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Anatomy 2 > Midterm 2 Test Review (20, 17, 23) > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Test Review (20, 17, 23) Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

Where do the L & R common carotid arteries emerge from?

A

Aortic arch

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2
Q

Where do the L & R common carotid arteries branch into?

A

The external & internal carotid arteries

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3
Q

What do the external carotid arteries supply?

A

The external skull region

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4
Q

What do the internal carotid arteries supply?

A

The brain & orbits (eyes)

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5
Q

What are the 4 main arteries (L&R) of the head & neck?

  • where do the 3 branch off of?
A
  • Common Carotid Arteries (L&R)
  • Vertebral Arteries (L&R)
  • Thyrocervicle Trunk (L&R)
  • Costocervicle Trunk (L&R)

—> the last 3 branch off the subclavian arteries

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6
Q

Where are the vertebral arteries located?

Where are the thyrocervicle trunks located?

Where are the costocervicle trunks located?

A

In the brain

In the thyroid gland

In deep neck of intercostal muscles

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7
Q

What are the 3 primary veins that drain the head & neck?

A
  • Vertebral veins (L&R)
  • External Jugular veins (L&R)
  • Internal Jugular veins (L&R)
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8
Q

What do the vertebral veins empty into?

What do the external jugular veins drain into?

What do the internal jugular veins merge with & drain into?

A

1) subclavian vein

2) subclavian vein

3) merges with brachiocephalic to form subclavian

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9
Q

What are the 6 main arteries of the abdominal & thoracic wall?

A

1) internal thoracic artery (L&R)
2) inferior epigastric artery
3) lumbar arteries (5 pairs)
4) supreme intercostal artery
5) posterior intercostal arteries (3-11)
6) median sacral artery

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10
Q

Where does the internal thoracic artery emerge from & branch into?

A
  • emerges from subclavian artery
  • branches into…
    1) 6 anterior anterior intercostal arteries (R&L)
    2) 1 musculophrenic artery (R&L)
    3) superior epigastric (R&L)
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11
Q

Where does the inferior epigastric artery emerge from & what does it supply?

A
  • emerges from external iliac artery
  • supplies inferior abdominal wall
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12
Q

Where do the lumbar arteries branch off of?

A

Branches from descending abdominal aorta

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13
Q

Where does the supreme intercostal artery branch into?

A

Branches into posterior intercostal arteries

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14
Q

Where do the posterior intercostal arteries branch off of?

A

Branches from descending thoracic aorta

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15
Q

Where does the median sacral artery emerge from?

A

Emerges at bifurcation of descending aorta

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16
Q

Where does the internal thoracic vein receive its blood from?

A

Receives blood from…
- anterior intercostal veins
- musculophrenic vein
- superior epigastric veins

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17
Q

Where does the inferior epigastric vein drain its blood into?

A

External iliac vein

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18
Q

Where does the supreme intercostal vein receive its blood from?

A

1st, 2nd, & 3rd posterior intercostal veins

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19
Q

Where does the right azygos vein receive blood from?

A

Right lumbar & right posterior intercostal veins

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20
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

System of ductless glands that make & secrete hormones

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21
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemicals released in blood & transported throughout the body

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22
Q

What are target cells?

A

Specific/specialized receptors that bind & respond to a specific hormone

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23
Q

What are the 2 control systems of the body?
- how are they similar?

A

Endocrine System & nervous system
- both have Ligands

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24
Q

What are ligands?

A

Chemical messengers that bind to receptors of specific target cells

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25
What are the 2 types of ligands in the body and what are they?
1) nervous ligands - neurotransmitters 2) endocrine ligands - hormones
26
What are the 4 main roles of the endocrine system?
1 - transmits hormones through blood 2 - targets cells in body with correct receptors 3 - longer reaction times (hours) 4 - longer-lasting effects (days & weeks)
27
4 general functions of endocrine system:
1 - maintain homeostasis in blood (regulates concentration & volume) 2 - controls reproductive activities 3 - growth, development, & metabolism 4 - controls digestive processes
28
What are the 3 major endocrine glands?
1 - endocrine glands 2 - endocrine organs 3 - organs with endocrine cells
29
What is the endocrine glands role?
Contain epithelial tissue that makes & releases hormones
30
What is the role of the endocrine organs?
They’re glands solely with endocrine function
31
What are organs with endocrine cells?
Organs that have some other primary function but contains clusters of endocrine cells
32
What are hormonal reflexes?
The release of hormones that occurs as a reflex to stimuli
33
What are the 3 stimuli that cause hormonal reflexes?
1 - hormonal stimulation 2 - humoral stimulation 3 - nervous stimulation
34
What is hormonal stimulation of the endocrine system?
The release of one hormone that activates the release of another hormone from another endocrine gland
35
What is humeral stimulation of the endocrine system?
When gland cells release a hormone in response to a change in the levels of nutrition or ions in the blood
36
What is nervous stimulation of the endocrine system?
When a gland cell releases its hormone in response to neural stimulation
37
What are the 4 main functions of the respiratory system?
1 - air passageway 2 - site of oxygen & carbon dioxide exchange 3 - odour detection 4 - sound production
38
Where does gas exchange occur in the respiratory system?
Occurs between alveoli & pulmonary capillaries in the lungs
39
How does the respiratory system aid in odour detection?
Olfactory receptors in superior nasal cavity detect odours
40
How is sound produced?
Produced as air moves across the vocal cords & larynx
41
What are the 2 structural portions of the respiratory system?
1 - upper respiratory tract 2 - lower respiratory tract
42
What are the 4 parts that make up the upper respiratory tract?
Nose Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx
43
What are the 5 parts of the lower respiratory tract?
Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveoli
44
What are the 2 functional portions of the respiratory system?
1 - conductive zone 2 - respiratory zone
45
Where does the conductive zone take place?
From nose to terminal bronchioles
46
Where does the respiratory zone occur?
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, & alveoli
47
What is respiratory mucosa?
Lines entire respiratory tract - made of epithelium resting on basement membrane
48
Respiratory epithelium becomes thinner from the nose to the alveoli, and is made up of…
◦ Pseudostratified ciliated columnar > simple ciliated columnar > simple cuboidal > simple squamous
49
Where are the high abrasion areas that stratified squamous epithelium is found?
Pharynx & larynx
50
What are the 2 ways mucous secretions are produced?
1 - goblet cells (in epithelial lining) 2 - mucous & serous glands (in lamina propria)
51
What is mucin?
Found in mucous, increases viscosity, traps dust, dirt, & pollen
52
What is sputum?
It is coughed up with saliva
53
What is the nose? What is it composed of? & what is its function?
- entry point for inhaled air - bone, hyaline cartilage, & dense irreg connective tissue - conditions air into conduction zone
54
What is the nasal cavity?
An oblong shaped internal space from nostrils to choanae - has a floor (formed by plate) & a roof (formed by bones)
55
What 4 bones form the roof of the nasal cavity?
1 - nasal bone 2 - frontal bone 3 - ethmoid bone 4 - sphenoid bone
56
What are the 3 parts of the nasal cavity & their function?
1 - Nasal Vestibule (long vibrissae hairs that trap particles) 2 - Olfactory Region (contains olfactory epithelium) 3 - Respiratory Region (extensive vascular network)
57
What are the 3 main functions of the nasal cavity & respiration?
1 - air is warmed by extensive blood vessels 2 - air is cleansed (by mucous & cilia) 3 - air is humidified by the moist environment
58
What are the 4 main paranasal sinuses?
- frontal sinus - ethmoid sinus - sphenoidal sinus - maxillary sinus
59
What is the pharynx?
A funnel-shaped passageway posterior to the nasal cavity, oral cavity, & larynx
60
What are the 3 regions of the pharynx?
1 - Nasopharynx (superior to soft plate) - air passageway only & elevates when eating, lateral wall contains opening for auditory tube 2 - Oropharynx (from soft plate to hyoid bone) - passageway for air & food, contains palantine & tubal tonsils 2 - Laryngopharynx (from hyoid to larynx/esophagus) - passage for air & ingested substances
61
What is the function of the larynx?
It’s a cylindrical airway between the laryngopharynx and the trachea
62
What are the 9 cartilage pieces that form the larynx?
1 - thyroid 2 - cricoid 3 - epiglottis 4 - arytenoid (2) 5 - Corniculate (2) 6 - Cuneiform (2)
63
What is the thyroid cartilage of laryngeal cartilage?
A large shield-shaped cartilage forming the lateral & anterior wall of the larynx
64
What is the proper name for the adam’s apple?
Laryngeal Prominence
65
What is the cricoid of laryngeal cartilage?
Ring-shaped cartilage inferior to thyroid cartilage
66
What is the epiglottis?
Spoon-shaped cartilage at back of throat that is anchored to inner thyroid cartilage - projects posteriorly into the pharynx & prevents food from entering airway
67
What are the arytenoid, Corniculate, & cuneiform cartilages?
Smaller paired cartilages located internally on the larynx
68
Where are the vocal ligaments located? - what are they?
They extend between the thyroid cartilage & arytenoid cartilage - made of avascular elastic connective tissue - covered with mucosa to form vocal cords - produce sound as air passes between them
69
What is the opening between the vocal ligaments called?
Rima glottidis
70
Vestibular ligaments location, function & composition
Superior to vocal ligaments from thyroid cartilage to Arytenoid & Corniculate cartilage -protect vocal cords
71
What makes the vestibular folds?
Vestibular ligaments covered in mucosa - also called the false vocal cords
72
What is the opening between the vestibular folds called?
Rima vestibuli
73
Where are the extrinsic skeletal muscles of the larynx?
Originate at hyoid bone or sternum - insert on thyroid cartilage - stabilizes larynx & move it to swallow
74
Where are the intrinsic skeletal muscles of the larynx?
Originates at thyroid & attaches to arytenoid & corniculate - they contract to change the size of the rima glottidis
75
How is sound produced? - range - pitch/frequency - loudness
Produced by vibration of the vocal folds as air is expired - range based on length & thickness - pitch based on tension - based on force of air
76
What is the trachea?
- conducts air - aka windpipe - somewhat flexible tube from larynx to main bronchi
77
What are tracheal cartilages?
Support anterior & lateral walls to ensure trachea is always open - C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilages
78
What are annular ligaments?
Connect the tracheal cartilage rings to eachother
79
What is the carina of the trachea?
Internal ridge at inferior trachea containing many sensory receptors - initiates cough reflex
80
What are the 3 main & most superior branches of the bronchial tree?
1 - R&L main bronchi 2 - R&L lobar Bronchii (R=3 & L=2) 3 - R&L segmental Bronchii
81
What are the branches of the bronchial tree that are less than 1mm called?
Bronchioles
82
Where does the trachea bifurcate (split/branch)?
At the level of the sternal angle
83
What is the function of Alveolar Type I Cells?
- provides structure for alveoli - involved in diffusion of gasses - contain squamous alveolar cells
84
What is the function of Alveolar Type II Cells?
- secrete pulmonary surfactant for lubrication - contain septal cells
85
What is the function of Alveolar Macrophages Cells?
- eliminate/engulf microorganisms & particulates - contain dust cells

Anatomy 2 (2 decks)

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