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Dinosaurs > Midterm 2 Stegosaurs and Ankylosaurs > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Stegosaurs and Ankylosaurs Flashcards

1
Q

Match the following dinosaurs with their name definition:

Stegosaurs
Ankylosaurs
Plated Dinosaurs
Armored dinosaurs

A

Stegosaurs = Plated dinosaurs
Ankylosaurs = Armored dinosaurs

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2
Q

What does Thyreophora mean?

A

Shield bearers

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3
Q

True or false: Thyreophorans were ornithischian.

A

True

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4
Q

True or False: Thyreophorans were primarily bipedal.

A

FALSE. Primarily quadrupedal

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5
Q

What is the key evolutionary novelty of thyreophorans?

A

The presence of one or more rows of armor plates in the skin above or alongside the vertebral column

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6
Q

What are some of the characteristics of primitive ornithischian dinosaurs?

A

small skull and jaws, cheek teeth positioned on the jaw margins, short neck, hind limbs only slightly longer than forelimbs, long tail

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7
Q

Examples of primitive ornithischian thyreophorans

A

Scutellosaurus and Scelidosaurus

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8
Q

True or False: Stegosaurs and Ankylosaurs are the only clades in the group thyreophora.

A

False. There were also primitive thyreophorans

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9
Q

Were stegosaurs quadrupedal?

A

Yes

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10
Q

What are the evolutionary novelties of stegosaurs?

A

Small heads, short and massive forelimbs, long, columnar hind limbs, short stout feet with hooves on their toes, vertical bony plates and spines along the neck, back, and tail.

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11
Q

Where were the most primitive Stegosaur skeletons found? And what were they?

A

CHINA
Huayangosaurus
Gigantspinosaurus

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12
Q

Which two stegosaurs are the only ones left out of the family Stegosauridae?

A

Gigantspinosaurus and Huayangosaurus

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13
Q

How large was the brain of a Stegosaurus?

A

70-80 grams.

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14
Q

Why don’t we know if Stegosaurus had one row of plates or two?

A

Because the plates weren’t connected to the bone and often fell out/got separated before fossilization occurred.

We haven’t found a complete skeleton to show us. The skeletons we’ve found have created tension and diverse opinions.

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15
Q

What is an endocast?

A

Short for endocranial cast. We make a replica of the inside of a dinosaur’s braincase. Usually use latex to form the cast because it reforms shape once it’s pulled out. We can see the overall shape and size of the brain cavity.

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16
Q

True or False: A stegosaurus’ brain is smaller than a walnut or a kitten’s brain.

A

False. It’s a little bigger lol

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17
Q

What covered the plates of stegosaurus?

A

Grooves and canals for blood vessels. They weren’t solid plates of bone.

18
Q

What was the main purpose of stegosaurus plates?

A

They acted as radiators and solar panels to help control body temperature.

19
Q

When were the stegosaurs most diverse?

A

Late Jurassic

20
Q

Were there stegosaurs in the Cretaceous?

A

Yes, but very few. They were past their prime and declining. They were entirely extinct by the beginning of the late Cretaceous

21
Q

What does Ankylosaur mean?

A

fused lizard, due to the rod of fused vertebrae in their backs

22
Q

Evolutionary novelties of ankylosaurs

A

Robust limbs, short stout feet with hooves, forelimbs were 2/3 the length of hind limbs, low skulls, closure of the fenestrae in front of the eyes and skull, added dermal bones on the skull, extensive body armor and modifications of the rib cage and hip girdle

23
Q

What is a low skull

A

the width between the eyes exceeds the height of the skull

24
Q

What time period were ankylosaurs most present?

A

Cretaceous

25
Q

Which two families make up the majority of ankylosaurs?

A

Nodosauridae and Ankylosauridae

26
Q

Evolutionary novelties of nodosaurid ankylosaurs

A

Narrow skulls that lacked armor and horns at the posterior corners, the presence of spines in the armor, lack of ossified tail tendons or tail club

27
Q

Examples of nodosaurids

A

Edmontonia, Nodosaurus, Sauropelta, Panoplosaurus

28
Q

Evolutionary Novelties of ankylosaurids

A

Wide armored heads (as wide as they were long), long triangular horns at posterior corners, lateral temporal fenestra completely covered with bony armor, complex nasal passage, few or no spines present in body armor, club on the tail, tail vertebrae braced by ossified tendons

29
Q

What shape is the ankylosaurs nasal passage?

A

S shaped

30
Q

What is one of the best known ankylosaurs (other than ankylosaurus)?

A

Euoplocephalus

31
Q

What military weapon is an ankylosaur compared to?

A

Tank

32
Q

Was the ankylosaur fast?

A

No, it was designed for slow, powerful walking

33
Q

What defense mechanism did the ankylosaur use when under attack?

A

It would squat down so that it couldn’t get flipped over, and nothing could bite the armor. Using their tail to fight off attackers

34
Q

When were Ankylosaurids at their greatest level of diversity?

A

Late cretaceous

35
Q

When were nodosaurids the most diverse?

A

Early to middle cretaceous

36
Q

Know the two thyreophoran clades and the evolutionary novelty that distinguishes thyreophorans from other dinosaurs.

A

Armor
Dermal ossicles, stegosauria, ankylosauria

37
Q

Know the evolutionary novelties of stegosaurs and explain how Huayangosaurus exemplifies them

A

Long, narrow skull
- Standard ornithischian beaks
- Rows of large spikes or plates along back
- Stegosaurus: Late Jurassic. Plates and spikes. Largest of stegosaurids

38
Q

Huayanosaurus

A

Middle Jurassic
- most primitive stegosaurid
- Combination of spikes and plates.

39
Q

Explain the nature of dermal ossicles including the physical description, what covered them, how they were attached to the body, and what explains the presence of grooves and tubes.

A

Located within the skin, covered with keratinous sheath, in life they were covered by blood vessels
Grooves created by the blood vessels

40
Q

Explain what paleontologists believe were the arrangement and function of the plates of Stegosaurus

A

Arrangement→ two separate rows (just staggered)
Display (main and original hypothesis) and protection

41
Q

Know how the evolution of stegosaurs differs from that of ankylosaurs in terms of timing, distribution and amount of morphological change.

A

They evolved at around the same time but ankylosaurs were around for longer
Skull shape

Dinosaurs (8 decks)

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