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Anatomy 2 > Exam Review > Flashcards

Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 main structures of the kidney?

A

1 - Nephrons
2 - Collecting Tubules & Ducts

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2
Q

What are Nephrons?

A

Microscopic filtration units of the kidneys

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3
Q

What 2 portions of the nephron aid in filtration?
- where are they found?

A

Renal Corpuscle & Renal Tubule
- in cortex

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4
Q

What is the Renal Corpuscle of the Nephron?
- what are it’s 3 regions?

A

Large bulbous region of nephron found in the cortex
- Consists of; Glomerulus, Glomerular Capsule, & 3 Poles

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5
Q

What is the Glomerulus of the renal corpuscle?

A

Tangle of capillary loops
- blood enters afferent arteriole & exits through efferent arteriole

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6
Q

What is the Glomerular Capsule of the renal corpuscle?
- what are it’s 2 layers?
- what/where is the capsule space?

A

2 Layers:
- 1.) Permeable Visceral Layer (over glomerular capillaries)
- 2.) Impermeable Layer (simple squamous epithelium)

Capsule Space - between the 2 layers & receives filtrate

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7
Q

What are the Poles of the Renal Corpuscle?

A

1.) Vascular Pole
2.) Tubular Pole

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8
Q

What is the Vascular Pole of the Renal Corpuscle?

A

Where afferent & efferent arterioles attach to the glomerulus

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9
Q

What is the Tubular Pole of the Renal Corpuscle?

A

Where the renal tubule begins

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10
Q

What is the Renal Tubule of the Nephron?
- what are it’s 3 sections?

A

Tubule extending from tubular pole & divides into 3 sections:
1.) Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
2.) Nephron Loop
3.) Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

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11
Q

What is the Proximal Convoluted Tubule?
- what epithelium is it?

A

First region of renal tubule
- cuboidal epithelium
- microvilli increase surface area & reabsorption capacity

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12
Q

What is a Nephron Loop?
- what are it’s 2 limbs?
- location
- what type of epithelium is each segment made of?

A

1.) Descending limb - from PCT to medulla
2.) Ascending limb - returns to renal cortex & ends at DCT

Thin segments - simple squamous
Thick Segments - simple cuboidal

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13
Q

What is the Distal Convoluted Tubule?

A

Tubule extending from ascending limb to collecting tubule
- simple cuboidal
- less microvilli than PCT

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14
Q

What are the 2 different types of nephrons?
- what percentages are which?

A

1.) Cortical Nephrons (85%)
2.) Juxtamedullary Nephrons (15%)

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15
Q

How are nephrons classified?

A

Position in cortex & length of the nephron loop

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16
Q

Cortical Nephrons:
- location?
- length of loop?
- how deep into medullary pyramid?

A

Located near periphery of cortex
- short loop
- limited entry into medullary pyramid

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17
Q

Juxtamedullary Nephrons:
- location?
- length of loop?
- how deep into medullary pyramid?
- function?

A

Located beside corticomedullary junction
- long loop
- deep extension into medullary pyramid
- regulates salt concentration gradients

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18
Q

What are collecting tubules?
- how many per kidney?
- what type of epithelial cells make them?

A

Sites for nephrons to drain into
- thousands per kidney
- cuboidal epithelial cells

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19
Q

What are Collecting Ducts?
- bigger or smaller than tubules?
- what type of epithelium comprise them?

A

Site for collecting tubules to drain into
- larger than collecting tubules
- tall columnar epithelial cells

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20
Q

What are Papillary Ducts?

A

Site for collecting collecting ducts to drain into

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21
Q

What is the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus?
- location
- function

A

Where the DCT meets the afferent arteriole of same nephron
- regulates filtrate formation & blood pressure in kidneys

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22
Q

What is the flow through the nephrons?

A

Nephrons - Collecting tubules - collecting ducts - papillary ducts

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23
Q

What are the Granular Cells of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus?
- when do they contract?
- function?

A

Modified smooth muscle cells of afferent arterioles
- contract when stretched or signalled by sympathetic stimulation
- synthesize, store, & release renin

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24
Q

What are the Macula Densa of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus?
- location?
- function?

A

Modified epithelial cells of the DCT
- on tubule side next to the afferent arteriole
- detect changes in NaCl concentration of DCT fluid

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25
Q

What are the 2 fluid patterns of Renal Blood Flow through the Kidney?

A

1.) Blood flow in and out of the kidney
2.) Filtrate flow within the kidney

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26
Q

Arterial Blood Flow route through the kidney

A

Renal artery - Segmental arteries - Interlobar arteries - arcuate arteries - Interlobular arteries

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27
Q

What is the function & location of the renal arteries?

A

Delivers blood to each kidney & found in hilum

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28
Q

What is the function & location of the Segmental arteries?

A

Branch off renal arteries & found in renal sinus

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29
Q

What is the function & location of the Interlobar arteries?

A

Branch off segmental arteries & travel through renal columns

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30
Q

What is the function & location of the Arcuate arteries?

A

Branch off interlobar arteries & run beside base of medullary pyramid

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31
Q

What is the function & location of the Interlobular arteries?

A

Branch off arcuate arteries & extend out into cortex

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32
Q

What do the Interlobular arteries branch off into?
- where do these branches lead to?

A

Afferent Arterioles that lead to renal corpuscle

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33
Q

What do afferent arterioles form in the renal corpuscle?
- from here, how do they exit?

A

Glomerulus & exit out via the efferent arterioles

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34
Q

What is something that happens in the Glomerulus of the Kidney?

A

Blood plasma is filtered by fenestrated capillaries

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35
Q

What are the 2 places that the Efferent Arterioles branch into?

A

Branch into the 2nd capillary beds:
1.) Peritubular Capillaries
2.) Vasa Recta Capillaries

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36
Q

Peritubular Capillaries vs Vasa Recta Capillaries of the kidney

A

Peritubular ones are intertwined with convoluted tubules

Vasa Recta ones are the straight vessels of the nephron loop

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37
Q

What are the main functions of the Peritubular & vasa recta capillaries?

A

Sites for gas, nutrient, & waste exchange

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38
Q

What is the function of the Globular Capillaries?

A

First set of capillaries that filter blood first

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39
Q

What are the 3 types of veins that drain the Peritubular & Vasa Recta Capillaries?

A

Drained by 3 veins: Interlobular, arcuate, & interlobar

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40
Q

What are the Interlobular Veins?
- where do they travel?

A

Smallest & travel in cortex beside Interlobular arteries

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41
Q

What are the Arcuate Veins?
- where do they travel?

A

Formed when interlobular veins merge & found @ base of medullary pyramids

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42
Q

What are the Interlobar Veins?
- where do they travel?

A

Formed when arcuate veins merge & extend through renal columns

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43
Q

What veins merge & form the renal veins?

A

Interlobar veins

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44
Q

How is Filtrate formed?

A

Formed when blood flows through glomerular in the capsular space when plasma crosses the globular capillaries

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45
Q

What are the 4 main flows/changes of filtered fluid throughout the kidney?

A

1 - filtrate formed
2 - fluid becomes tubular fluid in PCT
3 - fluid becomes urine in papillary ducts
4 - urine flows through urinary tract for expulsion, storage, & micturition

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46
Q

What are Ureters?

A

Fibromuscular tubes that transport urine from kidneys to bladder

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47
Q

What are the 3 tunics of the Ureters?
- what are they made of?

A

1.) Adventitia - outer layer of areolar connective tissue
2.) Muscularis - have contact with the urine & has an internal longitudinal & outer circular layer of smooth muscle
3.) Mucosa - impermeable epithelial layer that folds to fill lumen when no urine is present

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48
Q

What is the bladder?
- main function/purpose

A

An expandable muscular sac used for urine storage

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49
Q

What is the Trigone of the bladder?
- function
- formation

A

Acts as a funnel during micturition
- formed by 2 ureter openings & urethral opening

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50
Q

What are the 4 tunics forming the bladder wall?

A

1.) Adventitia - outermost layer of areolar connective tissue
2.) Muscularis
3.) Submucosa
4.) Mucosa - innermost layer that changes with wall distension & found in smooth/thick trigone areas (highly vascularized)

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51
Q

What is the urethra?

A

A fibromuscular tube leading urine outside the body

52
Q

What are the 2 urethral sphincters & their functions?

A

1.) Internal Urethral Sphincter:
- involuntary
- smooth muscle
- controlled by ANS
2.) External Urethral Sphincter
- voluntary control
- skeletal muscle of urogenital diaphragm

53
Q

The Female Urethra:
- purpose?
- tissue type?
- length?
- opens where?

A

Conducts urine to exterior
- lined with stratified squamous epithelium
- approx 4cm long
- opens @ external urethral orifice

54
Q

The Male Urethra:
- function?
- 3 types?

A

Dual function of transporting urine & semen

3 “Sections”:
1.) Prostatic Urethra
2.) Membranous Urethra
3.) Spongy Urethra

55
Q

What is the role of the male Prostatic Urethra?

A

Runs along prostate & has openings for the prostatic ducts

56
Q

What is the Male Membranous Urethra?
- surrounded by what?

A

Surrounded by external urethral sphincter & aids in holding in urine

57
Q

What is the role of the male Spongy Urethra?
- what is encasing it?
- how long?

A

Encased by erectile tissues called “corpus spongiosum”
- longest part & is bout 15sm

58
Q

What is micturition?
- 2 other names for this?

A

Expulsion of urine from the bladder & is also called “urination” or “bladder voiding”

59
Q

What systems control micturition?

A

Sympathetic, Parasympathetic, & Somatic

60
Q

What is the purpose of Sympathetic Innervation of Micturition?

A

Contracts the internal sphincter & inhibits detrouser muscle for storage reflex

61
Q

What is the purpose of Parasympathetic Innervation of Micturition?

A

Contracts the detrouser muscle & relaxes internal sphincter for micturition reflex

62
Q

What is the purpose of Somatic Innervation of Micturition?

A

Allows for voluntary control of external sphincter by the pudenal nerve
- helps contract/relax sphincter to allow/prohibit micturition

63
Q

What 2 reflexes is micturition governed by?

A

Storage & Micturition Reflexes

64
Q

What are the 6 main functions of the digestive system?
- one point per function
- “Intercourse Makes Skinny Dicks Appear Enormous”

A

1.) Ingestion - intro to nutrients in oral cavity
2.) Motility - muscular contractions mixing/moving food through GI Tract
3.) Secretions - produce & release enzymes/acids
4.) Digestion- physical/mechanical or chemical
5.) Absorption - nutrient absorption from GI tract into blood/lymph
6.) Elimination - expulsion of unneeded nutrients

65
Q

What is Physical/Mechanical Digestion?/

A

The physical breaking down of materials by mixing & chewing

66
Q

What is Chemical Digestion?

A

Enzymes breaking down chemical bonds, making larger complex molecules smaller & easier to digest

67
Q

What organs form the GI Tract?

A

Oral Cavity, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small & Large Intestines, & Anus

68
Q

Purpose of the GI Tract Organs?

A

To form a continuous tube that breaks food into smaller constituents to be absorbed

69
Q

What are the 6 accessory organs of the digestive system?

A

Teeth, Tongue, Salivary Glands, Liver, Pancreas, & Gallbladder

70
Q

What is the purpose of accessor organs in the digestive system?

A

Aid in breaking down food & some organs produce secretions to be released into the GI Tract

71
Q

GI Tract Wall:
- what are the 4 tunics?
- large or small lumen?

A

Large Lumen with 4 tunics being:
1 - Mucosa (innermost)
2 - Submucosa (external to mucosa)
3 - Muscularis (external to Submucosa)
4 - Adventitia or Serosa

72
Q

GI Tract Wall - MUCOSA:
- what type of epithelium?
- what are the 2 different parts of this wall layer & what are their functions?
- main function

A

Simple Columnar Epithelium touching contents of lumen
- Lamina Propria - underlying areolar tissue with small blood/lymph vessels & nerves
- Muscularis Mucosa - deep smooth muscle layer

Functions to absorb nutrients into blood vessels & fat soluble vitamins into lymphatic vessels

73
Q

GI Tract Wall - SUBMUCOSA:
- what type of tissues?
- main function?
- home to what?

A

Composed of areolar & dense irregular connective tissues

Has blood/lymphatic vessels, glands, nerves, & submucosal nerve plexus

Also houses mucosa-associated lymphatic tissues

74
Q

What does MALT stand for?

A

Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue

75
Q

GI Tract Wall - MUSCULARIS:
- what are the 2 layers?
- 2 aspects unique to it
- 2 types of movement

A

Inner Circular layer constricts lumen & outer longitudinal layer contracts to shorten the tube

Myenteric Nerve Plexus - axons between the muscle layers that control contractions

Enteric Nervous System - Submucosa & myenteric plexus’s

Movement - Propulsion by moving contents through tract via peristalsis & mixing by kneading contents with secretions

76
Q

GI Tract Wall - ADVENTITIA & SEROSA:
- composition of both
- location of both
- function of both

A

Adventitia - composed of areolar connective tissue with collagen & elastic fibres
- found in pancreas, rectum, & large intestine parts

Serosa - same as Adventitia but encased in visceral peritoneum
- found in stomach & small intestine

77
Q

What are the 2 Serous Membranse in the Abdominal Cavity?

A

Parietal & Visceral Peritoneum

78
Q

What is the function of the Parietal Peritoneum of the Abdominal Cavity?

A

Lines the inside surface of the abdominal wall

79
Q

What is the function of the Visceral Peritoneum of the Abdominal Cavity?

A

Serous membrane reflecting over & covering the surfaces of internal organs

80
Q

What is the Peritoneal Cavity in the Abdomen?

A

The space between the 2 layers of peritoneum where serous fluid is secreted into

81
Q

What are the Intraperitoneal Organs?

A

Completely covered in visceral peritoneum & include; the stomach, most of small intestine, & parts of large intestine

82
Q

What are the Retroperitoneal Organs?

A

Organs that anterolateral parts are covered in peritoneum & include; most of duodenum, pancreas, ascending & descending colon, & rectum

83
Q

What is the Mesentery Layer of the Abdominal Cavity?
- function?

A

Double layer of peritoneum with blood/lymph vessels & nerve sandwiched between the layers
- supports, suspends, & stabilizes Intraperitoneal organs

84
Q

What is the role of receptors within the Digestive System?
- location?

A

To regulate & monitor changes in GI tract
- embedded in mucosal & submucosal layers

85
Q

What are the 2 types of receptors within the Digestive System?

A

Baroreceptors & Chemoreceptors

86
Q

What is the role/function of Baroreceptors?

A

Detect stretch & pressure in GI tract as contents move through it

87
Q

What is the role/function of Chemoreceptors?

A

Detect specific substances/contents within the lumen

88
Q

What 3 things allow for the regulation of long digestive processes?

A

1a.) Long Reflexes (nervous control) - sensory input from receptors sent to CNS & autonomic output results in secretions & muscle contractions
1b.) Short Reflexes (nervous control) - sensory input to nervous system & stimulates small segments of tract to react & change
2.) Hormonal Control - gastric hormones, secretin, & cholecystokinin

89
Q

What does GI Tract stand for?

A

Gastrointestinal Tract

90
Q

What are the 4 main components of the Upper GI Tract?

A

1.) Oral Cavty & Salivary Glands
2.) Pharynx & Esophagus
3.) Stomach
4.) Duodenum

91
Q

What is the function of Saliva?

A

Has salivary amylase that aids in starch digestion that helps to form a bolus in the oral cavity

92
Q

What happens in the stomach during digestion?

A

Bolus mixes with gastric secretions & stomach acids to form an acidic purée called chyme

93
Q

What is chyme?

A

Purée of acidic fluid consisting of gastric secretions & partially digested food
- passes from stomach to small intestine

94
Q

Oral Cavity:
- lined by what tissue?
- what 5 components make it?
- what is it’s role in digestion?

A

Lined by non-Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Includes; teeth, tongue, Oropharynx, cheeks, & palate

Entrance to the GI tract & begins mechanical & chemical digestion

95
Q

What are Extrinsic Salivary Glands?
- main function?

A

Glands that produce majority of saliva
- approx 1-1.5L/day
- Mucous cells secrete mucin
- Serous cells secrete a watery fluid with electrolytes & amylase
- together they reduce saliva

96
Q

What are the 3 types of Salivary Glands/Ducts?
- location of each
- % of each

A

1.) Parotid Ducts (25-30%) - openings near 2nd upper molars
2.) Submandibular Ducts (60-70%) - opens through floor on either side of tongue (lingual frenulum)
3.) Sublingual Ducts (3-5%) - open behind submandibular ducts

97
Q

What are a few functions of Saliva?

A

1 - moistens food to make bolus
2 - initiates chemical digestion/breakdown
3 - cleans oral cavity & helps inhibit bacterial growth

98
Q

Composition of Saliva - what 2 things form it?

A

99.5% water & 0.5% solute

99
Q

What is mastication?
- purpose of it

A

“Chewing” involves teeth, lips, tongue, cheeks, & jaw
- mechanically reduces bulk of food, aiding in swallowing & chemically aids digestive enzymes

100
Q

What is the Pharynx?
- formation

A

It is a funnel-shaped passageway for air & food
- formed by superior, middle, & inferior pharyngeal constrictors that contract to push bolus to esophagus

101
Q

What is the Esophagus?
- 2 sphincters

A

Tubular passageway with 2 sphincters & ends at cardiac orifice

1.) Superior Esophageal Sphincter - ring of skeletal muscle where pharynx & esophagus meet that is closed during inhalation
2.) Inferior Esophageal Sphincter - ring of smooth muscle prevention regurgitation from the stomach

102
Q

Stomach:
- what is it?
- main function?
- how much time?

A

A holding bag for controlled release of partially digested materials
- begins protein & lipid digestion
- mixes secretions with bolus to form chyme
- materials spend 2-6 hours here

103
Q

What is the Pyloric Sphincter?

A

Ring of smooth muscle regulating entry to duodenum from the pyloric orifice of the stomach

104
Q

What are the gastric folds of the stomach?
- function

A

Folds on internal stomach lining that allow it to expand & have elasticity when filled with food

105
Q

What a re the 4 main regions of the stomach?
- list one thing about each

A

1.) Cardia - superior entryway @ cardiac orifice
2.) Fundus - Superior-lateral region
3.) Body - largest region
4.) Pylorus - terminal region leading to duodenum

106
Q

What are the 5 linings/layers of the Stomach Wall?
- one point about each

A

1.) Mucosal Lining - formed from simple columnar epithelium
2.) Submucosa - where many blood & lymph vessels can be found
3.) Muscularis - extra oblique layer helping with motility
4.) Gastric Pits - have gastric glands that release secretions
5.) Serosa - outer layer of the stomach

107
Q

What are the 3 organs of the Lower GI Tract?

A

1 - jujenum
2 - ilium
3 - large intestine

108
Q

The Small Intestine:
- how many regions?
- function?

A

3 regions that receive chyme from stomach
- mixes with secretions from accessory organs & continues chemical/mechanical digestion

109
Q

What is the purpose of the large intestine?

A

It absorbs water, vitamins, lipids, carbs, proteins, & minerals and produces feces to be eliminated by anus

110
Q

How long is the small intestine & how long is food spent here?
- start & end points

A

6m Long coiled tube from pylorus to cecum
- food spends up to 12 hours here

111
Q

What are the 3 regions of the small intestine?
- how long is each part?
- one point about each part?

A

1.) Duodenum - 25cm long from pyloric sphincter to jujenum & receives secretions from accessory organs
2.) Jejunum - 2.5m long primary region of nutrient absorption
3.) Ilium - 3.6m long & terminates at ileocecal valve of large intestine & continues absorption

112
Q

What are the 4 tunics of the Small Intestine (from external to internal)?

A

Serosa, Muscularis (circular & longitudinal), Submucosa, & Mucosa

113
Q

Circular Folds of the Small Intestine:
- purpose/function
- different parts of the folds

A

Folds on mucosa that increase time & surface area for absorption
- each fold has; VIII, an arterial, capillary network, a venule, & a lacteal

114
Q

What are Intestinal Glands?

A

Pits in the mucosa between each fold & intestinal villi

115
Q

What is the importance of motility on the Small Intestine?

A

Smooth muscle of the small intestine contracts to mix chyme with secretions through segmentation
- chyme is moved against brush border to push it further through
- Peristalsis aids in moving the chyme into the large intestine

116
Q

Large Intestine:
- how long/wide?
- starts & ends where?
- main purpose/function?

A

6.5cm wide & 1.5m long extending from ileocecal junction to the anus
- absorbs water & electrolytes from watery chyme & turns it into feces

117
Q

What is the Teniae Coli of the Large Intestine?

A

Bunches of intestine into sacs called haustra

118
Q

What is the Cecum of the Large Intestine?

A

Intro-peritoneal sac where chyme enters & extends from ileocecal valve

119
Q

What is the Colon of the Large Intestine?
- how many segments?
- 2 flexures

A

Inverted U-Shaped arch with 4 segments - ascending, transverse, descending, & sigmoid
- Right Colic (hepatic) Flexure - 90deg turning joint from ascending to transverse
- Left Colic (hepatic) Flexure - 90deg turning joint from transverse to descending

120
Q

What is the main function of the Rectum of the Large Intestine?
- 2 sphincters

A

Muscular tube with thick folds that expand to hold poop
- rectal valves prevent back flow
- internal rectal sphincter is involuntary & external is voluntary

121
Q

What happens when there is pressure on the anal sinuses of the rectum?

A

Mucin is produced to aid in lubrication

122
Q

What is peristalsis like in the large intestine?

A

Weak & slow movements/contractions to move contents

123
Q

What is haustral churning in the large intestine?

A

This form of motility is stimulated when haustra is distended, causing contents to churn & move to next haustra

124
Q

What is mass movement within the large intestine?
- where does it begin?
- how many times does this occur per day & why?

A

Powerful peristaltic movement of teniae coli beginning at the transverse colon & forces feces to rectum
- occurs 2-3 times a day typically after meals

125
Q

What is the gastrocolic reflex within the large intestine?

A

When stomach is distended it causes mass movement of the colon

126
Q

What is the defecation reflex of the large intestine?
- what contracts & what relaxes

A

When rectum is full and causes an urge to defecate
- sigmoid colon & rectum contract
- internal sphincter relaxes

127
Q

What is voluntary defecation?
- achieved @ what age?

A

Achieved around age 3 when valsalva maneuver is initiated & external sphincter is relaxed

Anatomy 2 (2 decks)

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