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Toxicology > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Term for chemical that has inherent chemical properties that inhibit cell function.

A

Toxicant (poison)

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2
Q

Term for toxicant originating from biological processes.

A

Toxin (biotoxin)

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3
Q

Term for any substance that is foreign to the body.

A

xenobiotic

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4
Q

Term for relative potency of a toxicant

A

Toxicity

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5
Q

Term for a pathologic condition that results from exposure to toxicant

A

Toxicosis

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6
Q

Term for a binary response to a toxin.

A

Quantal response (death or no death)

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7
Q

What does NOAEL stand for?

A

no observable adverse effect level

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8
Q

What makes up the therapeutic index ration?

A

LD50/ED50

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9
Q

What makes up the standard safety margin?

A

SSM = LD1/ED99

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10
Q

What are cats deficient in biotransforming?

A

glucoronidation

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11
Q

What is the MOA of Strychnine?

A

competitive and reversible inhibition of glycine at the renshaw cell

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of strychnine?

A

violent, tetanic stimulation –> set off by minimal stimulation

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13
Q

What are the CS of metaldehyde ( snail bait) poisoning?

A

acetaldehyde breath - smells like formaldehyde

tremors, seizures, acidosis, hepatic failure

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14
Q

What is used to control seizures and tremors in metaldehyde poisoning?

A

methocarbamol

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15
Q

What plant causes violent seizures in even small doses to grazing animals?

A

water hemlock

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16
Q

What is used to control seizures during water hemlock toxicosis?

A

barbiturates

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17
Q

What is the main cause of indirect Na toxicity in LA? in SA?

A

LA - lack of water

SA - alteration of body water in GI tract (charcoal)

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18
Q

What is the MOA for hypernatremia brain edema?

A

rapid rehydration -> brain makes osmoles that attract water –> cerebral edema

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19
Q

What is the treatment for acute hypernatremia?

A

rapid rate IV fluids

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20
Q

What is the treatment for chronic hypernatremia?

A

gradually reduce Na, do not give free choice water

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21
Q

What is the MOA of tremorgenic mycotoxins in LA? What is the syndrome called?

A

Staggers syndrome - reduced GABA and glycine concentrations

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22
Q

What is the dz caused by tremorgenic mycotoxins in small animals?

A

garbage toxicosis - inhibition of glycine and GABA

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23
Q

What is the MOA of amphetamine toxicosis?

A

enhances catecholamines and serotonin, directly stimulates alpha, beta, and dopamine receptors

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24
Q

What is the treatment for amphetamines?

A

acidify urine (weak base), also rapid absorption, phenothiazines

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25
Q

What should never be used to treat amphetamine toxicity?

A

benzodiazepines

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26
Q

What serotonergic drugs have a very long half life because of enterohepatic recirculation?

A

TCAs

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27
Q

What are the clinical signs of serotonin syndrome?

A

CNS effects, autonomic effects, neuromuscular effects –>life threatening

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28
Q

How can TCAs be decontaminated?

A

activated charcoal –> repeat

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29
Q

What drug can treat serotonin syndrome?

A

cyproheptadine (non seletive serotonin antagonist)

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30
Q

What is the poison in chocolate?

A

theobromine

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31
Q

What is the scale of caffeine and theobromine toxicity?

A

20 mg/kg –> mild
45 mg/kg –> cardiotoxic
60 mg/kg –> seizures

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32
Q

What is the category of poisons found in chocolate and coffee?

A

methylxanthines

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33
Q

What is a digestive tract problem that can be caused by methylxanthines?

A

pancreatitis

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34
Q

What 2 toxins can form phosphine gas in the stomoach?

A

zinc phosphide (mole bait) and aluminum phosphide (grain fumigate)

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35
Q

Term for secondhand toxicity of phosphine gas

A

relay toxicosis

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36
Q

What are the CS of phosphine gas toxicosis?

A

rapid onset, vomiting, dyspnea, ataxia, seizures

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37
Q

What does phosphine gas smell like?

A

acetylene or decaying fish, garlic breath or vomit

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38
Q

What can be used to decontaminate phosphine gas? What should not be used?

A

liquid antacids

do NOT use hydrogen peroxide

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39
Q

What should animals be monitored for up to a week after they are exposed to phosphate gas?

A

renal and hepatic damage

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40
Q

What are some common sources of lead poisoning?

A

lead batteries, old paint, tiles, improperly glazed ceramics

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41
Q

What is the heirarchy of different types of lead absorption?

A

Organolead> lead salts > metallic lead

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42
Q

Where does lead bind to in the body?

A

90% bound to RBCs

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43
Q

Where is the long term storage of lead? How can lead poisoning go to other tissues?

A

bone

can cross placenta, BBB and milk

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44
Q

What are the 2 reasons lead causes damage?

A

high affinity for sulfhydryl groups, chemically similar to calcium

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45
Q

What are the 3 nervous system effects of lead?

A

acute encephalopathy, subtle cognitive impairment, peripheral nervous system (demyelination) (foot and wrist drop)

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46
Q

What are 2 hematologic effects of lead poisoning?

A

increased RBC fragility, immature nucleated erythrocytes

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47
Q

What renal affect does lead poisoning have?

A

intranuclear inclusion bodies (lead-protein complex)

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48
Q

What are the 5 most sensitive species to lead toxicosis?

A

cattle, human, horse, dog, waterfowl (also young animals)

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49
Q

What are the CS of dogs with lead toxicosis?

A

GI and nervous system signs, confused with canine distemper

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50
Q

What are the CS of cattle with acute and sub-acute lead toxicosis?

A

acute - primarily neurological

subacute - GI and neurologic

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51
Q

What are the CS of horses with lead toxicosis?

A

peripheral neuropathy, laryngeal and pharyngeal paralysis

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52
Q

What are the ways lead toxicosis is diagnosed?

A

whole blood lead, liver and kidney lead concentration, radiography

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53
Q

How is lead decontaminated?

A

sulfate cathartics - precipation of lead

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54
Q

What is used to treat lead toxicosis in large animals and birds? What is a serious side effect of this drug?

A

Calcium EDTA - chelates lead

nephrotoxic

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55
Q

What chelator can complex with arsenic, lead, mercury, and gold?

A

BAL (british anti-lewisite)

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56
Q

What chelator is given orally and treats lead and copper toxicosis? What is the problem with it?

A

D-penicillamine

can enhance metal absorption

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57
Q

What chelator is less nephrotoxic and is treatment of choice for SA lead toxicosis?

A

Succimer

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58
Q

What is the onset and clinical signs of nonprotein nitrogen toxicity?

A

20 mins - 4 hours (rapid)

convulsions

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59
Q

What is used to treat NPN toxicosis?

A

cold water (deactivate urease), and vinegar (decrease pH)

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60
Q

How is non protein nitrogen toxicosis diagnosed?

A

rumen alkalosis and systemic acidosis

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61
Q

What are the clinical findings of NPN toxicosis?

A

rumen alkalosis/systemic acidosis

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62
Q

What are the 2 causes of 4-methyl-imidazole toxicosis?

A

ammonia tx of forage (increased feed value and digestibility) and production of imidazoles in hay

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63
Q

What is used to treat 4-methyl-imidazole toxicosis?

A

acepromazine for the seizures and supportive

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64
Q

What mycotoxin is produced by fusarium spp? How does it show up in feed?

A 
fumonisins
improper storage (humidity) leads to increased mycotoxins
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65
Q

What are the CS associated with swine that have fumonisins toxicosis?

A

acute left sided HF and pulmonary edema

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66
Q

What deadly disease do horses get with ingestion of fumonisins?

A

equine leucoencephalomalacia (ELM) –> necrosis of white matter of cerebrum

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67
Q

What are the CS of fumonisins in other species besides horses and swine?

A

primarily liver - cattle and poultry are pretty resistant

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68
Q

What is the difference b/w pyrethrins and pyrethroids?

A 
pyrethrins = natural
pyrethroids = synthetic
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69
Q

What is the MOA of pyrethrin toxicosis?

A

slow Na channel opening in nerves –> repetitive discharge or block

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70
Q

What is the only indicated use of atropine in insecticide poisoning?

A

for OPs/carbamate

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71
Q

How is pyrethrin in cats treated?

A

methocarbamol for tremors (50-150mg/kg slowly IV)
NO ATROPINE
thermoregulation

72
Q

What plant causes more livestock loss than all other plant toxicities combined and horses?

A

Locoweeds

73
Q

What are the 3 different syndromes seen in locoweed poisoning in livestock?

A

Locoism
Cracker heels - respiratory problems and peripheral nerve degeneration
Chronic selenium poisoning (accumulates in plants)

74
Q

What is bromethalin?

A

Neurotoxin found in rodenticide

75
Q

What is the MOA of bromethalin?

A

Uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in neurons –> inhibits Na/K Atpase (less atp)
also has enterohepatic circulation

76
Q

What are the 2 syndromes associated with bromethalin?

A

Acute/convulsant - seizures death

chronic/paralytic - depression, recumbency, decerebrate posture

77
Q

What is the tx for bromethalin?

A

tx seizures
repeated doses of AC (enterohepatic circ)
NO vit K

78
Q

What may be used to tx agitation in THC toxicosis?

A

diazepam

79
Q

What is the antagonist for opiods?

A

naloxone

80
Q

What CS does opiod toxicosis have?

A

respiratory depression, decreased gut motility

81
Q

What is the tx for opiods?

A

respiratory support, naloxone

82
Q

What is the tx for barbiturates?

A

alkalinize urine, thermoregulation, monitor vital signs

83
Q

What happens when diazepam is given orally to cats?

A

idiosyncratic rxn – liver failure

84
Q

What group of drugs is diazepam?

A

benzodiazepine

85
Q

How can animals ingest ethanol?

A

fermenting dough, alcoholic beverages, mouthwashes

86
Q

What 2 enzymes lead to the metabolic acidosis in alcohol toxicosis?

A

alcohol dehydrogenase

aldehyde dehydrogenase

87
Q

What 2 breeds are sensitive to avermectins?

A

collies and chelonians

88
Q

How is avermectin toxicosis treated?

A

lipid therapy (enterohepatic circulation)

89
Q

Who is most at risk for white snakeroot toxicosis?

A

nursing animals (excreted in milk)

90
Q

What are the CS of white snakeroot in cattle and horses?

A

cattle - primarily CNS

horses- sweating, cardiac problems (degeneration and necrosis)

91
Q

How do you treat white snakeroot poisoning?

A

cattle - milk out

horses - leave alone

92
Q

What are 2 types of carbamates?

A

carbaryl, methomyl

93
Q

What is the MOA of carbamates and OPs?

A

inhibit AChE –> increased ACh

94
Q

What are the CS of OPs and carbamates?

A

nicotinic (tremors)
muscarinic (SLUDDE)
CNS - depression, seizures

95
Q

How is OPs and carbamate toxicity officially diagnosed?

A

WHOLE BLOOD AChE

96
Q

What is a diagnostic tool for OP or carbamate toxicosis?

A

test does of atropine: if HR increases, then not an AChE inhibitor

97
Q

What does atropine treat in OP and carbamate poisoning? How much is given?

A

tx muscarinic effects

0.1-0.2 mg/kg starting dose, redose if symptoms still there

98
Q

What can be used to treat only organophosphates and not carbamates?

A

2-pam - for nicotinic effects (not available)

99
Q

Are carbamates or organophosphates reversible?

A

carbamates - reversible

OP - can be IRREVERSIBLE once aging occurs

100
Q

What syndrome occurs with organophosphates 7-21 days after exposure?

A

organophosphorus-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN) - ataxia, weakness

101
Q

What 2 syndromes occur with blue green algae toxicosis?

A

Hepatotoxic syndrome
neurotoxic syndrome
both are extremely rapid

102
Q

What are the 2 toxins that cause the neurotoxic syndrome associated with cyanobacteria? What is each of their MOA?

A

Anatoxin -a: neuromuscular blocking agent

Anatoxin - a(s) - natural organophosphate

103
Q

What are 3 sources of natural atropine?

A

deadly nightshade
jimson weed
henbane

104
Q

What is the MOA of atropine?

A

competitive antagonist at muscarinic receptors

105
Q

What are the CS associated with atropine toxicosis?

A

both CNS and periphery - tachycardia, dry mouth, ileus, mydriasis, seizures

106
Q

What drug binds to AChE and penetrates through CNS to treat atropine toxicosis?

A

physostigmine

107
Q

What are the 4 mneumonics for anti-cholinergic symptoms?

A

Red as a beet, dry as a bone, blind as a bat (dilated pupils), mad as a hatter

108
Q

What is the MOA of slaframine? What clinical signs does it cause?

A

cholinergic agonist - SEVERE salivation “slobber factor”

109
Q

What can be a source of slaframine?

A

red clover infected with fungus - in hay or on pasture plants

110
Q

What are the 2 dose dependent MOA of nicotine at nicotinic receptors?

A

low doses - stimulation of receptors

high doses - stimulation followed by depolarizing blockade

111
Q

What are the CS of nicotine toxicosis?

A

muscle weakness, depression, twitching, respiratory paralysis

112
Q

What should be avoided in nicotine treatment?

A

avoid oral antacids (poor absorption at acidic pH)

113
Q

What is the MOA of poison hemlock?

A

nicotinic type alkaloids

114
Q

What are ionophores used for in poultry?

A

anticoccidials, antibiotic growth promotants

115
Q

What are 2 types of ionophores? What are their MOAs?

A

lasalocid
monensin
selective ion transport down conc gradients - more energy available for animal

116
Q

What species is especially sensitive to ionophores? At what does is it toxic?

A

horses

1.5 mg/kg (really low)

117
Q

What are the CS of ionophores in horses, cats, and dogs?

A

horses - cardiac effects
dogs - recumbency
cats - peripheral neuropathy

118
Q

What is the prognosis of ionophor toxicosis?

A

poor if showing cardiac signs

119
Q

What are the CS of macadamia nut toxicosis in dogs?

A

weakness, hyperthermia, hind limbs effected more

120
Q

What are the 2 species most sensitive to ethylene glycol?

A

cats and rabbits

121
Q

What are the 3 main stages of ethylene glycol toxicosis?

A
  1. Neurologic and GI
  2. Acidosis
  3. Renal failure
122
Q

What are the 3 main effects of ethylene glycol in the body?

A

CNS depression, diuretic effect, GI irritant

123
Q

What is the main metabolite of ethylene glycol that leads to acidosis?

A

glycolic acid

124
Q

What metabolite of ethylene glycol combines with calcium to form calcium oxalate crystals that precipitate in renal tubules?

A

oxalic acid

125
Q

What 2 tests are used to determine ethylene glycol toxicosis?

A

osmolal gap - outsourced

anion gap - in clinic

126
Q

What are 2 essential procedures used to treat ethylene glycol toxicosis?

A

IV fluids, sodium bicarb for acidosis

127
Q

What drug can inhibit alcohol dehydrogenase in ethylene glycol poisoning?

A

4-MP (fomepizole)

128
Q

What are the problems of using ethanol in ethylene glycol poisoning?

A

contributes to acidosis and CNS depression

129
Q

What rodenticide causes soft tissue mineralization?

A

cholecalciferol (vit D)

130
Q

What is cholecalciferol metabolized to in the body that is the active fom?

A

calcitriol

131
Q

What are the early signs of cholecalciferol poisoning?

A

PU/PD

increased P, Ca and azotemia

132
Q

What is the goal for calcium and phosphorus levels after cholecalciferol poisoning? What is to be given until the levels start dropping?

A

Ca x P < 60

give 0.9% NaCl

133
Q

What are the 3 drugs for treatment of cholecalciferol poisoning?

A

Furosemide, preds, phosphate binder

134
Q

What 2 drugs can help in cholecalciferol poisoning if Ca and P keep rising?

A 
Pamidronate
Salmon calcitonin (dont use together)
135
Q

What is the toxic dose for cholecalciferol>

A

0.5 mg/kg toxic dose

136
Q

What 3 drugs are used in combination for NSAID overdose?

A

caafate
acid reducer
misprostol (caution in pregnant)

137
Q

What NSAID can cause idiosyncratic hepatopathy in dogs?

A

carprofen

138
Q

What is the most prominent clinical sign in aspirin poisoning? What are 2 others?

A

FEVER

also metabolic acidosis and hyperpnea (metabolic alkalosis)

139
Q

What do lilies cause in cats?

A

necrosis of proximal renal tubular epithelial cells

140
Q

How is lily toxicity treated?

A

IV fluids at 2-3 times maintenance

141
Q

What are the signs of grape toxicity in dogs?

A

acute renal failure

142
Q

What is used to treat grape toxicosis in dogs?

A

IV fluids: 2-3 x maintenence dose

143
Q

What is contained in beetles that causes signs in horses?

A

cantharidan

144
Q

What is seen grossly with blister beetle ingestion in horses?

A

hyperemia, ulcerations and erosions througout GI and urinary tract

145
Q

What does soluble oxalate combine with to cause damage to kidney?

A

calcium - then forms insoluble calcium oxalate

146
Q

What does redroot pigweed contain that is toxic?

A

nitrates, soluble oxalates

147
Q

What do oak trees contain that is poisonous to cattle and horses?

A

gallotannins

148
Q

Who is most sensitive to ochratoxins?

A

monogastric species

149
Q

What is ochratoxin toxicosis called in swine?

A

porcine nephropathy

150
Q

1% solution is how many mg/g?

A

10 mg/g

151
Q

What is 1 oz in grams?

A

28.4

152
Q

What is 1 pound in grams?

A

453.6 grams

153
Q

What is 1 oz in milliliters?

A

29.6 ml

154
Q

What is 1 tsp in ml? 1 tbsp?

A

1 tsp = 5 ml

1 tbsp = 15 ml

155
Q

What is 1 quart in liters?

A

0.95 L

156
Q

What is 1 gallon in L?

A

3.8 L

157
Q

1 gm/ton equals how many PPM?

A

1.1 PPM

158
Q

What is one PPM in mg/kg?

A

1

159
Q

What causes cyclopian lambs if consumed on 14th day of gestation?

A

false hellebore (veratrum californicum)

160
Q

What does tobacco poisoning cause in piglets and calves?

A

arthrogryposis - NM blocker during gestation

161
Q

What are the 3 main problems with fescue toxicosis?

A

ergot alkaloids, vasoconstriction, decreased prolactin secretion

162
Q

What are the 4 symptoms associated with fescue toxicosis?

A

fescue foot - necrosis of hooves
summer slump - impaired thermoregulation
Fat necrosis - GI obstruction
Equine agalactia - prolonged gestation, dystocia

163
Q

What is the tx for mares with fescue toxicosis?

A

domperidone 10-15 days prior to birth

164
Q

What causes chocolate brown bood?

A

methemoglobin from nitrite oxidizing blood

165
Q

What drug can reconvert methemoglobin to hemoglobin? What species can this NOT be used in?

A

methylene blue

not in cats

166
Q

What toxin is produced by fusarium spp. and acts as a weak estrogen?

A

zearalenone

167
Q

What is the pit in a pit viper?

A

fossa between eye and nostril

168
Q

What should NOT be used in pit viper bites?

A

cold packs, tourniquets, incision, suction, alcohol

169
Q

What SHOULD be used in pit viper bites?

A

IV crystalloid fluid therapy

antibiotics

170
Q

What do black walnut shavings cause in horses?

A

laminitis

171
Q

What 2 drugs help treat iron toxicosis?

A

deferoxamine

MgOH

172
Q

What problem arises in cats with acetaminophen toxicity?

A

methemoglobinemia (deficient in glucoronyl-s-transferase)

173
Q

What can happens in dogs who eat acetaminophen?

A

liver necrosis

174
Q

What drug provides -SH groups in acetominephen toxicosis?

A

N-acetylcysteine (mucomyst)

175
Q

What 2 tests are used for detecting aflatoxins?

A

feed specimen banking

black light screening

176
Q

What are the max residues for aflatoxins in milk?

A

0.5 ppb

177
Q

What lesions does the plant cocklebur cause?

A

centrilobular hepatic necrosis

acute nephritis

Toxicology (2 decks)

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