Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy 2 > Midterm 2 Test Review (20, 17, 23) > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Test Review (20, 17, 23) Flashcards

1
Q

Where do the L & R common carotid arteries emerge from?

A

Aortic arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where do the L & R common carotid arteries branch into?

A

The external & internal carotid arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do the external carotid arteries supply?

A

The external skull region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do the internal carotid arteries supply?

A

The brain & orbits (eyes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 4 main arteries (L&R) of the head & neck?

  • where do the 3 branch off of?
A
  • Common Carotid Arteries (L&R)
  • Vertebral Arteries (L&R)
  • Thyrocervicle Trunk (L&R)
  • Costocervicle Trunk (L&R)

—> the last 3 branch off the subclavian arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where are the vertebral arteries located?

Where are the thyrocervicle trunks located?

Where are the costocervicle trunks located?

A

In the brain

In the thyroid gland

In deep neck of intercostal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 3 primary veins that drain the head & neck?

A
  • Vertebral veins (L&R)
  • External Jugular veins (L&R)
  • Internal Jugular veins (L&R)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do the vertebral veins empty into?

What do the external jugular veins drain into?

What do the internal jugular veins merge with & drain into?

A

1) subclavian vein

2) subclavian vein

3) merges with brachiocephalic to form subclavian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 6 main arteries of the abdominal & thoracic wall?

A

1) internal thoracic artery (L&R)
2) inferior epigastric artery
3) lumbar arteries (5 pairs)
4) supreme intercostal artery
5) posterior intercostal arteries (3-11)
6) median sacral artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where does the internal thoracic artery emerge from & branch into?

A
  • emerges from subclavian artery
  • branches into…
    1) 6 anterior anterior intercostal arteries (R&L)
    2) 1 musculophrenic artery (R&L)
    3) superior epigastric (R&L)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where does the inferior epigastric artery emerge from & what does it supply?

A
  • emerges from external iliac artery
  • supplies inferior abdominal wall
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where do the lumbar arteries branch off of?

A

Branches from descending abdominal aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where does the supreme intercostal artery branch into?

A

Branches into posterior intercostal arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where do the posterior intercostal arteries branch off of?

A

Branches from descending thoracic aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where does the median sacral artery emerge from?

A

Emerges at bifurcation of descending aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where does the internal thoracic vein receive its blood from?

A

Receives blood from…
- anterior intercostal veins
- musculophrenic vein
- superior epigastric veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where does the inferior epigastric vein drain its blood into?

A

External iliac vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where does the supreme intercostal vein receive its blood from?

A

1st, 2nd, & 3rd posterior intercostal veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where does the right azygos vein receive blood from?

A

Right lumbar & right posterior intercostal veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

System of ductless glands that make & secrete hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemicals released in blood & transported throughout the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are target cells?

A

Specific/specialized receptors that bind & respond to a specific hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 2 control systems of the body?
- how are they similar?

A

Endocrine System & nervous system
- both have Ligands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are ligands?

A

Chemical messengers that bind to receptors of specific target cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the 2 types of ligands in the body and what are they?

A

1) nervous ligands - neurotransmitters
2) endocrine ligands - hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the 4 main roles of the endocrine system?

A

1 - transmits hormones through blood
2 - targets cells in body with correct receptors
3 - longer reaction times (hours)
4 - longer-lasting effects (days & weeks)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

4 general functions of endocrine system:

A

1 - maintain homeostasis in blood (regulates concentration & volume)
2 - controls reproductive activities
3 - growth, development, & metabolism
4 - controls digestive processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the 3 major endocrine glands?

A

1 - endocrine glands
2 - endocrine organs
3 - organs with endocrine cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the endocrine glands role?

A

Contain epithelial tissue that makes & releases hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the role of the endocrine organs?

A

They’re glands solely with endocrine function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are organs with endocrine cells?

A

Organs that have some other primary function but contains clusters of endocrine cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are hormonal reflexes?

A

The release of hormones that occurs as a reflex to stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the 3 stimuli that cause hormonal reflexes?

A

1 - hormonal stimulation
2 - humoral stimulation
3 - nervous stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is hormonal stimulation of the endocrine system?

A

The release of one hormone that activates the release of another hormone from another endocrine gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is humeral stimulation of the endocrine system?

A

When gland cells release a hormone in response to a change in the levels of nutrition or ions in the blood

36
Q

What is nervous stimulation of the endocrine system?

A

When a gland cell releases its hormone in response to neural stimulation

37
Q

What are the 4 main functions of the respiratory system?

A

1 - air passageway
2 - site of oxygen & carbon dioxide exchange
3 - odour detection
4 - sound production

38
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in the respiratory system?

A

Occurs between alveoli & pulmonary capillaries in the lungs

39
Q

How does the respiratory system aid in odour detection?

A

Olfactory receptors in superior nasal cavity detect odours

40
Q

How is sound produced?

A

Produced as air moves across the vocal cords & larynx

41
Q

What are the 2 structural portions of the respiratory system?

A

1 - upper respiratory tract
2 - lower respiratory tract

42
Q

What are the 4 parts that make up the upper respiratory tract?

A

Nose
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx

43
Q

What are the 5 parts of the lower respiratory tract?

A

Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveoli

44
Q

What are the 2 functional portions of the respiratory system?

A

1 - conductive zone
2 - respiratory zone

45
Q

Where does the conductive zone take place?

A

From nose to terminal bronchioles

46
Q

Where does the respiratory zone occur?

A

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, & alveoli

47
Q

What is respiratory mucosa?

A

Lines entire respiratory tract
- made of epithelium resting on basement membrane

48
Q

Respiratory epithelium becomes thinner from the nose to the alveoli, and is made up of…

A

◦ Pseudostratified ciliated columnar > simple ciliated columnar > simple cuboidal > simple squamous

49
Q

Where are the high abrasion areas that stratified squamous epithelium is found?

A

Pharynx & larynx

50
Q

What are the 2 ways mucous secretions are produced?

A

1 - goblet cells (in epithelial lining)
2 - mucous & serous glands (in lamina propria)

51
Q

What is mucin?

A

Found in mucous, increases viscosity, traps dust, dirt, & pollen

52
Q

What is sputum?

A

It is coughed up with saliva

53
Q

What is the nose? What is it composed of? & what is its function?

A
  • entry point for inhaled air
  • bone, hyaline cartilage, & dense irreg connective tissue
  • conditions air into conduction zone
54
Q

What is the nasal cavity?

A

An oblong shaped internal space from nostrils to choanae
- has a floor (formed by plate) & a roof (formed by bones)

55
Q

What 4 bones form the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

1 - nasal bone
2 - frontal bone
3 - ethmoid bone
4 - sphenoid bone

56
Q

What are the 3 parts of the nasal cavity & their function?

A

1 - Nasal Vestibule (long vibrissae hairs that trap particles)
2 - Olfactory Region (contains olfactory epithelium)
3 - Respiratory Region (extensive vascular network)

57
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the nasal cavity & respiration?

A

1 - air is warmed by extensive blood vessels
2 - air is cleansed (by mucous & cilia)
3 - air is humidified by the moist environment

58
Q

What are the 4 main paranasal sinuses?

A
  • frontal sinus
  • ethmoid sinus
  • sphenoidal sinus
  • maxillary sinus
59
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

A funnel-shaped passageway posterior to the nasal cavity, oral cavity, & larynx

60
Q

What are the 3 regions of the pharynx?

A

1 - Nasopharynx (superior to soft plate)
- air passageway only & elevates when eating, lateral wall contains opening for auditory tube

2 - Oropharynx (from soft plate to hyoid bone)
- passageway for air & food, contains palantine & tubal tonsils

2 - Laryngopharynx (from hyoid to larynx/esophagus)
- passage for air & ingested substances

61
Q

What is the function of the larynx?

A

It’s a cylindrical airway between the laryngopharynx and the trachea

62
Q

What are the 9 cartilage pieces that form the larynx?

A

1 - thyroid
2 - cricoid
3 - epiglottis
4 - arytenoid (2)
5 - Corniculate (2)
6 - Cuneiform (2)

63
Q

What is the thyroid cartilage of laryngeal cartilage?

A

A large shield-shaped cartilage forming the lateral & anterior wall of the larynx

64
Q

What is the proper name for the adam’s apple?

A

Laryngeal Prominence

65
Q

What is the cricoid of laryngeal cartilage?

A

Ring-shaped cartilage inferior to thyroid cartilage

66
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

Spoon-shaped cartilage at back of throat that is anchored to inner thyroid cartilage
- projects posteriorly into the pharynx & prevents food from entering airway

67
Q

What are the arytenoid, Corniculate, & cuneiform cartilages?

A

Smaller paired cartilages located internally on the larynx

68
Q

Where are the vocal ligaments located?
- what are they?

A

They extend between the thyroid cartilage & arytenoid cartilage
- made of avascular elastic connective tissue
- covered with mucosa to form vocal cords
- produce sound as air passes between them

69
Q

What is the opening between the vocal ligaments called?

A

Rima glottidis

70
Q

Vestibular ligaments location, function & composition

A

Superior to vocal ligaments from thyroid cartilage to Arytenoid & Corniculate cartilage
-protect vocal cords

71
Q

What makes the vestibular folds?

A

Vestibular ligaments covered in mucosa
- also called the false vocal cords

72
Q

What is the opening between the vestibular folds called?

A

Rima vestibuli

73
Q

Where are the extrinsic skeletal muscles of the larynx?

A

Originate at hyoid bone or sternum
- insert on thyroid cartilage
- stabilizes larynx & move it to swallow

74
Q

Where are the intrinsic skeletal muscles of the larynx?

A

Originates at thyroid & attaches to arytenoid & corniculate
- they contract to change the size of the rima glottidis

75
Q

How is sound produced?
- range
- pitch/frequency
- loudness

A

Produced by vibration of the vocal folds as air is expired
- range based on length & thickness
- pitch based on tension
- based on force of air

76
Q

What is the trachea?

A
  • conducts air
  • aka windpipe
  • somewhat flexible tube from larynx to main bronchi
77
Q

What are tracheal cartilages?

A

Support anterior & lateral walls to ensure trachea is always open
- C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilages

78
Q

What are annular ligaments?

A

Connect the tracheal cartilage rings to eachother

79
Q

What is the carina of the trachea?

A

Internal ridge at inferior trachea containing many sensory receptors
- initiates cough reflex

80
Q

What are the 3 main & most superior branches of the bronchial tree?

A

1 - R&L main bronchi
2 - R&L lobar Bronchii (R=3 & L=2)
3 - R&L segmental Bronchii

81
Q

What are the branches of the bronchial tree that are less than 1mm called?

A

Bronchioles

82
Q

Where does the trachea bifurcate (split/branch)?

A

At the level of the sternal angle

83
Q

What is the function of Alveolar Type I Cells?

A
  • provides structure for alveoli
  • involved in diffusion of gasses
  • contain squamous alveolar cells
84
Q

What is the function of Alveolar Type II Cells?

A
  • secrete pulmonary surfactant for lubrication
  • contain septal cells
85
Q

What is the function of Alveolar Macrophages Cells?

A
  • eliminate/engulf microorganisms & particulates
  • contain dust cells

Anatomy 2 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions