Midterm Flashcards
The average age of menarche in Europe in the 1840 was…
17, compared to the average age today - 13. This is hypothesized to be a reflection of better nutrition and health.
Social influences on the age of onset of puberty:
Menarche occurs earlier in girls who are under a lot of stress or depressed (e.g. mothers’ romantic relationships are stressful, or parents use harsher punishments for misbehavior, infrequent interactions with the father - recall parental investment theory, Ellis).
Kohlberg’s levels of moral development:
- preconventional (moral reasoning based on external forces)
- conventional (moral reasoning based on social convention)
- postconventional (moral reasoning based on a personal moral code)
Stages of the preconventional level of moral development:
- obedience orientation - authority knows best
- instrumental orientation - looking out for one’s own needs
Stages of the conventional level of moral development:
- interpersonal norms (winning approval of others by behaving the way one is expected to)
- social system of morality (social conventions exist in order to maintain a social order)
Stages of the postconvetional level of moral development:
- moral reasoning based on the belief that laws exist for the good of all of society’s members
- universal ethical principles (moral reasoning based on personal abstract principles that apply to all)
Marcia’s four identity statuses:
- Diffusion (individual is overwhelmed by the task of achieving an identity)
- Foreclosure (individual has a status determined by adults, rather than themselves)
- Moratorium (the individual tries different identities)
- Achievement (the individual has tried different identities and has deliberately chosen one)
The main difference between children’s and adolescents’ ratings of self-esteem
Children’s ratings are more or less consistent across dimensions (social, academic, physical, etc.), whereas adolescents’ ratings are more differentiated.
Important sources of adolescents’ self-esteem:
- their competence and skill in domains that they value
- how they are viewed by others (especially parents
- parents’ discipline - children who’s parents have reasonable expectations view themselves more positively than children of parents who don’t set rules or don’t give reasons for those rules.
John Holland’s Personality-Type Theory
The view that people find their work fulfilling when the important parts of the work are in line with the individual’s personality. Holland identified 6 prototypical personalities - realistic, investigative, social, conventional, enterprising, artistic.
Three phases of Super’s theory of career development:
Crystalization - adolescents use their emerging identities to form ideas about careers.
- specification - adolescents learn more about a specific career path
- implementation - entering the workforce
Detrimental effects of teenage part-time work:
- School performance suffers
- Mental health and behavioral problems
- Misleading affluence - paying yourself only for personal expenses provides unrealistic expectations of typical resource allocation patterns.
Influences on teenagers’ likelihood to drink:
- parents (drinking is a part of their social lives; and/or they set arbitrary or unreasonable discipline standards)
- peer-pressure
- stress
Proportion of adolescents who attempt suicide:
roughly 10%
The rate of successful adolescent suicide in the US:
1 in 10000, uncommon in girls
