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Geography 204 > Midterm #2 > Flashcards

Midterm #2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Factors of soil formation 5

A

parent material, time, climate, organisms, topography

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2
Q

Bauxite

A
  • high aluminum content
  • sedimentary
  • removed by strip mining
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3
Q

Soil erosion

A

-sheet erosion (rills and gullies)

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4
Q

Plate Tectonic Theory

A
  • combination of continental drift and sea floor spreading
  • origin, movement of lithospheric plates
  • unifying theory
  • 14 major plates
  • explains long term climate change
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5
Q

O Horizon

A
  • organic horizon
  • topmost layer
  • humus
  • farmlands
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6
Q

A Horizon 3

A
  • topsoil
  • organic matter rich
  • plant roots restricted here
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7
Q

E Horizon

A
  • formed by eluviation and leaching

- transition zone between topsoil and bedrock below

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8
Q

B Horizon

A
  • illuviation
  • subsoil
  • clay, aluminum, iron
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9
Q

R Horizon

A

-solid, unweathered rock

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10
Q

Regolith

A

Rock and mineral fragments produced by weathering

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11
Q

Weathering

A

The chemical and physical processes that break down rocks

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12
Q

Biological action 3

A
  • plants roots enter crevices and break apart rocks
  • animals burrowing
  • human actions
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13
Q

Oxidation

A
  • oxygen interacts with iron
  • red rocks
  • creates iron oxides
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14
Q

Acids

A
  • give off hydrogen irons when in water

- disrupts internal order of mineral

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15
Q

Landsat data

A
  • false colour images

- used to see forest cover changes

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16
Q

Continental Drift Hypothesis

A
  • Wegener

- first formal proposal of continental movement

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17
Q

Glossopteris

A
  • fossil plant that helps support the theory of continental drift
  • seed fern
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18
Q

Mesosaurus

A

-freshwater reptile whose fossil provided evidence for Continental drift

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19
Q

Lystrosaurus

A

-fossil located on multiple continents; evidence of continental drift
Herbivorous dicynodont therapsid

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20
Q

SONAR

A
  • sound nav and ranging

- used in WW1

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21
Q

Bathymetry

A

the measurement of ocean depths and the charting of the seafloor

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22
Q

Seafloor Spreading Hypothesis

A
  • Hess
  • new crust forms at MOR
  • crust recycled at oceanic trenches
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23
Q

Seafloor Paleomagnetism

A
  • iron particles mobile in magma

- align with current magnetic field

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24
Q

Paleomagnetic record (terrestrial)

A
  • created from lava flows

- normal and reversed intervals (chrons)

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25
Q

Paleomagnetic record (marine)

A
  • symmetrical patterns on MOR

- predictive tool

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26
Q

Lithospheric Plates

A
  • uppermost mantle and crust (solid)

- can be continental crust, ocean crust, combo

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27
Q

Divergent Plate Boundaries

A
  • plates move apart
  • new basaltic crust formed
  • minor volcanism and shallow earthquakes
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28
Q

Oceanic-Oceanic Divergence

A
  • rifting and spreading

- MOR created

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29
Q

Continental- Continental Divergence

A

-creates parallel valleys in a zone with volcanoes and earthquakes

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30
Q

Convergent Plate Boundaries

A
  • plates colliding
  • earthquakes shallow AND deep
  • mountains created
  • continental and island arcs
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31
Q

Island Arcs

A
  • made by subduction of oceanic plate
  • forms on overriding plate
  • oceanic trench, ring of fire
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32
Q

Wadati-Benioff Zone

A
  • made by subduction of oceanic plate

- earthquakes that extend AWAY from plate boundary (show depth zones)

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33
Q

Accreted Terranes

A
  • crustal mass transported
  • fused into continent through collision
  • seen in BC
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34
Q

Compression on Land

A
  • shallow = faults (dip slip faults)

- depth = folds (anticlines, synclines)

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35
Q

Tension on Land

A
  • shallow = faults

- dip slip

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36
Q

Continental-Continental Convergence

A
  • crust crumples and thickens

- creates high mountains and wide plateau

37
Q

ransform plate boundaries

A
  • plates slide past each other
  • shallow earthquakes
  • valleys and small mountains
38
Q

Continental-Continental Transform

A
  • offsets continental crust

- plates sliding past each other

39
Q

Oceanic-Oceanic Transform

A
  • spreading centres offset by MOR transform faults

- plates slide horizontally

40
Q

Stress

A

Force per unit area

41
Q

Strain

A

Relative amount of distortion

42
Q

Strength

A

Critical value of rock

43
Q

Elastic Rebound Theory

A
  • Henry Reid
  • San Francisco
  • 400 km rupture
  • stress, strain, rock strength exceeded
44
Q

Focus

A

The point that slip begins

45
Q

Epicenter

A

-point on Earths surface directly above focus

46
Q

Continental Crust Earthquakes

A
  • 2-20 km
  • high temps
  • pressure below 20km
47
Q

Subduction Zone Earthquakes

A
  • 2-690 km

- cold oceanic lithosphere

48
Q

Dip - Slip Faults

A
  • vertical motion
  • normal fault - tension
  • reverse fault - compression
49
Q

Primary Waves 5

A
  • P waves, body waves
  • 6 km/ sec
  • FIRST to arrive
  • compressional
  • move through solids, liquids, and gas
50
Q

Secondary Waves 5

A

-S waves, body waves
-3.5 km/sec
SECOND to arrive
-shearing motion
-move only through solids

51
Q

Seismographs

A
  • ground moves relative to mass

- movements record minor motions

52
Q

Time-Travel Curves

A

Used to determine distance the seismograph is from the epicenter

53
Q

Triangulation

A

3 or more seismographs used to locate epicenter

54
Q

Richter Magnitude Scale

A
  • logarithm of largest wave recorded
  • one unit increase = 10x ground motion
  • one unit increase = 32x energy released
  • used for MAGNITUDE
55
Q

Moment Magnitude Scale

A
  • currently used for MAGNITUDE
  • rupture length x average slip
  • one unit increase = 10x faulting area
56
Q

Faulting and Shaking

A
  • primary earthquake hazard
  • breaks in ground surface and shaking
  • leading cause of damage and casualties
57
Q

Structure Collapse

A
  • number one cause of damage and casualties

- caused by ground vibrations

58
Q

Amplification of Seismic Waves

A
  • secondary earthquake hazard

- soft sediments amplify shaking

59
Q

Landslides

A
  • secondary earthquake hazard
  • triggered by ground shaking
  • failing of the earths surface
60
Q

Loma Prieta Earthquake

A
  • 1989 San Francisco
  • M 6.9
  • 60 casualties
  • sand geysers caused liquefaction
61
Q

Good Friday Earthquake

A
  • 1964, M 9.2
  • 3-4 mins of shaking with 28 aftershocks
  • 131 dead
  • 67 m tall wave
62
Q

Sumatra Earthquake

A
  • 2004, M 9.2
  • Sunda trench, 1300 km rupture, 9 mins
  • tsunami, 15-35 m tall, 2km inland
  • 200,000 casualties
63
Q

Fire

A
  • secondary earthquake hazard

- broken gas and water lines

64
Q

Physical weathering 3

A

Frost action, pressure release, biological action

65
Q

Chemical weathering

A
  • chemical alteration of rock (alters mineral composition)

- involves water, oxidation, acids

66
Q

Glacial Tillites

A
  • glaciers move from land to sea

- glacial sediment deposits

67
Q

Pangea

A
  • A supercontinent containing all of Earth’s land

- 330-200 Ma

68
Q

Drivers of motion

A
  • Convection -warm air rises

- also: ridge push, slab pull, mantle drag, slab roll back, trench suction

69
Q

Fault Ruptures

A
  • begin at focus
  • moves outward at 2-3 km/sec
  • related to eq size
  • “ripping” land
70
Q

C Horizon

A
  • weathered rock

- little to no organic material

71
Q

Igneous rock

A

Fire rocks

72
Q

Sedimentary rocks

A

Broken down rocks

73
Q

Metamorphic rocks

A

Altered rocks

74
Q

Frost wedging

A

the repeated thawing and freezing of water in the cracks of rocks

75
Q

Pressure release

A

weathering process in which rocks crack due to reduction in pressure

76
Q

Cynognathus

A
  • Triassic reptile found on both South America and Africa
  • evidence of continental drift
  • predatory cynodontian therapsid
77
Q

Striations

A
  • scratches in rock

- determine glacier movement

78
Q

Oceanic-Oceanic Convergence

A

-forms deep sea trench and volcanic island arc

79
Q

Oceanic-Continental Convergence

A
  • volcanic belt of mountains formed at plate margin

- subduction

80
Q

Hot Spots

A
  • NOT plate boundary location
  • created by mantle plume
  • shallow earthquakes and volcanoes
81
Q

Strike - Slip Faults

A
  • horizontal motion
  • shear force
  • right and left lateral
82
Q

Love Waves

A
  • surface waves
  • 3 km/sec
  • shearing in horizontal plane
  • move only through solids
  • destroy foundations and bridges
83
Q

Rayleigh Waves

A
  • surface waves
  • 3 km/sec
  • SLOWEST waves
  • retrograde motion (elliptical motion)
  • produce most of ground motion
84
Q

Modified Mercalli Scale

A
  • shaking INTENSITY
  • values I-XII assigned
  • qualitative
  • amplitude of shaking depends on distance from epicenter
85
Q

Liquefaction

A
  • secondary earthquake hazard
  • triggered by ground shaking
  • loose sediments behave fluidly
86
Q

Tsunami

A
  • secondary earthquake hazard
  • underwater displacement and landslides
  • shallow water wave
87
Q

Chilean Earthquake

A
  • Concepción 1960
  • M 9.5 .. largest eq EVER
  • 5700 casualties
  • tsunami in Japan 23 hours later
88
Q

Pacific Tsunami Warning System

A
  • NOAA early warning system
  • Pacific Ocean
  • readings every 15 mins

Geography 204 (5 decks)

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