Midterm 2 - Q & A

Question 1

Enculturation continues \_\_\_\_\_\_
A) until about 12 years of age
B) unit about 18 years of age
C) until everything needed has been learned
D) throughout life

Answer 1

D) throughout life

Question 2

In the Christian religion, baptism can be considered a type of \_\_\_\_\_ for the person being baptized. 
A) religious ceremony
B) contract with a deity
C) social birth
D) special occasion

Answer 2

C) social birth

Question 3

Children in hunting and gathering societies often begin contributing to the family when they are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 
A) quite young
B) 14 years of age
C) 21 years of age
D) elderly

Answer 3

A) quite young

Question 4

Changes in attitudes toward children and childhood are consistent with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A) socioeconomic values
B) a shrinking middle class
C) a growing middle class
D) children’s changing behaviour

Answer 4

A) socioeconomic values

Question 5

Although self-reliance and independence are stressed in modern, industrial nations, paradoxically children remain more reliant on their parents for a longer period of time because _____.
A) there are child labour laws
B) school is optional
C) they are not taught how to be self-sufficient until 18 years of age
D) they are biologically incapable of supporting themselves until 18 years of age

Answer 5

A) there are child labour laws

Question 6

Much vocational training in non industrial countries takes place ______.
A) through children attending short cooperative programs
B) informally, by watching older sibling and adults
C) through primary school only
D) through apprenticeships

Answer 6

B) informally, by watching older sibling and adults

Question 7

The position or rank that one carries in a society is \_\_\_\_\_\_.
A) role
B) status 
C) job
D) enculturation

Answer 7

B) status

Question 8

Which of the following is not a typical feature of “ranked” societies?
A) limited positions of fixed social status
B) hierarchy
C) a mobile residential/subsistence strategy
D) unequal access to resources
E) all of the above
F) none of the above

Answer 8

C) a mobile residential/subsistence strategy

Question 9

Folklore conveys important lessons about ______
A) who is in charge
B) what types of clothing to wear during battle
C) philosophical and ethical principles
D) how to maintain one’s social status

Answer 9

C) philosophical and ethical principles

Question 10

\_\_\_\_\_\_ are rituals that mark a person’s transition from childhood to adulthood.
A) rites of intensification
B) graduations
C) rites of inversion
D) initiation rites

Answer 10

D) initiation rites

Question 11

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are settlements of foreign nationals with controlling interests in indigenous territories.
A) Missions
B) Estates
C) Colonies 
D) Imperial centres

Answer 11

C) Colonies

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of imperialism?
A) The Peruvians expanded control of surrounding regions by requiring these communities to provide the government with certain resources as tribute
B) The Greeks created port settlements overseas and exerted control over trade within these regions
C) The Spanish created missions in the New World and required native populations to live and work at these religious centres.
D) Early American settlers took over Native American lands and claimed them as their own

Answer 12

A) The Peruvians expanded control of surrounding regions by requiring these communities to provide the government with certain resources as tribute

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of a maritime enclave?
A) The Peruvians expanded control of surrounding regions by requiring these communities to provide the government with certain resources as tribute
B) The Portuguese founded the port settlement of Malacca on the Malay Peninsula and exerted control over trade within this region
C) The Spanish created missions in the New World and required native populations to live and work at these religious centres
D) Early American settlers took over Native American lands and claimed them as their own

Answer 13

B) The Portuguese founded the port settlement of Malacca on the Malay Peninsula and exerted control over trade within this region

Question 14

Which of the following statements about imperialism is true?
A) It relies solely upon conquest through military means for territorial expansion
B) It is the result of the use of all forces that contribute to the construction and maintenance of transcolonial empires
C) It implies that only colonial politics were observed, since the imperial centres were too distant
D) It relies solely upon commercial strategies as a means for territorial expansion
E) All of the above
F) None of the above

Answer 14

B) It is the result of the use of all forces that contribute to the construction and maintenance of transcolonial empires

Question 15

The European colonial slave trade was based upon _____, which made it initially possible.
A) Preexisting plantation-based economies of West Africa
B) The slave-based Kingdom of Benin
C) Preexisting indigenous forms of slavery in West Africa
D) A market for slave labour in Europe

Answer 15

C) Preexisting indigenous forms of slavery in West Africa

Question 16

The slave trade strengthened principles of \_\_\_\_\_\_ descent. 
A) matrilineal
B) patrilineal
C) cognatic
D) bilineal

Answer 16

B) patrilineal

Question 17

Which of the following statements concerning missionism is not accurate?
A) Missionaries of multiple religious affiliations worked with one another for equal influence
B) Religious missionaries have aided processes of state consolidation and cultural transformation
C) European missionism was often accompanied by education and social, economic and political control
D) European missionaries believed it was the duty of indigenous peoples to work for the white man
E) All of the above
F) None of the above

Answer 17

A) Missionaries of multiple religious affiliations worked with one another for equal influence

Question 18

The British claimed lands based on their principle ________, which allowed them to take the lands of many indigenous communities who were not farmers.
A) That written deeds were the only relevant documents showing ownership
B) That some crops must be planted on private land
C) That to own land one must improve it through labour
D) That national governments have the right to seize any private property

Answer 18

C) That to own land one must improve it through labour

Question 19

Which of the following statements does NOT illustrate the concept of the “white man’s burden”?
A) Colonial governments have a duty of association and collaboration toward subject races
B) Natives deserved to be civilized by the guidance and superiority of the white men
C) Missionaries in the Americas were saving the natives and doing God’s work by saving them
D) European colonizers have a duty to uphold the customs and traditions of the local indigenous people

Answer 19

D) European colonizers have a duty to uphold the customs and traditions of the local indigenous people

Question 20

Which of the following examples was not a pacification tactic used by colonial administrators?
A) Establishing posts in interior districts in order to deepen their control and create multiple centres of influence
B) Permitting the preservation of indigenous customs so long as they did not contribute to disorder and resistance
C) Instilling fear and obedience by bringing swift and abrupt change to the lives of indigenous people
D) Demonstrating benevolence and creating goodwill by returning prisoners to their communities
E) All of the above
F) None of the above

Answer 20

C) Instilling fear and obedience by bringing swift and abrupt change to the lives of indigenous people

Question 21

The subdiscipline of anthropology that focuses on subsistence strategies is called \_\_\_\_\_. 
A) symbolic anthropology
B) biometric anthropology
C) archaeology
D) economic anthropology
E) none of the above

Answer 21

D) economic anthropology

Question 22

The interaction process between changes an organism makes in its environment and changes the environment makes on the organism is called \_\_\_\_\_\_.
A) enculturation
B) socialization
C) adaptation
D) prestidigitation

Answer 22

C) adaptation

Question 23

Among the Tsembaga of New Guinea, the need to keep the land in balance resulted in the Kaiko, which was ______.
A) the custom of making human sacrifices to appease the Earth goddess
B) ongoing warfare with neighbouring tribes
C) a mobile subsistence strategy
D) a cycle of feasting and warfare

Answer 23

D) a cycle of feasting and warfare

Question 24

\_\_\_\_\_ is/are method(s) of obtaining food 
A) economies
B) subsistence patterns
C) carrying capacities
D) agriculture

Answer 24

B) subsistence patterns

Question 25

You are an anthropologist observing a new society that no one else has explored. You are trying to determine the subsistence pattern of the group. The group is highly mobile and is constantly moving around their geographic area. The group members do not rely on domesticated animals like cattle. The size of the group remains small, usually not more than twenty people. Sometimes, when resources are plentiful, a number of different smaller groups will come together into a larger group for a few weeks. However, when the resources become scarce again, they will disperse into their smaller groups. Based on these observations, what type of subsistence pattern do you think that this group uses?
A) foraging
B) agriculture
C) horticulture
D) Pastoralism

Answer 25

A) foraging

Question 26

Which of the following is not a food-producing subsistence strategy? 
A) Pastoralism
B) Foraging
C) Agriculture
D) Horticulture

Answer 26

B) Foraging

Question 27

\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a subsistence strategy that focuses on raising and caring for herds of domesticated animals.
A) pastoralism
B) horticulture
C) agriculture
D) foraging

Answer 27

A) pastoralism

Question 28

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is intensive farming that invests great amounts of time, labour, and technology
A) pastoralism 
B) horticulture 
C) agriculture
D) foraging

Answer 28

C) agriculture

Question 29

Which of the following is a small-scale form of farming using simple technology?
A) pastoralism
B) horticulture
C) agriculture
D) foraging

Answer 29

B) horticulture

Question 30

The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the number of people who can be sustained by the resources and environment in which they live.
A) scale
B) sustainability
C) resource scarcity
D) carrying capacity

Answer 30

D) carrying capacity

Question 31

Cultural methods of allocating natural resources, the means of exploiting the resources through technology, the organization of work, and the production, distribution, and exchange of goods and services all define an\_\_\_\_\_\_
A) economic system
B) market system
C) exchange system
D) subsistence strategy

Answer 31

A) economic system

Question 32

In general, \_\_\_\_\_\_ people tend to produce and keep greater amounts of surplus than \_\_\_\_\_ people.
A) wealthy, poor
B) nomadic, sedentary
C) sedentary, nomadic
D) future-oriented, present-oriented

Answer 32

C) sedentary, nomadic

Question 33

The exchange of goods and services of a specified value at a specified time and place is called \_\_\_\_\_\_.
A) generalized reciprocity
B) barter
C) exchange
D) balanced reciprocity

Answer 33

D) balanced reciprocity

Question 34

Distribution of food, especially meat, in forager societies would be defined as \_\_\_\_\_\_.
A) barter 
B) balanced reciprocity
C) generalized reciprocity
D) exchange

Answer 34

C) generalized reciprocity

Question 35

The \_\_\_\_\_\_ of the Pacific Northwest is an example of a redistributive network. 
A) fur trade
B) potlatch
C) moka 
D) market day

Answer 35

B) potlatch

Question 36

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the exchange of goods and services in which each party seeks to benefit at the expense of the other, thus making a profit.
A) trade 
B) exchange
C) negative reciprocity
D) capitalism

Answer 36

C) negative reciprocity

Question 37

The Canadian and Danish Coast Guards’ practice of taking down each other’s flag and leaving a bottle of Canadian whiskey or Danish vodka or schnapps for the other side on Hans Island in the high Arctic is an example of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A) silent trade
B) balanced reciprocity
C) market exchange 
D) generalized reciprocity
E) none of the above

Answer 37

A) silent trade

Question 38

In Trobriand Island culture, yams
A) Have a socio-political function as well as an economic function
B) Enhance the giver’s influence by showing support for the husband of the woman receiving them
C) Create checks and balances in the Trobriand economic system
D) Can be used to enhance status and display wealth
E) All of the above
F) None of the above

Answer 38

E) All of the above

Question 39

In modern, industrial market economies, demand is \_\_\_\_\_\_ through an ideology that promotes the acquisition of material goods as the means of achieving pleasure and progress. 
A) carefully measured
B) generally understood 
C) artificially created and maintained
D) consumer driven

Answer 39

C) artificially created and maintained

Question 40

The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ lifestyle is often a burden for the sick, elderly, and pregnant whose mobility may be limited.
A) foraging
B) agricultural
C) pastoralist
D) horticulturalist

Answer 40

A) foraging

Question 41

A system of determining who one’s relatives are and what one’s relationship is to them is a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A) fictive kin
B) kinship system
C) kindred system
D) inheritance rules

Answer 41

B) kinship system

Question 42

People related by blood are called \_\_\_\_\_\_
A) affines
B) kindred
C) consanguines 
D) relatives

Answer 42

C) consanguines

Question 43

\_\_\_\_\_\_ are people who are related through marriage.
A) affines 
B) consanguines
C) kindred
D) in-laws

Answer 43

A) affines

Question 44

Divorces are easier to acquire in matrilineal societies because _______.
A) children are linked to the lineage through their uncle, not their father
B) women are more likely to wish for a divorce
C) children are linked to the matrilineage by their mother, so fatherhood has a diminished role in kinship
D) a group of women can successfully eject a male from their home

Answer 44

C) children are linked to the matrilineage by their mother, so fatherhood has a diminished role in kinship

Question 45

In societies where \_\_\_\_\_\_ is the kinship system, individuals often choose the descent group that will advantage them the most in resources or power.
A) double descent
B) ambilineal descent
C) parallel descent
D) unilineal descent

Answer 45

B) ambilineal descent

Question 46

In the matrilineal Trobriand Islander society, men raise yams, but because they work lands through matrilineal ties, the produce belongs to the man’s \_\_\_\_\_
A) mother
B) wife
C) sister
D) aunt

Answer 46

C) sister

Question 47

A marriage principle in which people cannot marry members of their lineage or clan but instead must forge alliances with members of other groups is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A) endogamy
B) exogamy
C) kinship system
D) inheritance rules

Answer 47

B) exogamy

Question 48

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are groups of linked clans that divide a society into two halves, usually exogamous.
A) phratries
B) clans
C) moieties
D) segmentary lineages

Answer 48

C) moieties

Question 49

Why is marriage to a cousin in the Hawaiian kinship system impossible?
A)because brother-sister weddings are preferred and arranged
B) because people never know their cousins
C) because all cousins are considered siblings
D) because cousins are not classified in the Hawaiian kinship system

Answer 49

C) because all cousins are considered siblings

Question 50

The \_\_\_\_\_\_ system gives separate kin terms to all kin relationships.
A) Omaha
B) Sudanese
C) Hawaiian
D) Crow

Answer 50

B) Sudanese