Final Flashcards
What are the 3 plants that are primary photosensitizers?
St. John’s wort, buckwheat, smartweed
What type of photosensitization occurs when the liver is damaged?
secondary (hepatogenous)
What are the 4 genus of plants that need high amounts of selenium to grow (obligate indicator plants)?
astragalus, oonopsis, stanleya, xyorrhiza
What are the acute signs of selenium toxicosis?
ataxia, dyspnea, death
What are the chronic signs of selenium toxicosis? What are the 3 chronic syndromes called?
hair loss, hoof overgrowth and deformation
-“alkali dz”, “bobtail:, “blind staggers”
What is the MOA of petroleum distallates on the skin?
defatting of skin –> drying, hyperemia
What may turpentine cause on the skin?
vesicles, urticaria, intense pain
What is the treatment for petroleum distallates on the skin?
flush with soap and water for 15 mins, use emollients
What are the 4 main sources of arsenic?
ashes from treated wood (LA), ant poison, herbicides (MSMA, DSMA), melarsomine (hw tx)
What species is most susceptible to arsenic poisoning? Which species is most commonly affected?
susceptible - cats
common - cows
What tissues have the slowest clearance of arsenic? Why?
skin, hair, nails
high -SH organs
What are the CS of arsenic toxicosis?
Rice water diarrhea +- blood
weakness
How is acute arsenic toxicosis treated?
Chelation - BAL and DMSA
Fluids
What 3 plants contain lectins?
Precatory bean, castor bean, black locust
What is the MOA of lectin containing plants?
potent protein synthesis inhibitors (toxalbumins)
What specific chemical is found in castor beans?
ricin (warfare)
What species most commonly ingests lectin from black locust plant?
horses -eat bark
What types of plants have insoluble calcium oxalatess?
shiny, thick green leaves
What are the CS of insoluble calcium oxalate toxicosis?
drooling, gagging, fatalities rare
What is the tx for insoluble calcium oxalates?
milk, GI protectants, antiemetics
What does the buttercup plant contain that is toxic?
protoanemonin (potent vesicant)
What are the CS of ingestion of buttercup?
blistering of skin, mouth, lower GI - colic in horses
What 3 plants contain triterpenoid saponins?
Holly, english ivy, pokeweed
What is the MOA of spurges plant? Where is the toxin found?
activate protein kinase C
in white milk sap
What are the CS of spurges?
mild GI upset
What are the 3 plants that contain spurges toxin?
snow on the mountain, crown of thorns, poinsettia (euphorbia species)
What animals are most commonly poisoned with mayapple?
LA in spring - strong GI irritant, uncommon
What toxin do hydrangea species contain? What are the CS?
cyanogenic glycoside
GI signs in small animals (bloody diarrhea)
What are 4 examples of bulb plants? What CS do they show?
Daffodil, jonquil, tulip, hyacinth
severe gastroenteritis
What do elderberries contain in the plant? What are the CS?
alkaloid and cyanogenic glycoside
GI irritation
What is the MOA of trichothecene mycotoxins?
inhibitors of protein synthesis, immunosuppressive
What kind of necrosis do acid agents cause? What about alkalis?
acid - coagulative necrosis
alkali - liquefactie necrosis
What are some examples of corrosive acid agents?
toilet bowl cleaners, anti rust, drain cleaner, metal cleaner
What are the CS of acid ingestion?
local irritation - dermis, GI
What are some examples of alklalis?
batteries, toilet bowl cleaners, drain openers, industrial cleaners, hair relaxers
What are the CS of ingestion of alkali?
deep penetration into tissue, initial pain minimal, pronounced hyperthermia
What agents may contain cationic detergents?
disinfectants, liquid potpourri, conditioners
What are the CS of cationic detergents?
local corrosive injury
systemic effects - similar to cholinesterase inhibitors, NM blockers
What should be done with ingestion of corrosive substance?
immediate dilution with milk or water
pain meds - opiods (NOT NSAIDS!!)
symptomatic tx
What is the MOA of cardiac glycosides?
inhibit Na-K atpase pump in cardiac muscle –> calcium increases contractility
What are the 5 plants that contain cardiac glycosides?
Oleander, foxglove(digitalis), lily of the valley, kalanchoe, broad leaved milkweed
What animal can contain cardiac glycosides?
bufo toad
What are the cardiac and extracardiac signs seen with cardiac glycosides?
cardiac - any arrythmia
extracardiac - mild gi upset, hyperkalemia
What is the treatment for cardiac glycosides?
emesis, AC, IV fluids (DO NOT USE CALCIUM), antiarrythmic drugs, digibind(antidote)
What is the MOA of grayanotoxins?
bind to sodium channels - prolonged depolarization –> bradycardia
What 4 plants contain grayanotoxins?
rhododendron, azalea, laurels, japanese pieris
What are the CS of grayanotoxins?
bloat, vomiting, teeth grinding, negative chronotropic action
What is the tx for grayanotoxins?
decontaminate, symptomatic
What plant has a toxin that has direct necrosis action on cardiac cells?
japanese yew (taxine alkaloid)
What is the CS of japanese yew?
sudden death, bradycardia
What does white snakeroot cause in horses? What is the toxin called?
myocardial necrosis
tremetol
What plant causes congestive heart failure and is commonly seen in pigs?
gossypol (cottonseed)
What lesions are seen with ionophore toxicity especially in horses?
myocardial scarring
What is the MOA of paraquat?
accepts electron in vivo to become free radical
What is the main lesion with paraquat?
pulmonary fibrosis
What is the treatment for paraquat toxicosis? What should never be done?
Captopril (ace iinhibitor)
DO NOT ADMIN OXYGEN
What are the CS of diquat?
vomiting, diarrhea, not very serious
What are the lesions seen with avocado toxicosis in mares, cattles, rabbits and goats?
noninfectious mastitis
What are the lesions seen with avocado toxicosis in caged birds?
cardiac arrythmias - myocardial necrosis
What are the 3 CS of hydrogen sulfide gas?
conjuctivitis, cough, dyspnea
What is the MOA of hydrogen sulfide gas?
mucosal and respiratory irritant
stimulate carotid bodies –> acapnia leads to asphyxia
What are the 3 causes of acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and edema?
lush pastures, purple mint, moldy sweet potatoes
What is in lush pastures that causes “fog fever”?
tryptophan
What is the MOA of tryptophan in the lung?
3-MI biotransformed in lungs –> clara cells and type 1 pneumocytes destroyed
What is the cardinal sign of acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and edema?
afebrile pneumonia, lungs do not collapse
What is contained in purple mint that causes ABPEE?
perilla ketones
What is contained in moldy sweet potatoes that causes ABPEE?
4-ipomeanol
What is the MOA of perilla mint and moldy sweet potatoes?
toxic to type 1 pneuomocytes
What toxin causes pulmonary edema in pigs?
fumonisin mycotoxin
What CS are seen in teflon to birds?
seizures, death, acute pulmonary edema
What can petroleum distallates cause when inhaled?
aspiration, chemical pneuomonitis,
What are sources of cyanogenic glycoside?
peach pits, apple seeds
What is the MOA of cyanide?
inhibits cytochrome oxidase –> stops utilization of oxygen
What are the CS of cyanide?
depressed resp, cherry red venous blood and tissues, burnt almonds odor to gut contents
What are the two antidotes for cyanide?
Hydroxycobalamine –> forms B12
Sodium nitrite plus sodium thiosulfate (old method - methmoglobinemia –> thio donates sulfur –> thiocyanate)
What is the MOA of carbon monoxide?
Hb+ CO –> carboxyhemoglobin –> systemic tissue hypoxia
What are the lesions associated with carbon monoxide toxicosis?
necrosis of heart, cerebral cortex and white matter
What is the tx for CO?
vetilate, hyperbaric oxygen
What is the MOA of zinc?
inhibit SH groups, interaction with ion channels, direct GI irritant
What are the CS of zinc toxicosis?
HEMOLYSIS, gi signs, acute renal failure, neurologic
What tube should be used for diagnosis of zinc toxicosis?
royal blue tube (not red)
What is the tx for zinc?
remove zinc (do not chelate)
What is the toxic molecule found in onions and garlic?
N-propyl disulfide
What are the CS of N-propyl disulfide?
delayed for 3-5 days then hemolysis
What is the tx of N-propyl disulfide?
blood transfusion, supportive
What is the equine toxin found in red maple?
Gallotannins get converted by bacteria –> pyrogallol (oxidizing agent)
What are the effects of red maple toxicosis?
IV and EV hemolysis from heinz bodies –> peracute death
What is the tx of red maple in equines?
AC, blood transfusion
What does nitrate toxicosis cause? Which species is most sensitive?
methemoglobinemia
ruminants
What is the antidote for nitrate toxicosis?
methylene blue (but long withdrawal)
What are the effects of acetominophen?
methemoglobinemia, hepatic necrosis
What is the antidote for acetaminophen?
n-acetylcysteine
What is the MOA of anticoagulants?
inhibit vit K 1,2,3 epoxide reductase
What are the affected factors in anticoagulant toxicosis?
2, 7, 9, and 10
What test should be run if anticoagulant suspected? Horses?
PT
horses - PTT
What is the tx for anticoagulants in SA? in LA?
SA - vit k1
LA - alfalfa
What does white and yellow sweet clover contain?
dicoumarol
What does copper cause in sheep? dogs?
sheep - hemolysis
dogs - liver failure
What are the lesions seen with copper tox in sheep?
gun metal blue kidneys
What is the tx for dogs with copper toxicosis?
zinc
What does bracken fern cause in ruminants? horses?
ruminants - aplastic anemia, urinary tract neoplasms
horses - thiaminase, cns signs
What are the acute and chronic signs of flouride toxicosis?
acute - irritant/corrosive
chronic (LA) - tooth eruption, skeletal fluorosis
How are acute and chronic flouride toxicosis treated?
acute - symptomatic
chronic - change feed
