Final Exam Flashcards
Positive Schizo symptoms are:
Hallucinations, delusions, irrational thinking
Negative Schizo symptoms are:
Lack of emotions
social withdraw
Anti-Psychotic drugs that work: (Schizo etc.)
Dopamine D2 antagonist (reduces delusions)
Depolarization Blockade
Chronic use of an anti-psychotic begins blocking the amount of dopamine allowed in the synapse (VTA allows this to happen and doesn’t fight back)
Super-chronic use of anti-psychotics leads to:
Tardive Dyskinesia
Acute and chronic use of anti-psychotics leads to:
EPS (parkinsons-like involuntary movements)
Typical Anti-psychotic drugs:
- Haldol
- Thorezine
Atypical anti-psychotic drugs:
- Clorazil
- 5HT2A antagonist
Nucleus Accumbens brain damage causes by Pyschosis:
- Holes in Thalamus
- Hippocampal cell disorientation
- Less activity in prefrontal cortex
- Larger amygdala
Affect =
mood
Bipolar medications
Mood Stabilizers
- Lithium
- Lamotragine
Lithium side-effects
- Nausea
- Sweating
- Thyroid, liver, kidneys
- vision
lots of sides
Lamotragine/Lamictal
Anticonvulsants used for Bipolar … not so dangerous
Risk of getting depression (genetics)
50% genetic, nature + nurture
- stress causes depression
What do MAOIs do?
- Inhibit metabolism of enzyme monoamine oxidase
- Increases Dopamine, Norepinephrine, 5HT, tyramine
What negative thing do MAOIs raise?
Tyramine
Tricyclics raise:
NE, 5HT (Imipramine) - RI
NE (Desimipramine) -NSRI
Wellbutrin
RI for:
- Dopamine
- Norepinephrine
Common mechanism of all anti-depressants:
Increase one or more monoamines (DE, 5HT, NE)
Most effective treatment for depression:
ECT (electroconvulsive therapy)
How many people improve from antidepressants?
1/3 from drug
1/3 from placebo (nearly 70%)
Delayed Therapeutic Effects of SSRIs (acute and chronic)
acute: Raphe shuts off - lowers serotonin in cortex
chronic: Raphe turns back on - increase in 5HT
Small doses of Ketamine can:
Help depression by increasing spinal dendrites in hippocampus
BDNF
Brain derived neurotrophic factor
- Antidepressants seem to increase it, new drugs trying to target it
5 drugs that work as GABAa Positive Allosteric Modulators (PAMS)
1) Anxiolytics (anxiety)
2) Sedative Hypnotics (sleepiness)
3) Anticonvulsants (seizures)
4) General Anesthetic (unconsciousness - vapor or IV)
5) Alcohol (anxiety)
GABA vs. Glutmate
- GABA creates Influx of chloride ions
- Glutamate creates influx of sodium ions
What can be used as ant-seizure medication?
Any GABAergic drug
PAM =
Positive Allosteric Modulator
- has additive effects because
BAC vs. BAL
.08 gram-percent
80 mg percent
Alcohol Metabolism
Alcohol –> Acetaldehyde –> acetic acid
Acamprosite
Blocks Glutamate (sort of a GABA antagonist)
Disulfiram (antabuse)
Enzyme inhibitor used for alcoholism
Issue with Ketamine?
Great onset, poor duration
Barbituates are dangerous because of?
Low TI
Fermentation vs. Distillation
10-15% naturally
- yeast and sugar
Takes fermented liquor and vaporizes it creating higher alcohol content
Alcohol genetics
- Asians get flushing
- American Indians process alcohol better and can drink more
LSD
Stimulates 5HT2A receptor
- same with mescaline, psilocybin, morning glory seeds
Potency
LSD vs. Molly vs. Amphetamine
100 micrograms
100 mg
5 mg
MDMA in humans vs. rats
No brain damage
vs.
Burns holes in brain-stem (lose 5% of rap he
How Cannabis works
- Retrograde transmission
- Cannabinoids receives message and moves
- Exogenous CB1 direct agonist
Benefits of Medical Marijuana
- Glaucoma
- Ant-emetic
- MS
- Pain
Cons of Medical Marijuana
Cancer, heart disease, lung problems, GI issues
- Delayed discount (choosing quick rewards over bigger ones later)
Rimonibant
CB1 antagonist (diet pill) - Caused suicidal thoughts
