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Toxicology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 plants that are primary photosensitizers?

A

St. John’s wort, buckwheat, smartweed

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2
Q

What type of photosensitization occurs when the liver is damaged?

A

secondary (hepatogenous)

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3
Q

What are the 4 genus of plants that need high amounts of selenium to grow (obligate indicator plants)?

A

astragalus, oonopsis, stanleya, xyorrhiza

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4
Q

What are the acute signs of selenium toxicosis?

A

ataxia, dyspnea, death

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5
Q

What are the chronic signs of selenium toxicosis? What are the 3 chronic syndromes called?

A

hair loss, hoof overgrowth and deformation

-“alkali dz”, “bobtail:, “blind staggers”

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6
Q

What is the MOA of petroleum distallates on the skin?

A

defatting of skin –> drying, hyperemia

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7
Q

What may turpentine cause on the skin?

A

vesicles, urticaria, intense pain

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8
Q

What is the treatment for petroleum distallates on the skin?

A

flush with soap and water for 15 mins, use emollients

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9
Q

What are the 4 main sources of arsenic?

A

ashes from treated wood (LA), ant poison, herbicides (MSMA, DSMA), melarsomine (hw tx)

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10
Q

What species is most susceptible to arsenic poisoning? Which species is most commonly affected?

A

susceptible - cats

common - cows

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11
Q

What tissues have the slowest clearance of arsenic? Why?

A

skin, hair, nails

high -SH organs

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12
Q

What are the CS of arsenic toxicosis?

A

Rice water diarrhea +- blood

weakness

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13
Q

How is acute arsenic toxicosis treated?

A

Chelation - BAL and DMSA

Fluids

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14
Q

What 3 plants contain lectins?

A

Precatory bean, castor bean, black locust

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15
Q

What is the MOA of lectin containing plants?

A

potent protein synthesis inhibitors (toxalbumins)

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16
Q

What specific chemical is found in castor beans?

A

ricin (warfare)

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17
Q

What species most commonly ingests lectin from black locust plant?

A

horses -eat bark

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18
Q

What types of plants have insoluble calcium oxalatess?

A

shiny, thick green leaves

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19
Q

What are the CS of insoluble calcium oxalate toxicosis?

A

drooling, gagging, fatalities rare

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20
Q

What is the tx for insoluble calcium oxalates?

A

milk, GI protectants, antiemetics

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21
Q

What does the buttercup plant contain that is toxic?

A

protoanemonin (potent vesicant)

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22
Q

What are the CS of ingestion of buttercup?

A

blistering of skin, mouth, lower GI - colic in horses

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23
Q

What 3 plants contain triterpenoid saponins?

A

Holly, english ivy, pokeweed

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24
Q

What is the MOA of spurges plant? Where is the toxin found?

A

activate protein kinase C

in white milk sap

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25
Q

What are the CS of spurges?

A

mild GI upset

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26
Q

What are the 3 plants that contain spurges toxin?

A

snow on the mountain, crown of thorns, poinsettia (euphorbia species)

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27
Q

What animals are most commonly poisoned with mayapple?

A

LA in spring - strong GI irritant, uncommon

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28
Q

What toxin do hydrangea species contain? What are the CS?

A

cyanogenic glycoside

GI signs in small animals (bloody diarrhea)

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29
Q

What are 4 examples of bulb plants? What CS do they show?

A

Daffodil, jonquil, tulip, hyacinth

severe gastroenteritis

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30
Q

What do elderberries contain in the plant? What are the CS?

A

alkaloid and cyanogenic glycoside

GI irritation

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31
Q

What is the MOA of trichothecene mycotoxins?

A

inhibitors of protein synthesis, immunosuppressive

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32
Q

What kind of necrosis do acid agents cause? What about alkalis?

A

acid - coagulative necrosis

alkali - liquefactie necrosis

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33
Q

What are some examples of corrosive acid agents?

A

toilet bowl cleaners, anti rust, drain cleaner, metal cleaner

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34
Q

What are the CS of acid ingestion?

A

local irritation - dermis, GI

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35
Q

What are some examples of alklalis?

A

batteries, toilet bowl cleaners, drain openers, industrial cleaners, hair relaxers

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36
Q

What are the CS of ingestion of alkali?

A

deep penetration into tissue, initial pain minimal, pronounced hyperthermia

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37
Q

What agents may contain cationic detergents?

A

disinfectants, liquid potpourri, conditioners

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38
Q

What are the CS of cationic detergents?

A

local corrosive injury

systemic effects - similar to cholinesterase inhibitors, NM blockers

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39
Q

What should be done with ingestion of corrosive substance?

A

immediate dilution with milk or water
pain meds - opiods (NOT NSAIDS!!)
symptomatic tx

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40
Q

What is the MOA of cardiac glycosides?

A

inhibit Na-K atpase pump in cardiac muscle –> calcium increases contractility

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41
Q

What are the 5 plants that contain cardiac glycosides?

A

Oleander, foxglove(digitalis), lily of the valley, kalanchoe, broad leaved milkweed

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42
Q

What animal can contain cardiac glycosides?

A

bufo toad

43
Q

What are the cardiac and extracardiac signs seen with cardiac glycosides?

A

cardiac - any arrythmia

extracardiac - mild gi upset, hyperkalemia

44
Q

What is the treatment for cardiac glycosides?

A

emesis, AC, IV fluids (DO NOT USE CALCIUM), antiarrythmic drugs, digibind(antidote)

45
Q

What is the MOA of grayanotoxins?

A

bind to sodium channels - prolonged depolarization –> bradycardia

46
Q

What 4 plants contain grayanotoxins?

A

rhododendron, azalea, laurels, japanese pieris

47
Q

What are the CS of grayanotoxins?

A

bloat, vomiting, teeth grinding, negative chronotropic action

48
Q

What is the tx for grayanotoxins?

A

decontaminate, symptomatic

49
Q

What plant has a toxin that has direct necrosis action on cardiac cells?

A

japanese yew (taxine alkaloid)

50
Q

What is the CS of japanese yew?

A

sudden death, bradycardia

51
Q

What does white snakeroot cause in horses? What is the toxin called?

A

myocardial necrosis

tremetol

52
Q

What plant causes congestive heart failure and is commonly seen in pigs?

A

gossypol (cottonseed)

53
Q

What lesions are seen with ionophore toxicity especially in horses?

A

myocardial scarring

54
Q

What is the MOA of paraquat?

A

accepts electron in vivo to become free radical

55
Q

What is the main lesion with paraquat?

A

pulmonary fibrosis

56
Q

What is the treatment for paraquat toxicosis? What should never be done?

A

Captopril (ace iinhibitor)

DO NOT ADMIN OXYGEN

57
Q

What are the CS of diquat?

A

vomiting, diarrhea, not very serious

58
Q

What are the lesions seen with avocado toxicosis in mares, cattles, rabbits and goats?

A

noninfectious mastitis

59
Q

What are the lesions seen with avocado toxicosis in caged birds?

A

cardiac arrythmias - myocardial necrosis

60
Q

What are the 3 CS of hydrogen sulfide gas?

A

conjuctivitis, cough, dyspnea

61
Q

What is the MOA of hydrogen sulfide gas?

A

mucosal and respiratory irritant

stimulate carotid bodies –> acapnia leads to asphyxia

62
Q

What are the 3 causes of acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and edema?

A

lush pastures, purple mint, moldy sweet potatoes

63
Q

What is in lush pastures that causes “fog fever”?

A

tryptophan

64
Q

What is the MOA of tryptophan in the lung?

A

3-MI biotransformed in lungs –> clara cells and type 1 pneumocytes destroyed

65
Q

What is the cardinal sign of acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and edema?

A

afebrile pneumonia, lungs do not collapse

66
Q

What is contained in purple mint that causes ABPEE?

A

perilla ketones

67
Q

What is contained in moldy sweet potatoes that causes ABPEE?

A

4-ipomeanol

68
Q

What is the MOA of perilla mint and moldy sweet potatoes?

A

toxic to type 1 pneuomocytes

69
Q

What toxin causes pulmonary edema in pigs?

A

fumonisin mycotoxin

70
Q

What CS are seen in teflon to birds?

A

seizures, death, acute pulmonary edema

71
Q

What can petroleum distallates cause when inhaled?

A

aspiration, chemical pneuomonitis,

72
Q

What are sources of cyanogenic glycoside?

A

peach pits, apple seeds

73
Q

What is the MOA of cyanide?

A

inhibits cytochrome oxidase –> stops utilization of oxygen

74
Q

What are the CS of cyanide?

A

depressed resp, cherry red venous blood and tissues, burnt almonds odor to gut contents

75
Q

What are the two antidotes for cyanide?

A

Hydroxycobalamine –> forms B12

Sodium nitrite plus sodium thiosulfate (old method - methmoglobinemia –> thio donates sulfur –> thiocyanate)

76
Q

What is the MOA of carbon monoxide?

A

Hb+ CO –> carboxyhemoglobin –> systemic tissue hypoxia

77
Q

What are the lesions associated with carbon monoxide toxicosis?

A

necrosis of heart, cerebral cortex and white matter

78
Q

What is the tx for CO?

A

vetilate, hyperbaric oxygen

79
Q

What is the MOA of zinc?

A

inhibit SH groups, interaction with ion channels, direct GI irritant

80
Q

What are the CS of zinc toxicosis?

A

HEMOLYSIS, gi signs, acute renal failure, neurologic

81
Q

What tube should be used for diagnosis of zinc toxicosis?

A

royal blue tube (not red)

82
Q

What is the tx for zinc?

A

remove zinc (do not chelate)

83
Q

What is the toxic molecule found in onions and garlic?

A

N-propyl disulfide

84
Q

What are the CS of N-propyl disulfide?

A

delayed for 3-5 days then hemolysis

85
Q

What is the tx of N-propyl disulfide?

A

blood transfusion, supportive

86
Q

What is the equine toxin found in red maple?

A

Gallotannins get converted by bacteria –> pyrogallol (oxidizing agent)

87
Q

What are the effects of red maple toxicosis?

A

IV and EV hemolysis from heinz bodies –> peracute death

88
Q

What is the tx of red maple in equines?

A

AC, blood transfusion

89
Q

What does nitrate toxicosis cause? Which species is most sensitive?

A

methemoglobinemia

ruminants

90
Q

What is the antidote for nitrate toxicosis?

A

methylene blue (but long withdrawal)

91
Q

What are the effects of acetominophen?

A

methemoglobinemia, hepatic necrosis

92
Q

What is the antidote for acetaminophen?

A

n-acetylcysteine

93
Q

What is the MOA of anticoagulants?

A

inhibit vit K 1,2,3 epoxide reductase

94
Q

What are the affected factors in anticoagulant toxicosis?

A

2, 7, 9, and 10

95
Q

What test should be run if anticoagulant suspected? Horses?

A

PT

horses - PTT

96
Q

What is the tx for anticoagulants in SA? in LA?

A

SA - vit k1

LA - alfalfa

97
Q

What does white and yellow sweet clover contain?

A

dicoumarol

98
Q

What does copper cause in sheep? dogs?

A

sheep - hemolysis

dogs - liver failure

99
Q

What are the lesions seen with copper tox in sheep?

A

gun metal blue kidneys

100
Q

What is the tx for dogs with copper toxicosis?

A

zinc

101
Q

What does bracken fern cause in ruminants? horses?

A

ruminants - aplastic anemia, urinary tract neoplasms

horses - thiaminase, cns signs

102
Q

What are the acute and chronic signs of flouride toxicosis?

A

acute - irritant/corrosive

chronic (LA) - tooth eruption, skeletal fluorosis

103
Q

How are acute and chronic flouride toxicosis treated?

A

acute - symptomatic

chronic - change feed

Toxicology (2 decks)

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