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Midterm 2 Review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how many bones in the human skeleton?

A

206

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2
Q

cranial vs post cranial

A

skull vs below the skull

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3
Q

appendicular vs axial

A

appendages vs skull/abdomen

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4
Q

joint

A

articulation between 2+ bone movements
— through tendons and ligaments

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5
Q

tendons

A

muscle attaching to bone

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6
Q

ligaments

A

bone attaching to bone

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7
Q

skull is made up of the…

A

cranium and mandible

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8
Q

sutures of the skull

A

fibrous joints that do not provide movement

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9
Q

coronal suture of the skull

A

horizontal

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10
Q

sagittal suture of the skull

A

vertical

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11
Q

jaw and teeth bones

A

maxilla

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12
Q

zygomatic

A

bones on the edge of the eye socket

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13
Q

nasal aperture bone

A

maxillae

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14
Q

vertebral column functions

A

supports upper body
protects the spinal cord

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15
Q

vertebral column bones

A

24 movable vertebrae
- 7 cervical
- 12 thoracic
- 5 lumbar
10 fused vertebrae
- 5 sacrum
- 5 coccyx

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16
Q

posterior vs anterior sacrum

A
  • posterior = rough
  • anterior = smooth, dish-like
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17
Q

how many ribs

A

12 ribs per side
- thicker head
- thinner sternal end (attaches to sternum)

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18
Q

shaft of the long bone

A

diaphysis

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19
Q

hand number of bones

A

54 bones
- 27 on each side
14 = phalanges
5 = metacarpals (palm)
8 = carpals

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20
Q

what makes up the pelvic basin

A

pelvic bones, sacrum, coccyx
– illium, ischium, pubis

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21
Q

bones of the knee joint

A

femur, patella, tibia

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22
Q

bones of the lower leg

A

patella, fibula, tibia

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23
Q

number of bones in the ankle and foot

A

52= 26 L and R
- 7 tarsals
- 5 metatarsals
- 14 phalanges

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24
Q

Bioarchaeologist

A

Team Leader: project direction
- Individual & populational histories w/ Unknown ID
- Past responses to social/environmental conditions

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25
Q

archaeological sites and dates

A

archaeology >100 years
Paleontology: > 10,000 BCE

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26
Q

osteobiography of bioarchaeologist

A

individual lived experience
what this means in their society

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27
Q

forensic anthropologist

A

Team Leader: medical examiner
— Forensic (legal) significance
— Decedent focus: ID
— Repatriation to family
Living: refugee child rights - 18 years

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28
Q

osteobiography of of forensic anthropologists

A

Identification, narrow profile

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29
Q

datum

A

permanent reference point for all vertical and horizontal neasuremnets taken at the site

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30
Q

USGS

A

US Geological Survey

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31
Q

GIS

A

Geographic information system
– pulls data together and layers different types of data

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32
Q

bagging and labeling for forensics

A
  1. Case # & site
  2. Bag #
  3. Brief description
  4. Provenience – grid unit or feature
  5. Date, Excavator
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33
Q

sampling types

A
  • soil samples
  • insect samples
  • plant samples
  • final photos
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34
Q

human biological sex estimation

A

M:F = 92%
- pelvic bone for best estimation

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35
Q

pelvic bone in female vs male

A
  • Ventral arc – expansion of female pubic bone for childbirth
  • Medical ischiopubic ramus – thick vs thin
  • Subpubic cavity – concave for female vs convex for male
  • Sciatic notch – wider for females
  • Preauricular sulcus – wide groove for females
  • Skull – ridge is more robust on male
  • Supraorbital margin – sharper edge = female
  • Mental eminence - small chin = female
  • Nuchal crest
  • Mastoid process
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36
Q

Chemical analysis of bones and teeth

A

C3 Plants (wheat) → wet, wooded environment
C4 Plants (corn) → open grassland, tropical savannas

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37
Q

Stable Isotopes: carbon and nitrogen

A
  • Helped uncover migratory routes, trophic levels, and the geographic origin of migratory animals
  • Used on land & ocean and have revolutionized how researchers study animal movement
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38
Q

Electron Spin Resonance

A
  • used to date quartz, fossilized teeth, flint, limestone, and even eggshells
  • Uses radiation to cause electrons to seperate from atoms, which changes the magnetic field at a predictable rate
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39
Q

Potassium-argon dating or K-AR dating

A
  • radiometric dating method used in geochronology and archeology
    — Based on the measurement of the product of the radioactive decay of an isotope of potassium (K) into argon (Ar)
  • Useful for dating very old specimens or closely associated rock layers
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40
Q

charcoal dating

A
  • to separate charcoal from the sediment matrix; used tweezers or micro tweezers
  • For large pieces of charcoal that are no covered in a lot of clay, you can use water flotation. Dry charcoal samples at temperatures less than 70C for 12-24 hours prior to shipping
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41
Q

wood dating

A
  • use water flotation to separate wood fro sediment matrix
  • For conserved wood, make sure to selected samples from a sectation that does not show any signs of insect activity or rot and has not been treated with preservatives or additives
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42
Q

bone and teeth dating

A
  • Collect good cortical bone fragments from larger bones of the body, since there bone fragments preserve well
  • Larger bones = femur, tibia, upper arm bone, skull plate, jaw
  • Effective range: 500 to 50,000 years
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43
Q

absolute dating methods

A

*radiocarbon
— presented with before present (1950 AD)
2000 +/- 150 BP

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44
Q

Case Study: Chaco Canyon – Tree Ring Dating

A
  • can be seen as a blend of relative and absolute dating methods
  • Tree rings show where timber used for Cacho Canyon great houses timbers were from, how old the were, and how sources changed over time
    (850-1250 AD)
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45
Q

index fossil

A

useful for dating and correlating the strata to which it is found

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46
Q

fossil

A
  • preserved traces and remains of an organism that lived long ago
  • about 10,000 years for fossilization
  • Occurs only in sedimentary rocks & processes
  • A process of mineralization, a replacement of organic material with non-organic compounds
  • Requires a rapid burial process
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47
Q

Case Study: The Snowmastodon Project, CO

A
  • Snowmass Village, Colorado (160 mi W o Denver)
  • An example of rapid burial caused by an earthquake for fossilization
  • Occurred during a waning glacial period 130,000 years ago (warming period between glaciations)
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48
Q

Mildred Trotter

A
  • 1970s
  • predict stature from 6 long bones rather than clavicle
  • using anatomical skeletons and osteometric boards
  • 5027 M/Fs from 18-30 years of age
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49
Q

predicting stature - regression line

A
  • line of best fit between long bone lengths and stature
  • stature - DV
  • long bone -IV
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50
Q

formula for stature calculation

A

2.28 x femur length + 59.67 +/- 3.41 cm

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51
Q

examples of disease ID

A
  • Arthritis: Joint destruction
    — Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis
  • Scoliosis: spinal unalignment
  • Dental: anomalies or disease
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52
Q

antemortem injury details

A
  • blunt edges
  • callus (inflammation and healing)
  • disorganized bone
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53
Q

Perimortem (around death)

A
  • angled, sharp edges
  • hinges: splintering of the bone
  • no visible healing
  • homogenous color
54
Q

Postmortem (taphonomy)

A
  • sharp edges
  • flat right angles
  • no healing
  • fresh color at bone edges
55
Q

taphomony

A
  • Postmortem changes ot the body
  • Distinguish natural changes from international human changes
  • Forensic: rule out a crime
  • Bioarch: avoid social misinterpreation
56
Q

decomposition

A

stages through which the body progresses from the moment of death (fresh) to skeletonized in a given climate

57
Q

postmortem interval

A

time between death and discovery

58
Q

Forensic Anthropology Center (FAC)

A

– The Body Farm, U of Tennessee est. 1980
Taphonomic factors affecting decomposition
-Weathering
- Animal scavenging & gnawing
- Insects
- Plants
- Season, sunshine, shade
- Burial: soil, depth, covering
- Deposition: surface, water, burial
- Specific to climate
— Texas State U, Southern Illinois U
Austrailia, Canada

59
Q

Epidemiological bioarchaeology

A
  • the study of human remains from archeological contexts
  • Assess the biological condition of populations and consequences for biological and cultural reproduction of the society
  • Evolutioanry & population perspective on disease
60
Q

Agriculture: good idea but with tradeoffs?

A
  • Settled communities, shelter
  • Decreased birth interval: population growth
  • Access to variable skills, trade
  • Single crop reliance: vermin, drought
    – Food shortages
  • Increase in Nutritional deficiencies
    – Decrease in stature, health
    – Increase in fetal and maternal stress
    – Increase childhood health stress: DEH (dental enamel)
    – Increase death rate
    – Increase in dental disease (carbs)
  • Increase population, density
    – Increase infectious disease: zoonoticm parasitic
    – Increase in social unrest: interpersonal, raids
61
Q

Social Bioarchaeology

A

study of skeletal remains in an archaeological context
- Funerary archaeology + skeletal remains
*lived experiences marked on the body used to understand past lives and social processes

62
Q

grave goods?

A

Status, wealth, identity, trade, inequality, ideology, ritual, social complexity, ethinicity

63
Q

health: paleopathology, parasites ?

A

Disease, disability, care, treatment, sanitation, inequity, structural violence, oppression

64
Q

Activity: muscle markers, joint disease?

A

Labor patterns, work intensity, inequality

65
Q

Bone chemistry: isotopes, DNA?

A

Migration (people & bacteria), diet (subsistence, access, status, inequality), kinship, marriage patterns, colonialism

66
Q

Migration & Identity at Mount Nebo, Joran (AD 491-640)

A

Hypothesis: Mt. Nebo was a cosmopolitan monastery shaped by diverse monastics
- Demographic analysis: age, biological sex
- Strontium isotopes: local or non-local?
- Landscape: monastic structures within an overnight journey (50 miles)
- Onomastics (name origins)
- epigraphy (ancient inscriptions): mosaics

67
Q

Hardin Cemetery Disaster ~ Missouri, July 1993
MFI

A

County coroner: Dean Snow
- Organize volunteers: medical, funerary directors, equipment operators
- Search & recovery; boats
- Dry land: all-terrian vehicles
- Remains: 25 square miles
- Trees, fences
- Morgue: fairground with refrigerated trucks

68
Q

DMORT

A

Disaster Mortuary Operation Response Teams

69
Q

systematics

A

All activities involved in an evolutionary approach to understanding & determining the diversity & relationships of organisms, both present-day & extinct

70
Q

taxonomy

A

grouping and naming organisms
- Traditional Linnaean classification, 1735
- Similar morphology, binomial nomenclature

71
Q

taxonomy of humans

A

Species - Sapiens
Genus - Homo
Family - Hominids
Order - Primates
Class - Mammals
Phylum - Chordates
Kingdom - Animals

72
Q

ancestral/primitive homologous traits

A

inherited traits shared with others
Ex/ all primates have 5 digits

73
Q

derived/unique homologous traits

A

Diagnostic, unique characteristic
Ex/ adducted big toe of humans

74
Q

phylogeny

A

patterns of relationships and the evolutionary history and relationships of a species/group of related species/taxa

75
Q

mode of change (morphology)

A
  1. anagenesis
  2. cladogenesis
76
Q

anagenesis

A
  • Linear ~ Species 1 → Species 2
  • Sum of microevolution
  • Natural selection
  • Adaptation → new species
77
Q

Cladogenesis

A
  • Isolated small group adapts to new environment - Species 1 → 1+ species (branching event)
78
Q

tempo of change (speed)

A
  1. gradualism (Darwin)
  2. punctuated equilibrium
79
Q

gradualism

A
  • Slow, gradual
  • No transitional fossils → gaps in fossil record
  • species are arbitrary
  • 1 species at any one time
80
Q

punctuated equilibrium

A
  • speciation/branching event (cladogenesis)
  • Sudden environment shift
  • Visible as new species → period of stasis
    Fossil gaps are REAL
81
Q

mosaic evolution according to darwin

A

different physiological systems/growth & development (LHT)

82
Q

primitive dentition

A
  • Honing Complex: upper canine and lower premolar
  • Sectorial edges: self-sharpening
  • *Upper canine fits into diastema → space between teeth that fit together
  • Chimps = small canines, incisors — no diastema — short, parabolic arcade
83
Q

gait cycle

A

How do we balance our weight on 2 limbs while standing & on 1 limb while walking?

84
Q

End of the Mesozoic Era

A

(250-65 mya)
- Extinction of dinosaurs
- New niches and very small mammals radiate

85
Q

Cenozoic Era

A

(65 mya)
- age of mammals

86
Q

Miocene epoch

A

25-5 mya
- warming –> expansion of apes
- continents similar to today
- large ape feature emerge

87
Q

early miocene

A

23-16 mya
- large body apes diverge from OW monkeys

88
Q

Africa: Proconsul

A

Early Miocene: 23-16 mya
E. Africa: Kenya, uganda
Rainforests, woodlands

Dental ape
2.1.2.3
Y-5
Sexual dimorphic canines

Monkey pc
Arms = legs; arboreal
Long, flexible lumbar – but has coccyx: no tail
Facultative biped

89
Q

Europe: Dryopithecus

A

Middle/Late Miocene (17-8 mya)
- Adaptive radiation
- Drying in Africa, global warming
- Land bridge: Europe (France, Spain, Germany, Greece) & Asia

Y-5 molar ~ Parallel tooth rows, large canines

Spain 2003:
- Vertebrae, ribs, hands, ribs

Ape: flat pelvis basin
- Long powerful arms
- Maintain erect posture
- Short, inflexible lumbar
- Posterior scapula

90
Q

Asia: Sivapithecus

A

(India, Pakistan, China, Turkey)
- 15-8 mya
- Diversity increases
- Woodlands, grasslands
- Derived orangutan features
- Concave profile – orthognathous
- Projecting incisors
- Tall orbits

  • Derived: large, heavy quadruped (70-150 lbs)
91
Q

Gigantopithecus

A
  • Late Miocene: 8 mya - 200,000 ya
  • China, India, Pakistan

10’ — 800 lbs
4 mandibles
1500 teeth ~ thick enamel, jaws (bamboo?)

92
Q

Oreopithecus bambolii

A

Italian, Tuscan swamps
- 8 million years ago & 50 individuals
- Small teeth = No diastema
- Brain: 400 cc
- Foot: splayed
- Lumbar curve
- Pelvis: short pubis; longer anterior inferior iliac – - spine
- bipedal?

93
Q

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

A

(the Chad fossil)
- TM 266-01-060-1
- Chad, Central Africa – 2002
- Michel Brunet
- Toros-Menalla area (TM)
- West & North
- Date: 6.8-7 mya
- Lakeside forest → fish, elephants, grazers

94
Q

Orrorin tugenensis

A
  • BAR 1000’00
  • Baringo Tugen Hills, Kenya – 2000
  • Bridget Senut
  • ‘original/millennium’
  • Woodland, rivers
  • Date: 5.8-6.1 mya
  • 20 pieces — 5 individuals
  • Bipedal: 3 proximal femurs
  • Long femoral neck & inferior cortical thickness
  • Dental: small molars and upper canine with partial honing complex
  • Chad fossil a gorilla → orrorin oldest hominin
    – Now more similar to Australopiths
95
Q

Ardipithecus ramidus

A
  • ARA-VP-6/500
  • Tim White, 1994
  • Aramis, Middle Awash, Ethiopia – 1992-95
  • ‘Ardi’: “ground ape”, “root” Afar
  • 50% female skeleton in limestone
  • Date: 4.4-5.8 mya
  • Forests & lakes
  • 1900 fossils: 50+ individ., 60 mammal species → elephants, rhinos, horses, monkeys
  • Small projecting face
  • Brain = 300-350 cc
  • Smaller canines, tip war
  • No sectorial shearing
  • Foramen magnum – anterior
  • Biped? → divergent grasping large toe
  • Pelvic bone: rectus femoris & anterior inferior iliac spine (aiis)
  • Quadriceps flexion muscle
  • Origin: ‘aiis’
  • Insertion: tibial tuberosity
  • Swings leg forward
  • Contracts & straightens knee
  • Aiis: robust
96
Q

Early Australopiths in East Africa

A
  • Date: ~4 mya
  • Genus: Australopithecus (Au.) → Southern ape
  • Bipedal
  • Larger brain: 350-500 cc
  • Large canine and larger body
  • Diverse Habitat
  • ~3 mya disperse to South Africa
97
Q

Au. afarensis (LUCY)

A
  • Southern ape from Afar
  • Hadar, Ethiopia – Afar Triangle
  • Don Johanson, ADU (1974)
  • Knee joint
  • Date: 3.6 - 3.0 mya
    1974:
    1. Oldest hominin
    2. 40% complete skeleton
    3. Bipedalism 1st – irrefutable biped
    4. In Africa

PC (human/ape)
- 3.5-4’ tall – dimorphism
- Human-like features
- Pelvis → short, broad, dish-shape
- Robust anterior inferior iliac spine
- Large bicondylar angle → intermembral index ~ 85
- Wider knee joint, patella groove, adducted big toe, Short legs

98
Q

Au. afarensis ~ Southern ape from Afar (NOT LUCY)

A
  • Brain: ~ 350-500 cc
  • Bell-shape (wide at base)
  • Pronounced crests (Nuchal, sagittal crest) – heavy chewing
  • Large canines
  • Parallel arcade Central foramen magnum
  • Now: 35 individuals
  • Lake, forest, open woodland (generalist: variable adaptation)

Laetoli footprints, Tanzania
- Mary Leakey (1974-1979)
- 2 trails in volcanic ash, 1978
- Biped foot action → deep heel strike, toe-off
- Adducted big toe with NO grasping
- Dating: 3.6 mya

  1. Site G: 75’ long, 3 individuals
  2. Site A: 1.5 k from site, 1 individual
99
Q

tool use in dikika, Ethiopia

A
  • (McPheron et al 2010)
  • Dating: 3.3 mya
  • Evidence of meat consumption (defleshing marks)
  • Femur percussion: marrow
100
Q

tool use in gona, ethiopia

A
  • Dating: ~2.6 mya
  • Stone tool manufacture
  • 2900+ cores, broken flakes, choppers, scrapers debitage
  • Antelope bones (percussion, cuts)
101
Q

tool use in lomekwi, Kenya

A

Dating: 3.3 mya
Chopper

102
Q

South African Sites:

A

~3 mya adaptive radiation
- Quarry sites and limestone caves
- Breccia – sand, fossil, rock, lime
- Baboon sleeping sites

Biostratigraphy:
- Faunal sequence compared to East Africa
- South African fossils post date East African sites

103
Q

Raymond Dart

A
  • 1924
  • African paleoanthropology begins here!!
  • Australian anatomist, British trained
  • University Withwaterstand, South Africa
  • Chair Anatomy and Museum
  • 1924 box of fossils” taung
  • North Lime Co. quarry
  • Dry open veld
  • ‘Baboon’ skull?
104
Q

Australopithecus africanus (African southern ape)

A
  • Breccia endocast, face, mandible
  • Dating: 2.5 mya (in 2015)
  • ~400 cc → 440 cc (adult)
  • Foramen magnum: more anterior
  • Vertical forehead
  • Deciduous +1m: 6 years?
  • Small canines
  • Parabolic arcade; no diastema
  • ~3 years old (ape-like dental development) – 1987
105
Q

Dart reports in Nature 1925

A
  • Missing link in Africa
  • No 2nd opinion, review
  • Significance of name (names genus) → - “Australopithecus africanus” – African southern ape
106
Q

Taung Controversy – 1925

A
  1. Dart’s credibility
  2. With modern baboon skulls → recent
  3. Wrong place (lack of fossil evidence)
  4. Brain first: piltdown
  5. No postcrania
  6. Age: ~ 6 years
107
Q

Tough plants

A
  • East Africa
  • Bone: carbon isotopes
  • Tough C4 plants, not hard nuts
  • Low quality rough sedges or corm
  • Little microwear from heavy chewing
  • Dental calculus: Sedge phytoliths
108
Q

termite rods

A
  • Swaterkrans
  • 85 bone splinters/horns – 13-19 cm long
  • Scratches 50 mm from tip only
  • Opening termite mounds
  • Earliest evidence for insect consumption
109
Q

Au. boisei OH 5

A

510 cc
- Dished, prognathic face
- Anterior foramen magnum
- Massive molars, small anterior teeth
Powerful chewing →
- Zygomatics: broad, flared
- Massive crests: large sagittal & nuchal
- Wide jaw
- Massive molars w/ thick enamel

110
Q

The Leakey’s Big Break

A

1959
- Robust australopiths in East Africa
– OH 5: Zinjanthropus boisei (Zinj) → (ancient east Africa, patron: Boisei_
- Paranthropus boisei (splitters)
– Au. boisei (lumpers)

111
Q

significance of leakey’s big break

A
  1. 1st E. African hominin found
  2. Chronometric (absolute dating) → 2.3-1.8 mya (K-Ar)
  3. Tools with bones – National Geographic Funding
112
Q

Broom Variation: Au. robustus – 1938

A
  • Broom at Kromdraai & Swartkrans caves (2.0-1.0 mya)
  • Different sites = different genus
  • More robust compared to Sts 5
  • 500-550 cc
  • Foramen magnum: biped
  • Large crests
    Heavy chewing complex
  • Broad face, zygomatics
  • Large sagittal and nuchal crests
  • Huge molars: grinding
  • Extensive pitting, minor striations
  • Tough grasses
  • Brittle/hard foots: nuts and seeds
113
Q

Robert Broom – 1926

A
  • Scottish physician, reptile paleontologist
  • Transvaal Museum, Pretoria, South Africa
    —- Dynamites: Sterkfontein quarry
    Adult braincase ~ 400-550 cc
  • Small canines, parallel arcade w No diastema
  • Central foramen magnum
  • PC from 600+ fossils: biped
  • Dating: ~2 mya
  • Dart vindicated, Nature 1926
114
Q

archeological?

A

more than 100 years

115
Q

sex estimation in humans

A

mastoid
mental entimene
nuchal crest
* not zygomatic

116
Q

behavioral complexes unique to hominins

A

bipedalism and nonhoning chewing

117
Q

the symphyseal face will become — with —-

A

more eroded and disorganized with age

118
Q

the intermembral index

A

predicts patterns of locomotion
- ratio of forelimb and hindlimb
- humerus/radius and femus/tibia

119
Q

axis of the cervical vertbrae

A

C2

120
Q

key distinctions of bipedalism in chimpanzee

A

skull
pelvis
knee
spine
leg
toes
foot

121
Q

determine sex through skull

A

mastoid process
sutra-orbital ridge
mental eminence

122
Q

the sciatic notch is on…

A

pelvis

123
Q

foramen magnum is positioned on the ——- to support bipedalism

A

inferior human skull

124
Q

affiliated behavior

A

tactile comuncation which promotes friendly behavior for group communication

125
Q

minimum time needed to form a fossil

A

10,000 year

126
Q

carbon 14 dating is relative or absolute dating?

A

absolute

127
Q

Piltdown man was proven to be a forgery by what method

A

fluorine dating

128
Q

c4 vs c3

A

dry land and grass lands
vs
wetlands and wooded areas

129
Q

carbon and nitrogen can be used for

A

geographic origin and diet

130
Q

cayo santiago

A

research program used to stay macaques and studying social behaviors without predatory presence

131
Q

macaques have

A

matrial structure – status is determined by the mother

bio anthropology (2 decks)

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