Exam Review Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
What are the 2 main structures of the kidney?
A
1 - Nephrons
2 - Collecting Tubules & Ducts
2
Q
What are Nephrons?
A
Microscopic filtration units of the kidneys
3
Q
What 2 portions of the nephron aid in filtration?
- where are they found?
A
Renal Corpuscle & Renal Tubule
- in cortex
4
Q
What is the Renal Corpuscle of the Nephron?
- what are it’s 3 regions?
A
Large bulbous region of nephron found in the cortex
- Consists of; Glomerulus, Glomerular Capsule, & 3 Poles
5
Q
What is the Glomerulus of the renal corpuscle?
A
Tangle of capillary loops
- blood enters afferent arteriole & exits through efferent arteriole
6
Q
What is the Glomerular Capsule of the renal corpuscle?
- what are it’s 2 layers?
- what/where is the capsule space?
A
2 Layers:
- 1.) Permeable Visceral Layer (over glomerular capillaries)
- 2.) Impermeable Layer (simple squamous epithelium)
Capsule Space - between the 2 layers & receives filtrate
7
Q
What are the Poles of the Renal Corpuscle?
A
1.) Vascular Pole
2.) Tubular Pole
8
Q
What is the Vascular Pole of the Renal Corpuscle?
A
Where afferent & efferent arterioles attach to the glomerulus
9
Q
What is the Tubular Pole of the Renal Corpuscle?
A
Where the renal tubule begins
10
Q
What is the Renal Tubule of the Nephron?
- what are it’s 3 sections?
A
Tubule extending from tubular pole & divides into 3 sections:
1.) Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
2.) Nephron Loop
3.) Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
11
Q
What is the Proximal Convoluted Tubule?
- what epithelium is it?
A
First region of renal tubule
- cuboidal epithelium
- microvilli increase surface area & reabsorption capacity
12
Q
What is a Nephron Loop?
- what are it’s 2 limbs?
- location
- what type of epithelium is each segment made of?
A
1.) Descending limb - from PCT to medulla
2.) Ascending limb - returns to renal cortex & ends at DCT
Thin segments - simple squamous
Thick Segments - simple cuboidal
13
Q
What is the Distal Convoluted Tubule?
A
Tubule extending from ascending limb to collecting tubule
- simple cuboidal
- less microvilli than PCT
14
Q
What are the 2 different types of nephrons?
- what percentages are which?
A
1.) Cortical Nephrons (85%)
2.) Juxtamedullary Nephrons (15%)
15
Q
How are nephrons classified?
A
Position in cortex & length of the nephron loop
16
Q
Cortical Nephrons:
- location?
- length of loop?
- how deep into medullary pyramid?
A
Located near periphery of cortex
- short loop
- limited entry into medullary pyramid
17
Q
Juxtamedullary Nephrons:
- location?
- length of loop?
- how deep into medullary pyramid?
- function?
A
Located beside corticomedullary junction
- long loop
- deep extension into medullary pyramid
- regulates salt concentration gradients
18
Q
What are collecting tubules?
- how many per kidney?
- what type of epithelial cells make them?
A
Sites for nephrons to drain into
- thousands per kidney
- cuboidal epithelial cells
19
Q
What are Collecting Ducts?
- bigger or smaller than tubules?
- what type of epithelium comprise them?
A
Site for collecting tubules to drain into
- larger than collecting tubules
- tall columnar epithelial cells
20
Q
What are Papillary Ducts?
A
Site for collecting collecting ducts to drain into
21
Q
What is the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus?
- location
- function
A
Where the DCT meets the afferent arteriole of same nephron
- regulates filtrate formation & blood pressure in kidneys
22
Q
What is the flow through the nephrons?
A
Nephrons - Collecting tubules - collecting ducts - papillary ducts
23
Q
What are the Granular Cells of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus?
- when do they contract?
- function?
A
Modified smooth muscle cells of afferent arterioles
- contract when stretched or signalled by sympathetic stimulation
- synthesize, store, & release renin
24
Q
What are the Macula Densa of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus?
- location?
- function?
A
Modified epithelial cells of the DCT
- on tubule side next to the afferent arteriole
- detect changes in NaCl concentration of DCT fluid
25
What are the 2 fluid patterns of Renal Blood Flow through the Kidney?
1.) Blood flow in and out of the kidney
2.) Filtrate flow within the kidney
26
Arterial Blood Flow route through the kidney
Renal artery - Segmental arteries - Interlobar arteries - arcuate arteries - Interlobular arteries
27
What is the function & location of the renal arteries?
Delivers blood to each kidney & found in hilum
28
What is the function & location of the Segmental arteries?
Branch off renal arteries & found in renal sinus
29
What is the function & location of the Interlobar arteries?
Branch off segmental arteries & travel through renal columns
30
What is the function & location of the Arcuate arteries?
Branch off interlobar arteries & run beside base of medullary pyramid
31
What is the function & location of the Interlobular arteries?
Branch off arcuate arteries & extend out into cortex
32
What do the Interlobular arteries branch off into?
- where do these branches lead to?
Afferent Arterioles that lead to renal corpuscle
33
What do afferent arterioles form in the renal corpuscle?
- from here, how do they exit?
Glomerulus & exit out via the efferent arterioles
34
What is something that happens in the Glomerulus of the Kidney?
Blood plasma is filtered by fenestrated capillaries
35
What are the 2 places that the Efferent Arterioles branch into?
Branch into the 2nd capillary beds:
1.) Peritubular Capillaries
2.) Vasa Recta Capillaries
36
Peritubular Capillaries vs Vasa Recta Capillaries of the kidney
Peritubular ones are intertwined with convoluted tubules
Vasa Recta ones are the straight vessels of the nephron loop
37
What are the main functions of the Peritubular & vasa recta capillaries?
Sites for gas, nutrient, & waste exchange
38
What is the function of the Globular Capillaries?
First set of capillaries that filter blood first
39
What are the 3 types of veins that drain the Peritubular & Vasa Recta Capillaries?
Drained by 3 veins: Interlobular, arcuate, & interlobar
40
What are the Interlobular Veins?
- where do they travel?
Smallest & travel in cortex beside Interlobular arteries
41
What are the Arcuate Veins?
- where do they travel?
Formed when interlobular veins merge & found @ base of medullary pyramids
42
What are the Interlobar Veins?
- where do they travel?
Formed when arcuate veins merge & extend through renal columns
43
What veins merge & form the renal veins?
Interlobar veins
44
How is Filtrate formed?
Formed when blood flows through glomerular in the capsular space when plasma crosses the globular capillaries
45
What are the 4 main flows/changes of filtered fluid throughout the kidney?
1 - filtrate formed
2 - fluid becomes tubular fluid in PCT
3 - fluid becomes urine in papillary ducts
4 - urine flows through urinary tract for expulsion, storage, & micturition
46
What are Ureters?
Fibromuscular tubes that transport urine from kidneys to bladder
47
What are the 3 tunics of the Ureters?
- what are they made of?
1.) Adventitia - outer layer of areolar connective tissue
2.) Muscularis - have contact with the urine & has an internal longitudinal & outer circular layer of smooth muscle
3.) Mucosa - impermeable epithelial layer that folds to fill lumen when no urine is present
48
What is the bladder?
- main function/purpose
An expandable muscular sac used for urine storage
49
What is the Trigone of the bladder?
- function
- formation
Acts as a funnel during micturition
- formed by 2 ureter openings & urethral opening
50
What are the 4 tunics forming the bladder wall?
1.) Adventitia - outermost layer of areolar connective tissue
2.) Muscularis
3.) Submucosa
4.) Mucosa - innermost layer that changes with wall distension & found in smooth/thick trigone areas (highly vascularized)
51
What is the urethra?
A fibromuscular tube leading urine outside the body
52
What are the 2 urethral sphincters & their functions?
1.) Internal Urethral Sphincter:
- involuntary
- smooth muscle
- controlled by ANS
2.) External Urethral Sphincter
- voluntary control
- skeletal muscle of urogenital diaphragm
53
The Female Urethra:
- purpose?
- tissue type?
- length?
- opens where?
Conducts urine to exterior
- lined with stratified squamous epithelium
- approx 4cm long
- opens @ external urethral orifice
54
The Male Urethra:
- function?
- 3 types?
Dual function of transporting urine & semen
3 “Sections”:
1.) Prostatic Urethra
2.) Membranous Urethra
3.) Spongy Urethra
55
What is the role of the male Prostatic Urethra?
Runs along prostate & has openings for the prostatic ducts
56
What is the Male Membranous Urethra?
- surrounded by what?
Surrounded by external urethral sphincter & aids in holding in urine
57
What is the role of the male Spongy Urethra?
- what is encasing it?
- how long?
Encased by erectile tissues called “corpus spongiosum”
- longest part & is bout 15sm
58
What is micturition?
- 2 other names for this?
Expulsion of urine from the bladder & is also called “urination” or “bladder voiding”
59
What systems control micturition?
Sympathetic, Parasympathetic, & Somatic
60
What is the purpose of Sympathetic Innervation of Micturition?
Contracts the internal sphincter & inhibits detrouser muscle for storage reflex
61
What is the purpose of Parasympathetic Innervation of Micturition?
Contracts the detrouser muscle & relaxes internal sphincter for micturition reflex
62
What is the purpose of Somatic Innervation of Micturition?
Allows for voluntary control of external sphincter by the pudenal nerve
- helps contract/relax sphincter to allow/prohibit micturition
63
What 2 reflexes is micturition governed by?
Storage & Micturition Reflexes
64
What are the 6 main functions of the digestive system?
- one point per function
- “Intercourse Makes Skinny Dicks Appear Enormous”
1.) Ingestion - intro to nutrients in oral cavity
2.) Motility - muscular contractions mixing/moving food through GI Tract
3.) Secretions - produce & release enzymes/acids
4.) Digestion- physical/mechanical or chemical
5.) Absorption - nutrient absorption from GI tract into blood/lymph
6.) Elimination - expulsion of unneeded nutrients
65
What is Physical/Mechanical Digestion?/
The physical breaking down of materials by mixing & chewing
66
What is Chemical Digestion?
Enzymes breaking down chemical bonds, making larger complex molecules smaller & easier to digest
67
What organs form the GI Tract?
Oral Cavity, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small & Large Intestines, & Anus
68
Purpose of the GI Tract Organs?
To form a continuous tube that breaks food into smaller constituents to be absorbed
69
What are the 6 accessory organs of the digestive system?
Teeth, Tongue, Salivary Glands, Liver, Pancreas, & Gallbladder
70
What is the purpose of accessor organs in the digestive system?
Aid in breaking down food & some organs produce secretions to be released into the GI Tract
71
GI Tract Wall:
- what are the 4 tunics?
- large or small lumen?
Large Lumen with 4 tunics being:
1 - Mucosa (innermost)
2 - Submucosa (external to mucosa)
3 - Muscularis (external to Submucosa)
4 - Adventitia or Serosa
72
GI Tract Wall - MUCOSA:
- what type of epithelium?
- what are the 2 different parts of this wall layer & what are their functions?
- main function
Simple Columnar Epithelium touching contents of lumen
- Lamina Propria - underlying areolar tissue with small blood/lymph vessels & nerves
- Muscularis Mucosa - deep smooth muscle layer
Functions to absorb nutrients into blood vessels & fat soluble vitamins into lymphatic vessels
73
GI Tract Wall - SUBMUCOSA:
- what type of tissues?
- main function?
- home to what?
Composed of areolar & dense irregular connective tissues
Has blood/lymphatic vessels, glands, nerves, & submucosal nerve plexus
Also houses mucosa-associated lymphatic tissues
74
What does MALT stand for?
Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue
75
GI Tract Wall - MUSCULARIS:
- what are the 2 layers?
- 2 aspects unique to it
- 2 types of movement
Inner Circular layer constricts lumen & outer longitudinal layer contracts to shorten the tube
Myenteric Nerve Plexus - axons between the muscle layers that control contractions
Enteric Nervous System - Submucosa & myenteric plexus’s
Movement - Propulsion by moving contents through tract via peristalsis & mixing by kneading contents with secretions
76
GI Tract Wall - ADVENTITIA & SEROSA:
- composition of both
- location of both
- function of both
Adventitia - composed of areolar connective tissue with collagen & elastic fibres
- found in pancreas, rectum, & large intestine parts
Serosa - same as Adventitia but encased in visceral peritoneum
- found in stomach & small intestine
77
What are the 2 Serous Membranse in the Abdominal Cavity?
Parietal & Visceral Peritoneum
78
What is the function of the Parietal Peritoneum of the Abdominal Cavity?
Lines the inside surface of the abdominal wall
79
What is the function of the Visceral Peritoneum of the Abdominal Cavity?
Serous membrane reflecting over & covering the surfaces of internal organs
80
What is the Peritoneal Cavity in the Abdomen?
The space between the 2 layers of peritoneum where serous fluid is secreted into
81
What are the Intraperitoneal Organs?
Completely covered in visceral peritoneum & include; the stomach, most of small intestine, & parts of large intestine
82
What are the Retroperitoneal Organs?
Organs that anterolateral parts are covered in peritoneum & include; most of duodenum, pancreas, ascending & descending colon, & rectum
83
What is the Mesentery Layer of the Abdominal Cavity?
- function?
Double layer of peritoneum with blood/lymph vessels & nerve sandwiched between the layers
- supports, suspends, & stabilizes Intraperitoneal organs
84
What is the role of receptors within the Digestive System?
- location?
To regulate & monitor changes in GI tract
- embedded in mucosal & submucosal layers
85
What are the 2 types of receptors within the Digestive System?
Baroreceptors & Chemoreceptors
86
What is the role/function of Baroreceptors?
Detect stretch & pressure in GI tract as contents move through it
87
What is the role/function of Chemoreceptors?
Detect specific substances/contents within the lumen
88
What 3 things allow for the regulation of long digestive processes?
1a.) Long Reflexes (nervous control) - sensory input from receptors sent to CNS & autonomic output results in secretions & muscle contractions
1b.) Short Reflexes (nervous control) - sensory input to nervous system & stimulates small segments of tract to react & change
2.) Hormonal Control - gastric hormones, secretin, & cholecystokinin
89
What does GI Tract stand for?
Gastrointestinal Tract
90
What are the 4 main components of the Upper GI Tract?
1.) Oral Cavty & Salivary Glands
2.) Pharynx & Esophagus
3.) Stomach
4.) Duodenum
91
What is the function of Saliva?
Has salivary amylase that aids in starch digestion that helps to form a bolus in the oral cavity
92
What happens in the stomach during digestion?
Bolus mixes with gastric secretions & stomach acids to form an acidic purée called chyme
93
What is chyme?
Purée of acidic fluid consisting of gastric secretions & partially digested food
- passes from stomach to small intestine
94
Oral Cavity:
- lined by what tissue?
- what 5 components make it?
- what is it’s role in digestion?
Lined by non-Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Includes; teeth, tongue, Oropharynx, cheeks, & palate
Entrance to the GI tract & begins mechanical & chemical digestion
95
What are Extrinsic Salivary Glands?
- main function?
Glands that produce majority of saliva
- approx 1-1.5L/day
- Mucous cells secrete mucin
- Serous cells secrete a watery fluid with electrolytes & amylase
- together they reduce saliva
96
What are the 3 types of Salivary Glands/Ducts?
- location of each
- % of each
1.) Parotid Ducts (25-30%) - openings near 2nd upper molars
2.) Submandibular Ducts (60-70%) - opens through floor on either side of tongue (lingual frenulum)
3.) Sublingual Ducts (3-5%) - open behind submandibular ducts
97
What are a few functions of Saliva?
1 - moistens food to make bolus
2 - initiates chemical digestion/breakdown
3 - cleans oral cavity & helps inhibit bacterial growth
98
Composition of Saliva - what 2 things form it?
99.5% water & 0.5% solute
99
What is mastication?
- purpose of it
“Chewing” involves teeth, lips, tongue, cheeks, & jaw
- mechanically reduces bulk of food, aiding in swallowing & chemically aids digestive enzymes
100
What is the Pharynx?
- formation
It is a funnel-shaped passageway for air & food
- formed by superior, middle, & inferior pharyngeal constrictors that contract to push bolus to esophagus
101
What is the Esophagus?
- 2 sphincters
Tubular passageway with 2 sphincters & ends at cardiac orifice
1.) Superior Esophageal Sphincter - ring of skeletal muscle where pharynx & esophagus meet that is closed during inhalation
2.) Inferior Esophageal Sphincter - ring of smooth muscle prevention regurgitation from the stomach
102
Stomach:
- what is it?
- main function?
- how much time?
A holding bag for controlled release of partially digested materials
- begins protein & lipid digestion
- mixes secretions with bolus to form chyme
- materials spend 2-6 hours here
103
What is the Pyloric Sphincter?
Ring of smooth muscle regulating entry to duodenum from the pyloric orifice of the stomach
104
What are the gastric folds of the stomach?
- function
Folds on internal stomach lining that allow it to expand & have elasticity when filled with food
105
What a re the 4 main regions of the stomach?
- list one thing about each
1.) Cardia - superior entryway @ cardiac orifice
2.) Fundus - Superior-lateral region
3.) Body - largest region
4.) Pylorus - terminal region leading to duodenum
106
What are the 5 linings/layers of the Stomach Wall?
- one point about each
1.) Mucosal Lining - formed from simple columnar epithelium
2.) Submucosa - where many blood & lymph vessels can be found
3.) Muscularis - extra oblique layer helping with motility
4.) Gastric Pits - have gastric glands that release secretions
5.) Serosa - outer layer of the stomach
107
What are the 3 organs of the Lower GI Tract?
1 - jujenum
2 - ilium
3 - large intestine
108
The Small Intestine:
- how many regions?
- function?
3 regions that receive chyme from stomach
- mixes with secretions from accessory organs & continues chemical/mechanical digestion
109
What is the purpose of the large intestine?
It absorbs water, vitamins, lipids, carbs, proteins, & minerals and produces feces to be eliminated by anus
110
How long is the small intestine & how long is food spent here?
- start & end points
6m Long coiled tube from pylorus to cecum
- food spends up to 12 hours here
111
What are the 3 regions of the small intestine?
- how long is each part?
- one point about each part?
1.) Duodenum - 25cm long from pyloric sphincter to jujenum & receives secretions from accessory organs
2.) Jejunum - 2.5m long primary region of nutrient absorption
3.) Ilium - 3.6m long & terminates at ileocecal valve of large intestine & continues absorption
112
What are the 4 tunics of the Small Intestine (from external to internal)?
Serosa, Muscularis (circular & longitudinal), Submucosa, & Mucosa
113
Circular Folds of the Small Intestine:
- purpose/function
- different parts of the folds
Folds on mucosa that increase time & surface area for absorption
- each fold has; VIII, an arterial, capillary network, a venule, & a lacteal
114
What are Intestinal Glands?
Pits in the mucosa between each fold & intestinal villi
115
What is the importance of motility on the Small Intestine?
Smooth muscle of the small intestine contracts to mix chyme with secretions through segmentation
- chyme is moved against brush border to push it further through
- Peristalsis aids in moving the chyme into the large intestine
116
Large Intestine:
- how long/wide?
- starts & ends where?
- main purpose/function?
6.5cm wide & 1.5m long extending from ileocecal junction to the anus
- absorbs water & electrolytes from watery chyme & turns it into feces
117
What is the Teniae Coli of the Large Intestine?
Bunches of intestine into sacs called haustra
118
What is the Cecum of the Large Intestine?
Intro-peritoneal sac where chyme enters & extends from ileocecal valve
119
What is the Colon of the Large Intestine?
- how many segments?
- 2 flexures
Inverted U-Shaped arch with 4 segments - ascending, transverse, descending, & sigmoid
- Right Colic (hepatic) Flexure - 90deg turning joint from ascending to transverse
- Left Colic (hepatic) Flexure - 90deg turning joint from transverse to descending
120
What is the main function of the Rectum of the Large Intestine?
- 2 sphincters
Muscular tube with thick folds that expand to hold poop
- rectal valves prevent back flow
- internal rectal sphincter is involuntary & external is voluntary
121
What happens when there is pressure on the anal sinuses of the rectum?
Mucin is produced to aid in lubrication
122
What is peristalsis like in the large intestine?
Weak & slow movements/contractions to move contents
123
What is haustral churning in the large intestine?
This form of motility is stimulated when haustra is distended, causing contents to churn & move to next haustra
124
What is mass movement within the large intestine?
- where does it begin?
- how many times does this occur per day & why?
Powerful peristaltic movement of teniae coli beginning at the transverse colon & forces feces to rectum
- occurs 2-3 times a day typically after meals
125
What is the gastrocolic reflex within the large intestine?
When stomach is distended it causes mass movement of the colon
126
What is the defecation reflex of the large intestine?
- what contracts & what relaxes
When rectum is full and causes an urge to defecate
- sigmoid colon & rectum contract
- internal sphincter relaxes
127
What is voluntary defecation?
- achieved @ what age?
Achieved around age 3 when valsalva maneuver is initiated & external sphincter is relaxed
