Adaptation and the APA Model

Question 1

Who came up with the “Theory of Adaptation”?

Answer 1

Ernst Kiphard in 1983

Question 2

What was the “Theory of Adaptation”?

Answer 2

• Stressed individual & environmental interactions
• Adaptation is a reciprocal process
• Holistic, age-appropriate, person-centered approach

Question 3

How did the “Theory of Adaptation” work?

Answer 3

Encompasses related service, & supports like accommodations, modifications, supplementary resources or aids
-promote phys.ed goals for students who are experiencing environmental barriers and physical limitations

Question 4

What is an accommodation?

Answer 4

Small change

Question 5

What is modification?

Answer 5

Large change

Question 6

What is adaptation?

Answer 6

assessing, prioritizing, managing variables to facilitate changes needed to achieve physical activity and movement outcomes

Question 7

What is adapted physical activity?

Answer 7

• Attitude and philosophy
• service-delivery system
• cross-disciplinary body of knowledge
• focus on individual differences
• lifespan approach
• process of advocacy
• promotion of independence & self-determination

Question 8

What are the differences between adapted physical activity and regular physical activity?

Answer 8

Same objectives

But adjustments are made regularly to meet the needs and abilities of all participants

Question 9

What are the 5 steps of the APA/APE model?

Answer 9

1. Assess movement needs
2. Select functional goals
3. Specify objectives
4. Assess, prioritize, and manage variables
5. Evaluate program & plan change

Question 10

According to the APE model, how do you select a functional goal?

Answer 10

• Top-down approach (start with age of student, focus on acquisition, generalization, maintenance of movement skills/patterns that will enrich quality of family, school, neighborhood activities.
• Functional competence (ability to use movement skills/patterns in meaningful, age-appropriate drills/games, able to perform under varied conditions

Question 11

According to the APE model, what is important about Assessing, prioritizing, and managing variables?

Answer 11

• After you select functional goals, variables that must be changed are identified
• leads to awareness of barriers, personal limitations, and enablers to facilitate social change

Question 12

According to the APE model, what 2 steps are involved in Evaluating the Lesson or Program and Planning for Change?

Answer 12

1. Engaging in continuous assessment (engage student in critical thinking and make them feel responsible for making env. conditions the best they can be.
2. Evaluating the overall program & planning for change (everything should be evaluated by as many participants as possible, have barrier been overcome?, personal limitations accepted?, enabler maximized? to embrace goal achievement, changers are planned as needed

Question 13

What should you keep in mind of your self?

Answer 13

• strengths/weaknesses
• needs
• body language/gestures
• patience
• experience
• knowledge of disability

Question 14

What are the 7 interacting variables for APA/APE?

Answer 14

1. Task variables
2. Physical Environment
3. Objects & Equipment
4. Psychosocial
5. The Learner
6. Instruction/Information
7. Temporal Environment

Question 15

What are some task variables for APA?

Answer 15

speed, path, height level, accuracy, force, direction

Question 16

What are some physical environment variables for APA?

Answer 16

Space, lighting, sound, support, mirrors, distractors, allergens, temp./humidity, equipment

Question 17

What are some object and equipment variables for APA?

Answer 17

size, weight, color, surface/texture, sound, shape, movement

Question 18

What are some psychosocial variable for APA?

Answer 18

attitudes, feelings about self and others, perception of instructor and others

Question 19

What are some variables for the learning within APA?

Answer 19

interest, previous experience, learning style, age, gender, race, strengths/weaknesses, is this activity meaningful?

Question 20

What are some variables for instruction and information within APA?

Answer 20

type of feedback, methods of presentation, level of assistance during practice, use of time, distance between teacher and learner, model type

Question 21

What are some temporal environment variables within APA?

Answer 21

How is time structured and determine speed of instructor and activities

Question 22

According to the APA model, what 3 areas of limitations can we adapt and accommodate for?

Answer 22

1. Strength, Power, Endurance
2. Balance
3. Coordination and Accuracy

Question 23

What ways can we adapt activities for people with limitations in strength, power, and endurance?

Answer 23

lower targets, reduce distance, reduce weight, size of striking implement, balls,
sit or lie down, deflated/suspended balls, decrease activity time, increase rest time, reduce speed

Question 24

What ways can we adapt activities for people with balance limitations?

Answer 24

lower center of gravity, widen bases of support, extend arms, carpeted surfaces, structures for stability, body in contact with surface

Question 25

What ways can we adapt activities for people with coordination and accuracy limitations?

Answer 25

light, soft, small/large balls
decrease distance ball is thrown
reduce speed, use stationary balls, increase surface of striking implement, increase size of target

Question 26

According to the APA model, what are some other factors we should change or vary?

Answer 26

purpose of the game, number of players, field of play, objects, level of organization