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Drugs and Behavior > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Dorsal Striatum

A

= voluntary movement

contains 98% of brains dopamine

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2
Q

Dorsal Striatum

A

= voluntary movement

contains 98% of brains dopamine

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3
Q

How does electricity (AP travel)

A

From midbrain to dorsal striatum to cause a release of dopamine from the striatum

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4
Q

Sinemet =

A

L-Dopa + Carbidopa

PD drug

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5
Q

L-Dopa

A

Precursor to dopamine

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6
Q

Carbidopa

A

Enzyme Inhibitor

  • helps L-dopa pass BBB instead of being converted to dopamine in the blood
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7
Q

What causes addiction?

A 
Genese and environment
Stress 
Accessibility
Antisocial behavior in caregiver
Violent behavior of your caregiver is most common
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8
Q

Side-effect of L-Dopa

A

Vivid dreams

involuntary movements

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9
Q

Symptoms of PD

A
  • Resting tremor

- Stiffness

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10
Q

Toxic drug that causes PD

A

MPTP –> converts to MPP+ (herbicide)

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11
Q

Substantia Nigra %

A

80% must be destroyed for onset of PD

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12
Q

MAOI in PD

A

MAOI can prevent further breakdown of substantia nigra

ex. Paragyline

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13
Q

Paraquat and Siproquat

A

Herbicide they sprayed on Marijuana that can cause PD (and coughing blood)

Oil companies sprinkled MPP+ on veggies

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14
Q

Intrathecal vs. Intracebebral

A

Spinal Fluid injection

Enjection straight into the brain

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15
Q

Half - Life

A

Time it takes for half of the drug dose to be eliminated by the body

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16
Q

Time Course

A

Onset and Duration

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17
Q

Natural Opioids

A

Morphine

Codeine (both found as alkaloids in opium

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18
Q

Fentanyl

A

Purely Syntthetic Opioid Analgesic

Most potent (10x more than morphine) aka china white

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19
Q

Dextromethorphan

A

Cough Syrup

- blocks glutamate receptors

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20
Q

Heroine vs. Morphine potency

A

Heroine wins because more lipophyllic so it crosses BBB

Enzymes make heroine –> morphine in brain

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21
Q

Naloxone

A

Mu Opioid receptor antagonist (shifts graph to the right)

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22
Q

Side Effects of Opioids

A

Respiratory depression
addiction
nausea
constipation

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23
Q

Opioids are used for:

A

Analgesic
Anesthetic (make you stop breathing - bad)
Anti-diarrheal
Cough Suppresant

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24
Q

1 cause of death in of accidental death in USA

A

prescription painkillers

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25
Q

Oxycontin (Release)

A

Extremely long sustained release

Step 1: Small oral dose comes down
Step 2: long casing pushes drug through slowly

(some crush and snort - get all at once)

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26
Q

Buprenorphine

A

Long acting partial Mu Opioid agonist
- Kappa Opioid antagonist

  • Reaches a ceiling, where increase in dose will quell heroine/oxy urges, but will not get you any higher
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27
Q

Therapeutic Index =

A

LD50/ED50

Low TI is dangerous

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28
Q

3 Kinds of Opioid Receptors

A

Mu
Kappa
Delta

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29
Q

3 kinds of Opioids

A

Endorphine
Dynorphin (saliva)
Enkephalin

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30
Q

Seratonin

A

5-HT

  • Used as antidepressants (SSRI) to create more 5HT in synapse
  • Given for other disorders to in order to control impulses
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31
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Fight or Flight

NSRI antidepressants

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32
Q

Aceytylcholine

A

ACH

  • Altheimers patients
  • Improved cognition, memory
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33
Q

Enzyme Inhibitor (indirect agonist)

A

Inhibit an enzyme from removing neurotransmitters

MAOI (monoamine oxidase inhibition)
antidepressant

  • Prevent Monoamine Oxidase from removing dopamine, norepinephrine, and seratonin from the brain
  • Boosts endogenous neurotransmitters
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34
Q

Releasers (indirect agonist)

A

Drug that induces the leaking of neurotransmitters from the pre-synaptic neuron into the synapse

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35
Q

Precursor (indirect agonist)

A

Drugs that your body converts

L-Dopa –> dopamine

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36
Q

Direct Agonist

A

Bind directly to post-synaptic receptor to mimic effect of the endogenous neurotransmitter

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37
Q

Reuptake Inhibitor (indirect agonist)

A

Blocks reuptake site so NT stays in synapse 300X longer

SSRI is most widely prescribed drug

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38
Q

Narcan

A

Narcotic antagonist (rescue from overdose EMT’s carry it)

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39
Q

6 Neuropharmacology Terms

A

1) Antagonist
2) Direct Agonist
3) Reuptake inhibitor
4) enzyme inhibitor
5) precursor
6) releaser

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40
Q

Logarithmic Scale

A

Dose X effect

Dose - 1, 3, 10, 30, 100
1, 10, 100

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41
Q

First pass

A

Excreted before entering blood (unless target is GI tract)

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42
Q

Methadone

A

Full direct Mu opioid agonist

  • Extremely long half-life makes it relatively safe for addicts to taper
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43
Q

Suboxone is comprised of these 2 drugs:

A

Buprenorphine (partial agonist) + Naloxone (mu antagonist)

Naloxone prevents abuse of Buprenorphine and removes other opioids from system

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44
Q

Drug definition

A

Any chemical that has a physiological affect when ingested or absorbed (no food or nutrients)

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45
Q

Nomenclature

A

Language that you use to discuss scientific subjects

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46
Q

Behavioral/clinical classification means…

A

Therapeutic effect

…antidepressant…analgesic

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47
Q

Pharmacodynamic

A

Study of what the drugs change in you physiologically

…NSAID and SSRI are examples

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48
Q

Potency is measured in which direction?

A

Furthest left = most potent

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49
Q

Efficacy is measured in which direction?

A

Highest on dose effect curve

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50
Q

Pharmacokinetics means:

A

1) Absorption
2) Distribution
3) Metabolism
4) Excretion

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51
Q

Different types of Injection/Parenteral

A

Subcutaneous - under skin
Intramuscular - into muscle
Intraperitoneum - space around stomach organs
IV - intravenous

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52
Q

Gaba

A

Inhibitory NT, decreases ATP

  • produces IPSP (intra-pre-synaptic potential)
  • Causes chloride ions to rush in
How well did you know this?
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2
3
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53
Q

GABAergic drugs:

A 
Alcohol
Benzo's (anxiolytic) 
sedative-hypnotic (ambien
pre-anesthetics (valium)
Barbituates etc…...
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54
Q

Glutamate

A

Excitatory NT, opposite of GABA

  • EPSP
  • Can cause Action potentials
  • Allows sodium channels to rush in
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55
Q

Drugs that effect Glutamate:

A

PCP

Ketamine

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56
Q

Dopamine used in which treatments?

A 
Parkinsons
Schizo 
Amphetamine addiction
ADD treatment
Glutamate modulators
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57
Q

Do SSRIS work?

A

1/3 of the time

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58
Q

ACH degradation

A

1st depletes in hippocampus

then neocortex

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59
Q

Pharmacodynamic Graph (Drug Dose Effect Function)

A

x axis = dose

y axis = effect

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60
Q

Standard Selective Antagonists List

A 
Haldol - Dopamine
Mian - Serotonin 
Scopolamine - ACH
Caffeine - Adenosine
Flumazenil - GABA
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61
Q

PharmacoKinetic Graph

A

X axis = time

y axis = blood concentration of drug

62
Q

Spinal Tap

A

Gathering samples from cerebrospinal fluid

63
Q

Therapeutic Window

A

Window between minimal Clinical benefit and minimum dose for side-effects (horizontal lines)

64
Q

Cahal (neurobiology)

A

100 million brain cells that need to communicate

65
Q

Otto Lovi (neurobiology)

A 
Cell body (Soma) with dendrite arms 
- synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitters
66
Q

Percocet =

A

Oxycodone + acetaminophen

67
Q

Percodan =

A

Oxycodone + aspirin

68
Q

Percolone =

A

Just oxycodone

69
Q

Precipitated Withdrawal

A

Rapid detox with a mu antagonist

- anasteshia then Narcan

70
Q

Most effective Opioid Addiction treatment?

A

Therapy!

71
Q

Parkinsons cause

A

Environmental
- Not enough dopamine in basal ganglia
1/40 get it

72
Q

Locomotor Activity Test

A

X axis = dose
y axis = beam breaks

Cocaine induces locomotor activity

73
Q

Sensitization = what kind of shift?

A

Leftward

74
Q

Nucleus Accumbence

A

Reward center for sex, pleasure, drugs

75
Q

Stimulant Reward occurs where?

A

Pre-synaptic side of ventral striatum

PD medicine affects DA post-synaptically in dorsal striatum

76
Q

6 OHDA

A

Hydroxydopamine

-Neurotoxic chemical that destroys dopaminergic and noradrenergic pathways

77
Q

How does electricity (AP travel)

A

From midbrain to dorsal striatum to cause a release of dopamine from the striatum

78
Q

Sinemet =

A

L-Dopa + Carbidopa

PD drug

79
Q

L-Dopa

A

Precursor to dopamine

80
Q

Carbidopa

A

Enzyme Inhibitor

  • helps L-dopa pass BBB instead of being converted to dopamine in the blood
81
Q

What causes addiction?

A 
Genese and environment
Stress 
Accessibility
Antisocial behavior in caregiver
Violent behavior of your caregiver is most common
82
Q

Side-effect of L-Dopa

A

Vivid dreams

involuntary movements

83
Q

Symptoms of PD

A
  • Resting tremor

- Stiffness

84
Q

Toxic drug that causes PD

A

MPTP –> converts to MPP+ (herbicide)

85
Q

Substantia Nigra %

A

80% must be destroyed for onset of PD

86
Q

MAOI in PD

A

MAOI can prevent further breakdown of substantia nigra

ex. Paragyline

87
Q

Paraquat and Siproquat

A

Herbicide they sprayed on Marijuana that can cause PD (and coughing blood)

Oil companies sprinkled MPP+ on veggies

88
Q

Intrathecal vs. Intracebebral

A

Spinal Fluid injection

Enjection straight into the brain

89
Q

Half - Life

A

Time it takes for half of the drug dose to be eliminated by the body

90
Q

Time Course

A

Onset and Duration

91
Q

Natural Opioids

A

Morphine

Codeine (both found as alkaloids in opium

92
Q

Fentanyl

A

Purely Syntthetic Opioid Analgesic

Most potent (10x more than morphine) aka china white

93
Q

Dextromethorphan

A

Cough Syrup

- blocks glutamate receptors

94
Q

Heroine vs. Morphine potency

A

Heroine wins because more lipophyllic so it crosses BBB

Enzymes make heroine –> morphine in brain

95
Q

Naloxone

A

Mu Opioid receptor antagonist (shifts graph to the right)

96
Q

Side Effects of Opioids

A

Respiratory depression
addiction
nausea
constipation

97
Q

Opioids are used for:

A

Analgesic
Anesthetic (make you stop breathing - bad)
Anti-diarrheal
Cough Suppresant

98
Q

1 cause of death in of accidental death in USA

A

prescription painkillers

99
Q

Oxycontin (Release)

A

Extremely long sustained release

Step 1: Small oral dose comes down
Step 2: long casing pushes drug through slowly

(some crush and snort - get all at once)

100
Q

Buprenorphine

A

Long acting partial Mu Opioid agonist
- Kappa Opioid antagonist

  • Reaches a ceiling, where increase in dose will quell heroine/oxy urges, but will not get you any higher
101
Q

Therapeutic Index =

A

LD50/ED50

Low TI is dangerous

102
Q

3 Kinds of Opioid Receptors

A

Mu
Kappa
Delta

103
Q

3 kinds of Opioids

A

Endorphine
Dynorphin (saliva)
Enkephalin

104
Q

Seratonin

A

5-HT

  • Used as antidepressants (SSRI) to create more 5HT in synapse
  • Given for other disorders to in order to control impulses
105
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Fight or Flight

NSRI antidepressants

106
Q

Aceytylcholine

A

ACH

  • Altheimers patients
  • Improved cognition, memory
107
Q

Enzyme Inhibitor (indirect agonist)

A

Inhibit an enzyme from removing neurotransmitters

MAOI (monoamine oxidase inhibition)
antidepressant

  • Prevent Monoamine Oxidase from removing dopamine, norepinephrine, and seratonin from the brain
  • Boosts endogenous neurotransmitters
108
Q

Releasers (indirect agonist)

A

Drug that induces the leaking of neurotransmitters from the pre-synaptic neuron into the synapse

109
Q

Precursor (indirect agonist)

A

Drugs that your body converts

L-Dopa –> dopamine

110
Q

Direct Agonist

A

Bind directly to post-synaptic receptor to mimic effect of the endogenous neurotransmitter

111
Q

Reuptake Inhibitor (indirect agonist)

A

Blocks reuptake site so NT stays in synapse 300X longer

SSRI is most widely prescribed drug

112
Q

Narcan

A

Narcotic antagonist (rescue from overdose EMT’s carry it)

113
Q

6 Neuropharmacology Terms

A

1) Antagonist
2) Direct Agonist
3) Reuptake inhibitor
4) enzyme inhibitor
5) precursor
6) releaser

114
Q

Logarithmic Scale

A

Dose X effect

Dose - 1, 3, 10, 30, 100
1, 10, 100

115
Q

First pass

A

Excreted before entering blood (unless target is GI tract)

116
Q

Methadone

A

Full direct Mu opioid agonist

  • Extremely long half-life makes it relatively safe for addicts to taper
117
Q

Suboxone is comprised of these 2 drugs:

A

Buprenorphine (partial agonist) + Naloxone (mu antagonist)

Naloxone prevents abuse of Buprenorphine and removes other opioids from system

118
Q

Drug definition

A

Any chemical that has a physiological affect when ingested or absorbed (no food or nutrients)

119
Q

Nomenclature

A

Language that you use to discuss scientific subjects

120
Q

Behavioral/clinical classification means…

A

Therapeutic effect

…antidepressant…analgesic

121
Q

Pharmacodynamic

A

Study of what the drugs change in you physiologically

…NSAID and SSRI are examples

122
Q

Potency is measured in which direction?

A

Furthest left = most potent

123
Q

Efficacy is measured in which direction?

A

Highest on dose effect curve

124
Q

Pharmacokinetics means:

A

1) Absorption
2) Distribution
3) Metabolism
4) Excretion

125
Q

Different types of Injection/Parenteral

A

Subcutaneous - under skin
Intramuscular - into muscle
Intraperitoneum - space around stomach organs
IV - intravenous

126
Q

Gaba

A

Inhibitory NT, decreases ATP

  • produces IPSP (intra-pre-synaptic potential)
  • Causes chloride ions to rush in
127
Q

GABAergic drugs:

A 
Alcohol
Benzo's (anxiolytic) 
sedative-hypnotic (ambien
pre-anesthetics (valium)
Barbituates etc…...
128
Q

Glutamate

A

Excitatory NT, opposite of GABA

  • EPSP
  • Can cause Action potentials
  • Allows sodium channels to rush in
129
Q

Drugs that effect Glutamate:

A

PCP

Ketamine

130
Q

Dopamine used in which treatments?

A 
Parkinsons
Schizo 
Amphetamine addiction
ADD treatment
Glutamate modulators
131
Q

Do SSRIS work?

A

1/3 of the time

132
Q

ACH degradation

A

1st depletes in hippocampus

then neocortex

133
Q

Pharmacodynamic Graph (Drug Dose Effect Function)

A

x axis = dose

y axis = effect

134
Q

Standard Selective Antagonists List

A 
Haldol - Dopamine
Mian - Serotonin 
Scopolamine - ACH
Caffeine - Adenosine
Flumazenil - GABA
135
Q

PharmacoKinetic Graph

A

X axis = time

y axis = blood concentration of drug

136
Q

Spinal Tap

A

Gathering samples from cerebrospinal fluid

137
Q

Therapeutic Window

A

Window between minimal Clinical benefit and minimum dose for side-effects (horizontal lines)

138
Q

Cahal (neurobiology)

A

100 million brain cells that need to communicate

139
Q

Otto Lovi (neurobiology)

A 
Cell body (Soma) with dendrite arms 
- synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitters
140
Q

Percocet =

A

Oxycodone + acetaminophen

141
Q

Percodan =

A

Oxycodone + aspirin

142
Q

Percolone =

A

Just oxycodone

143
Q

Precipitated Withdrawal

A

Rapid detox with a mu antagonist

- anasteshia then Narcan

144
Q

Most effective Opioid Addiction treatment?

A

Therapy!

145
Q

Parkinsons cause

A

Environmental
- Not enough dopamine in basal ganglia
1/40 get it

146
Q

Locomotor Activity Test

A

X axis = dose
y axis = beam breaks

Cocaine induces locomotor activity

147
Q

Sensitization = what kind of shift?

A

Leftward

148
Q

Nucleus Accumbence

A

Reward center for sex, pleasure, drugs

149
Q

Stimulant Reward occurs where?

A

Pre-synaptic side of ventral striatum

PD medicine affects DA post-synaptically in dorsal striatum

150
Q

6 OHDA

A

Hydroxydopamine

-Neurotoxic chemical that destroys dopaminergic and noradrenergic pathways

Drugs and Behavior (2 decks)

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