Midterm Flashcards
What are the 3 images of disability in society?
- Poster child: raises money, pulls on heart strings, “better than” attitude
- Supercrip: overcome limitation by extraordinary feats, PWD doing extraordinary things
- Crisploitation: exploiting
What do the images/representations of disability in society do?
- Don’t allow normal interactions
- Underestimate PWD capabilities
- a problem that needs to be fixed
- we should fear disability
- disability can be overcome, all ends well
How is disability usually portrayed in film/tv?
Visual disability
List 10 common stereotypes
- Victim
- To be pitied
- Exotic
- Non-sexual
- Triumph over tragedy
- Sinister/evil
- Can’t fully participate in everyday life
- Burden
- Hostile
- Laughable entertainment
Who is John Callahan?
- American Cartoonist
- Believes in discrimination for all
- Quadriplegic since the age of 21
Why must we categorize disability?
- identify our philosophy
- understand terms
- understand how we approach service delivery
What are the 3 models for categorizing disability?
- Categorical, Deficit, or Medical Model
- Social Minority or Disability Rights Model
- Ecological Model
Within the Categorical Model what is the disability definition?
equated with being defective, inferior or less than
What is the identity Perception within the Categorical Model?
Individuals have common anomalies and deficits
What kind of terminology is associated with the Categorical Model?
Negative
What is the Service Delivery Basis of the Categorical Model?
Treatment based on deficits, problems, or characteristics
What is the Service Delivery Purpose of the Categorical Model?
Give advice, prescription or remediation
What symbols are associated with the Categorical Model?
Passive
Within the Social Minority Model, what is the disability definition?
Equated with being different
Different is not less than
What is the identity perception of the Social Minority Model?
Individuals have one commonality: the social stigma around disability
What kind of terminology is associated with the Social Minority Model?
Person-first, positive, neutral
What is the Service Delivery Basis of the Social Minority Model?
Based on individual assessment, personal strengths & weaknesses
What is the Service Delivery Purpose of the Social Minority Model?
Empower individuals to be active in self-actualization
What symbols are associated with the Social Minority Model?
Active
Within the Ecological Model, what is the disability definition?
Equated with being different
Person-environment interactions that cause the differences
(Environment can impede or enable functioning)
What is the identity perception of the Ecological Model?
Persons have common barriers and enablers
Barriers must be eliminated
What terminology is associated with the Ecological Model?
Person first terminology, environment variables are emphasized
What is the Service Delivery Basis of the Ecological Model?
Assessment involves individuals and their ecosystems
Goals focus on barriers and enablers
What is the Service Delivery Purpose of the Ecological Model?
To empower the individual to be active in self-actualization
What symbols are associated with the Ecological Model?
Active
What is the ultimate purpose of the Social Minority and Ecological Models?
Empowerment
Persons, groups, societies acquire the vision, motivation, resources to strive towards being the best they can be (self-actualization)
Describe the cycle of devaluation?
draw diagram
In 1980, what was the WHO’s definition of impairment?
Any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function, which might result from a disease, accident, genetic or environmental agents
In 1980, what was the WHO’s definition of disability?
Any restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in the manner or the range considered normal
In 1980, what was the WHO’s definition of handicap?
A disadvantage for a given individual that limits or prevents the fulfillment of a role that is normal for that individual
In 2001, the WHO introduced what new idea?
International Classification of Functioning, Disability & Health
-ICF
What is the purpose of the ICF?
Classification of health and health related domains
Looks at disability from 3 perspectives
What are the 3 perspectives of disability that the ICF looks at?
- Body (body function and structure)
- The individual (activities and participation)
- Society (environmental factors)
Describe “Body Function” according to the ICF.
Physiological functions of the body systems
What previous term did “Body function” replace?
Disease
Describe “Body Structure” according to the ICF.
Anatomical parts of the body: organs, limbs
- Can involve an anomaly, defect, loss, deviation in body structure
- Can be temporary, permanent, progressive, regressive or static
What previous term did “Body structure” replace?
Impairment
Describe “Activities & Participation” according to the ICF.
Activity: doing a task of action
Activity Limitation: difficulty an indiv. may have in executing activities
Participation: involvement in a life situation
Participation Restrictions: problems an indiv. may have in involvement of life situations
What previous term did “Activities & Participation” replace?
Disability
Describe “Environmental Factors” according to the ICF.
Organized into 2 levels
- Individual: immediate environment of the individual (home, work, school)
- Societal: formal/informal social structure, services & approach systems in the community or society (transportation, policies, attitudes, gov. agencies
What previous term did “Environmental Factors” replace?
Handicap
How did the ICF change the perception of disability?
- Puts ‘health’ and ‘disability’ in a new light
- Acknowledges that humans can experience decrements in health and experience some degree of disability
- ‘mainstreams’ disability, universal human experience
- Shifts the focus of disability from cause to impact
- Considers environmental factors and how they affect functioning
What is the take-home message of the ICF?
If activities can be changed/adapted so limitations are minimized/eliminated, disability no longer exists.
What are the 2 things disability can be?
Congenital (born with it) or acquired (later in life)
What are the most common congenital disabilities?
Intellectual disability, cerebral palsy, spina bifida
What are the most common acquired disabilities?
Visual impairment, spinal cord injury
What is a paradigm?
- Generally accepted perspective of a particular topic or discipline at a given time
- Set of assumptions, concepts, values
- An accepted way of thinking that results in actions
What are the 4 disability paradigms that have occurred throughout history?
- Facility Based
- Services Based
- Supports Based
- Empowerment
When did the “Facility Based” paradigm occur?
Early 1900s
What main ideas were associated with the “Facility Based” paradigm?
- PWD were a menace
- should be isolated from the general public
- had very different needs from the typical population
Based on the ideas of the “Facility Based” paradigm, what actions resulted?
- Institutions
- residential programs
- special schools
- education based on labels, rather than need
- no treatments
- corrective therapy as physical activity (ignored conditions that could not be corrected)
When did the “Services Based” paradigm occur?
1950s-1960s
Why did the “Services Based” paradigm come into play?
There was public outcry
- unfair treatment of PWD
- lack of support for veterans
- research showed potential growth for those once thought to be uneducateable
- belief that appropriate programming and skill development would lead to integration
Based on the ideas of the “Services Based” paradigm, what actions resulted?
Special classes, resource rooms, sheltered workshops
mainstreaming
-Physical activity was about assistance not correcting
-A great move towards deinstitutionalization
-Well intended, but still isolated residential and vocational programs
What is an institution?
- any place where persons with ID are isolated
- any place in which people don’t have control over their lives and day-to-day decisions
- not defined merely by its size
When did the “Supports Based” paradigm occur?
1970s-21st century
What main ideas did the “Supports Based” paradigm involve?
-Made use of natural, human or technical supports to assist with inclusion
What implementations did the “Supports Based” paradigm make?
Implementations of:
- teaching assistants
- peer support
- use of computers
- individualized physical activity that focuses on lifetime skill development
What is inclusion?
Philosophy that everyone belongs, contributes & develops
-PWD no longer required to “earn their way” into schools, rec programs, community settings
What do the “Facility Based”, “Services Based”, and “Supports Based” paradigms all have in common?
They all had an expert (professional) in charge
-Dependency models
What are the main ideas behind the “Empowerment” paradigm?
- Self-determination is personal power
- make choices/decisions, responsibility, take risks, regulate learning, know strengths/weaknesses, live independently as possible
Is “Empowerment” an individual process?
Yes, but it requires assistance
-one secures increased control over their life & positive changes in the abilities of the individual occur in conjunction with supportive change within the community
What is the “Resistance Theory”?
- Recognized the presence of power in social relations
- Understands how power is manifested through policy, support practices, inequities, & lack of accessibility
What is “Contemporary APA (Adapted Physical Activity)”?
- Cross disciplinary
- it is a philosophy & attitude
- Focuses on differences
- advocacy
- Characterized by adaptations to accommodate
- Offers opportunities for independence & self-determination
What does “Adapted” mean?
-Suggests that there are changes, modifications/adjustments that can be made to goals, objectives, instruction
How does adaptation work?
- Used to enhance learning, practice & enjoyment of physical activity, choice, & opportunity
- Leads to empowerment
Why is adapted physical education a myth?
No different from activities in good, individualized physical education programs
- individualized
- choice driven
- encourage people of all abilities to engage and succeed
What is a characteristic?
Highly stable individual quality
- inborn trait
- difficult/impossible to change
What is variable?
Something that can be altered/changed
What are the 3 kinds of characteristics?
- Emotional
- Behavioral
- Social
What are the 7 guidelines for interaction?
- Don’t refer to disability
- Avoid “superman” stories
- Don’t sensationalize
- Avoid labels
- Person-first terminology
- Avoid emotional descriptors
- Avoid implying disease
What is the importance of using words with dignity?
PWD should be described in words that portray them with dignity
What 5 ways can you ensure that you are using words with dignity?
- A PWD is a person first (disability only needs to be discussed if relevant)
- Describe the person, not the disability
- You understand that pity/guilt don’t emphasize strengths
- PWD who achieve are human- not superhuman (avoid terms like courageous, etc.)
- Disabilities occur along a spectrum
What is disability sport?
any sport conducted primarily for PWD
What are mainstream sports?
Activities, events, settings where individuals with/without disabilities train, play, compete
What is reverse mainstreaming?
Persons w/out disabilities competing in wheelchairs or disability sport
What is able-body sport?
Sport for athletes w/out disabilities
What are the Special Olympics?
Sport for athletes with intellectual disabilities
What are the Paralympics?
Sport for elite athletes with disabilities (usually physical)
What is Deaf Sport?
Sports offered by the deaf community
What are wheelchair sports?
Sports played in wheelchairs for athletes with spinal paralysis/lower limb amputation
Are Inclusion & Integration the same thing?
No, but if done right, they both look the same
What are some barriers to inclusion?
- Attitude (biggest barrier for PWD)
- prejudice
- stereotypes
- discrimination
- oppression
