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Geography 204 > Midterm #2 Part 3 > Flashcards

Midterm #2 Part 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cinder cones

A
  • symmetrical, steep sided
  • pyroclastic material
  • large central vent
  • short lived
  • mafic to intermediate magmas
  • volcano flanks or fields
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2
Q

Composite volcanoes

A
  • layers of pyroclastic and lava flows
  • intermediate to felsic magmas
  • central vent
  • gently sloping flanks
  • geologically long lived
  • violent eruptions
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3
Q

Lava domes

A
  • dome shaped
  • form in one eruptions event
  • high viscosity to felsic lava
  • volcano flanks or capping vents
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4
Q

Composite Volcano Tectonics

A
  • subduction zones
  • intermediate magma and violent eruptions
  • convergent plate boundaries
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5
Q

Cinder cone tectonics

A
  • rift zones
  • mafic magma and short lived eruptions
  • divergent plate boundaries and hot spots
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6
Q

Shield volcano tectonics

A
  • hot spots
  • mafic magma and quiescent eruptions
  • some at divergent plate boundaries

Pyroclastic flow

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7
Q

Lahar

A
  • volcanic mudflows
  • melted ice mixed with ash
  • rain mixed with ash
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8
Q

Volcanic forcing

A
  • climate forcing factor
  • operates independently of climate system
  • NOT affected by climate change
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9
Q

Volcanic soils

A
  • andisols, adosols, vitriol’s, volcanic ash
  • fertilizing elements
  • grapes, coffee, kiwi
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10
Q

Hilo soil

A
  • state of Hawaii
  • bedrock
  • red colour
  • coffee
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11
Q

Mauna Loa

A
  • shield volcano in Hawaii

- largest active volcano on earth

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12
Q

Surtsey

A
  • shield volcano in Iceland

- not currently active — erosion

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13
Q

Olympus Mons

A

-shield volcano on Mars

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14
Q

Paricutin

A
  • cinder cone in Mexico
  • erupted in corn field
  • scoria cone
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15
Q

SP Crater

A
  • cinder cone in Arizona

- basaltic andesite

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16
Q

Mt. Fuji

A
  • composite volcano in Japan

- active

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17
Q

Mount St. Helens

A
  • composite volcano in WA
  • active
  • contains lava dome
18
Q

Black/dark brown

A
  • soil colour
  • high organic content
  • found in temperate grasslands
19
Q

Brown

A
  • soil colour
  • iron oxides w high organic content
  • temperate deciduous forest biome
20
Q

Red or orange

A
  • soil colour
  • chemical weathering of iron and aluminum
  • tropical rainforest biome
21
Q

Blue/green grey

A
  • soil colour
  • persistently saturated soils
  • estuaries
22
Q

Gray

A
  • soil colour
  • heavy leaching of iron
  • boreal forest biome
23
Q

Mass wasting

A

Down slope movement of earth materials under the influence of gravity

24
Q

Controls of wasting

A

Controlled by:

  • gravity
  • slope shear strength
25
Q

Rock fall

A
  • fast
  • steep slopes
  • creates talus slope
  • triggered by earthquakes, freeze-thaw, animals
26
Q

Triggers of wasting

A

Triggered by:

-earthquakes, biological activity, ice wedging, water, removal of vegetation

27
Q

Rock Avalanche

A
  • fast
  • steep slopes
  • rock EXPLODES at bottom
  • triggered by earthquakes and freeze thaw
  • ex. Yosemite
28
Q

Rock slide

A
  • gravity > slope strength
  • cohesive mass
  • tilted plane - bedding planes, foliation
  • triggered by earthquakes and water
  • ex. Gros Ventre
29
Q

Slumps

A
  • gravity > slope strength
  • cohesive mass
  • base of slope removed & curved slip surface
  • triggered by undercutting, earthquakes, water
  • ex. La Conchita
30
Q

Rock avalanche

A

-fluid movement at bottom

31
Q

Debris flow

A
  • high water content
  • follows pre existing channels
  • ex. Glenwood Springs
  • ex. A lahar
32
Q

Earthflow

A
  • base of large slump
  • slow and persistent
  • faster if water added
33
Q

Creep

A
  • slow, gradual movement
  • expansion and contraction of surface
  • triggered by freeze thaw and heating and cooling
34
Q

Solifluction

A
  • flow of water saturated soil over permafrost
  • freeze thaw
  • Alaska and Canada
35
Q

Monitoring mass wasting risks

A
  • satellite data and GIS
  • slope steepness
  • land use
  • soil type
  • rainfall
  • pop size and location
36
Q

Frank Slide Crowsnest Pass

A
  • turtle mountain
  • covered part of town of Frank
  • 70 killed
  • 30 million cubic m
37
Q

Wildwood Slump Calgary

A
  • example of a slump and mudflow
  • observable from bow river
  • glacial lake and till deposits
38
Q

Slope failure prevention

A
  • drainage control
  • grading and benching slope
  • remove weak layers
  • slope supports
39
Q

Grading

A
  • reducing the overall slope

- done by benching or cut and fill

40
Q

Slope supports

A

-supported by retaining walls or stitching

Geography 204 (5 decks)

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