easier time dealing with male breast cancer rates at Camp Lejeune than in other places?
c) So many men have come forward that statisticians have enough numbers to provide probable links.
14) Do epidemiological studies apply to individuals or populations?
c) Populations because epidemiology deals with averages.
15) What percent of the nation’s drinking water has TCE in it?
d) 34%
16) When did the EPA reclassify TCE as a known human carcinogen?
d) in 2011
17) True or false: Solid evidence links TCE to kidney cancer and suggestive evidence links it to neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, developmental toxicity and endocrine effects.
true
19) Who is Margaret Kripke?
b) an immunologist at University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
20) Margaret Kripke was a skeptic on the topic of environmental disease. What changed her mind?
d) She learned the industry could put chemicals on the market without testing them for safety first.
21) To qualify for service-related illness benefits, veterans must prove that ________ had a 50 percent chance of causing their problems.
a) An environmental exposure
22) When breast cancer runs in families, what other kind of cancer is linked with it?
c) ovarian
23) Of women who reach the age of 90, what percent will get breast cancer?
b) 12%
24) Mammograms miss __________ percent of all tumors.
c) 20
25) What is BSE?
d) Breast Self Exam
1) What two free-ranging animals contract breast cancer?
c) Humans and minks.
2) Do all human populations get breast cancer?
b) The Kaingan women of Brazil don’t get breast cancer.
3) How long have humans known about breast cancer?
d) The ancient Egyptians knew about it.
4) In an attempt to cure one woman’s breast cancer, Beatson did what?
c) He removed her ovaries, and it provided a temporary cure.
5) “Epidemiologists are people who use ______________ to study ______________.”
c) statistics , diseases
6) Why did Pike compare Japanese women to American women?
a) Because American women get breast cancer at a 6 times higher rate than Japanese women.
7) What did Pike conclude?
d) Weight at first menstruation and age at puberty explain half the difference in breast cancer rates.
8) What does progesterone do?
a) Inhibits the release of additional eggs so women get pregnant only once at a time.
b) Prevents ovulation.
9) Does the pill increase or decrease the risk of ovarian cancer?
a) The pill decreases ovarian cancer because it reduces cellular division and growth.
10) What is Pike’s hypothesis?
d) That the more menstrual cycles a woman experiences in her lifetime, the more her breasts are flooded with whiplashing hormones, increasing her probability of breast cancer.
11) In the mid-1980’s Pike was publishing papers that said what?
c) Women taking the pill as teens doubled their risk of breast cancer before the age of 45.
12) If the risk of something is very low (like 0.13%), and you double it, is it still very low?
b) yes
13) What does HRT stand for?
b) hormone replacement therapy
14) How might menopause be adaptive?
a) It allows grandmothers to care for grandchildren, freeing the mother.
15) What did HRT do to breast cancer rates?
b) increased rates by 26%
16) A 100 percent increase in something is the same as _______________.
b) doubling it
17) “We’re pretty much marinating in ________________ and _______________.”
b) hormones, toxins
1) According to Hartmann, the breast is the only organ without ________________.
b) A medical specialty
2) True or false: The metabolic energy required by a lactating woman to feed her infant is 30% of her total output.
true
3) What did the Human Microbiome Project, a project set to decode the microbial genes of every major human gland, fail to include?
b) breast milk
4) How many ounces of milk does the average new mother make in a 24-hour period?
c) 16
5) How many species of bacteria did Mark McGuire find in human breast milk?
800
6) What do oligosaccharides feed?
d) the bacteria in the guts of newborn babies
7) The incidence of NEC is ________ percent lower in breast-fed babies than in formula-fed babies.
77
8) What is NEC?
d) an illness that causes the lower intestine to shrivel and die
9) Where does Newburg find his disease-causing organisms?
a) in baby poop
10) Newburg noticed something about rats that made him change his career. What was it?
b) Formula fed rats were dumber than nursed rats.
11) ___________ occurs naturally in breast milk. It acts as an anti-inflammatory agent, an antioxidant, and an anti-infectoice glycoprotein.
b) Lactoferrin
12) When human breast milk is pasteurized, what happens to it?
d) The bioactive ingredients in it die.
13) Dr. Bruce German said the following: “This whole story is part of a revolution in science itself, where the _______________________ science of the twentieth century is giving way to the ___________________ science of the twenty first century.”
a) chemistry dominated, biology-dominated
14) Who is Katherine Hinde?
b) A human evolutionary biologist who studies monkeys at Harvard.
15) According to Hinde, macaque mothers make______________ milk for their daughters and ____________ milk for their sons.
c) Thin but abundant, fatty
16) What do endocannabinoids do?
b) make babies feel full after they’ve consumed breast milk
17) True or false: breasts make the same kind of milk for a sick baby and a healthy baby.
b) false
18) True or false: As a baby gets older, the milk gets more fat and cholesterol in it.
a) true
19) Breast-feeding reduced heart disease/type II diabetes by _______ %
c) 10
20) True or false: At least nine dangerous chemicals can be found in breast milk that do not belong there.
true
22) Why do people spray flame-retardants on polyurethane products?
b) Because polyurethane products burn easily.
24) Are mattresses soaked in flame-retardants?
a) no
25) Why do flame retardants end up in breast milk?
a) Because PBDE’s love fat.
26) Did doctors ever find DDT in human breast milk?
b) yes
